It’s possible that I shall make an ass of myself. But in that case one can always get out of it with a little dialectic. I have, of course, so worded my proposition as to be right either way (K.Marx, Letter to F.Engels on the Indian Mutiny)
Monday, September 19, 2022
Multitude of stressful events in 2020 may have harmed social development of young adults
2020 was a uniquely stressful year - with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the murder of George Floyd, and a contentious presidential election in the United States. New research shows that these crises may have harmed the social development of young adults at a critical time in life.
Previous research has examined the effect of stressors on social development throughout life, but this work reinforces the importance of young adulthood and how it can be shaped by external events.
“If everything goes well, young adults select into social networks, initiate friendships and romantic relationships, and find their occupational niche,” says lead author Dr. Bühler of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. “Our findings, however, show that external stressors and environmental variations may set young adults on a less fortunate path.”
Researchers compared the social development of 415 young adults in 2020 with that of 465 young adults in 2019. Over the course of eight months, participants, ranging from 18-35 years old, shared updates on several factors affecting their development.
The participants in 2020 reported decreased levels of intimacy and relationship satisfaction over time, while the group surveyed in 2019 reported slightly higher levels of social support and inclusion over time. While the changes were not drastic, Dr. Bühler notes that small effects can have lasting consequences.
“Environmental conditions and contexts are critical for development, because they provide the opportunities that people need to grow in a healthy way,” says Dr. Bühler. “In the case of 2020, the average young person may have had fewer of these opportunities, causing fear and anxiety while potentially hindering their development.”
It’s also important to remember that these disruptive events are not limited to national or global crises. The study’s participants were based in northern California, where they grappled with wildfires throughout the region.
Researchers noticed a great deal of variation in the effect of these stressors on individual participants and Dr. Bühler highlights this as an important area of future study. Examining the coping mechanisms of those less affected, she says, could lead to more effective resources and support for young adults.
When asked if researchers were surprised by any of the findings, Dr. Bühler cites one aspect of social functioning which did not appear to be affected by the stressors of 2020: loneliness.
“Irrespective of whether young adults were exposed to collective stressors or not,” she says,” the degree and development of their loneliness was similar.”
IMAGE: A GRAPHIC SHOWS HOW RICE UNIVERSITY CHEMISTS USED A RARE GENETIC PATHWAY TO METABOLICALLY ENGINEER CELLS THAT SERVE AS DRUG FACTORIES TO MAKE THROMBIN INHIBITORS THAT BREAK UP BLOOD CLOTS. THE STUDY BEGAN WITH A BIOINFORMATIC SURVEY THAT FOUND THE KEY IN A CRESTED IBIS.view more
CREDIT: XIAO LAB/RICE UNIVERSITY
HOUSTON – (Sept. 19, 2022) – Thank the rare crested ibis for a clue that could someday help our bodies make better drugs.
The species of bird is the only one known to naturally produce an enzyme able to generate a noncanonical amino acid; that is, one not among the 20 necessary to encode most proteins.
That it exists -- a discovery made through computational comparison of genome databases -- proves it’s possible for that enzyme to work within the context of living cells, even if scientists don’t know what it does for the bird.
But they have a pretty good idea of what it could do for us.
A new study by Rice University chemist Han Xiao, theoretical physicist Peter Wolynes and their colleagues shows that amino acid, sulfotyrosine (sTyr), a mutant of the standard amino acid tyrosine, is a key building block to program living cells that express therapeutic proteins. It could potentially allow cells to serve as sensors that monitor their environments and respond with the necessary treatment.
Mimicking the ibis’ ability to synthesize sTyr and incorporate it into proteins requires modifying a cell’s DNA with a mutant codon that, in turn, makes the transferase enzyme, sulfotransferase 1C1, found in the bird. This catalyzes the generation of sTyr, an essential recognition moiety in a variety of biomolecular interactions.
The proof-of-concept study produced for the first time mammalian cells that synthesize sTyr. In an experiment, the Xiao lab made cells that enhanced the potency of thrombin inhibitors, anticoagulants used to prevent blood clotting.
“In nature, most of our species are made with 20 canonical building blocks,” Xiao said. “If you want to add an additional building block, you need to think about how to make it. We solved that problem: We can ask the cell to make it.
“But then we have to have the translational machinery to recognize it. And a special codon to encode this new building block,” he said. “With this study, we’ve fulfilled all three of these requirements.”
Up to now, scientists would feed chemically synthesized noncanonical amino acids into cells. Having the cell do the work is far more efficient, Xiao said, but that requires the discovery of a new transferase enzyme with tyrosine pockets that could bind sulfate. That lock-and-key combination could then be used as the foundation for a variety of catalysts.
“Now, through this new strategy to modify proteins, we can totally change a protein’s structure and its function,” he said. “For our thrombin inhibitors models, we showed that putting an unnatural building block in the drug can make the drug much more potent.”
It was worth a look to see if nature had beaten them to a useful codon. For that, Xiao enlisted Wolynes, co-director of the Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, whose lab compared genome databases and found sulfotransferase 1C1 in the ibis.
The Xiao lab employed a mutant amber stop codon, a three-nucleotide group of uracil, adenine and guanine, to encode the desired sulfotransferase, resulting in a completely autonomous mammalian cell line capable of biosynthesizing sTyr and incorporating it with great precision into proteins.
“We got lucky,” Xiao said. “Ibis is the only species doing this, which was discovered by a sequence similarity search of genomic information. After that, we asked if they can figure out why this enzyme recognizes tyrosine but our human sulfotransferase cannot.”
The Wolynes team employed AlphaFold2, an artificial intelligence program developed by Alphabet/Google’s DeepMind that predicts proteins structures.
The researchers expect to use the combination of bioinformatics and computationally enhanced screening to produce a library of biosynthesized noncanonical amino acids.
Former Rice research assistant Yuda Chen, now a postdoctoral scholar at the University of California, San Francisco, and graduate student Shikai Jin are co-lead authors of the paper. Co-authors are graduate students Mengxi Zhang, Kuan-Lin Wu and Yixian Wang; undergraduate Anna Chung, and postdoctoral researchers Yu Hu, Shichao Wang andZeru Tian.
Xiao is the Norman Hackerman-Welch Young Investigator and an assistant professor of chemistry, bioengineering and biosciences, and a CPRIT Scholar in Cancer Research. Wolynes is the D.R. Bullard-Welch Foundation Professor of Science and a professor of chemistry, biosciences and physics and astronomy at Rice.
The Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RR170014), the National Institutes of Health (R35-GM133706, R21-CA255894 and R01-AI165079), the Robert A. Welch Foundation (C-1970), the U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-21-1-0789), a John S. Dunn Foundation Collaborative Research Award, a Hamill Innovation Award and the National Science Foundation-backed Center for Theoretical Biological Physics (2019745) supported the research.
A graphic shows how Rice University chemists used a rare genetic pathway to metabolically engineer cells that serve as drug factories to make thrombin inhibitors that break up blood clots. The study began with a bioinformatic survey that found the key in a crested ibis. (Credit: Xiao Lab/Rice University)
Rice University scientists developed cells engineered to express therapeutic proteins, specifically a thrombin inhibitor. The key is the site-specific insertion of sulfotyrosine (sTyr), a mutant of the standard amino acid tyrosine found naturally only in the crested ibis. (Credit: Xiao Lab/Rice University)
Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation’s top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of Architecture, Business, Continuing Studies, Engineering, Humanities, Music, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences and is home to the Baker Institute for Public Policy. With 4,240 undergraduates and 3,972 graduate students, Rice’s undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is just under 6-to-1. Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice is ranked No. 1 for lots of race/class interaction and No. 1 for quality of life by the Princeton Review. Rice is also rated as a best value among private universities by Kiplinger’s Personal Finance.
Rice University scientists developed cells engineered to express therapeutic proteins, specifically a thrombin inhibitor. The key is the site-specific insertion of sulfotyrosine (sTyr), a mutant of the standard amino acid tyrosine found naturally only in the crested ibis.
Desert isopods might not make top of the list of most-endearing animals, but these small (up to two centimeters-long) creatures, with their segmented bodies and seven pairs of legs, are actually fascinating animals and ideal to study when looking at mating preferences.
They mate only once in their lifetime and spend the rest of their yearlong life with their chosen mate and their family (of 60-70 offspring) in a single permanent burrow. The isopod females initially dig the burrow and the males fight to win a particular female and a particular habitat. Both parents take care of the brood, and all family members—young and old—continue to excavate and clean the burrow together. Choosing where to establish a home is the responsibility of the female woodlouse (“desert isopod “) and under normal conditions, the largest males usually win the largest females. However, what happens when there is a predator, such as an Israeli gold scorpion, living nearby?
A study of this scenario was carried out in the Negev Desert, in southern Israel, by a Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU) research team led by Professor Dror Hawlena and Dr. Viraj Torsekar. They observed the mating behavior of male desert isopods in two locations – one close to the burrow of an Israeli gold scorpion (a risky area), and one further away (a safe area). Their findings, recently published in Ecology, demonstrated the preference of large males for larger females in safe areas but less so for large females in risky areas. “Using this manipulative field experiment, we found that desert isopods under risk of scorpion predation maintained ‘size assortative mating’, but that males that chose and fought over females were on average smaller for a given female size,” Torsekar explained. Additionally, while bigger males stayed longer near safe burrows and won more male-male contests, fewer pairs were formed in risky sites.
The researchers also showed that the smaller males had often accepted second best and moved in with smaller females close to the lurking scorpion. Medium sized males chose between smaller females in safe places and larger female in risky places - demonstrating an equal fitness choice.
"This supported our novel hypothesis that the males anticipated the future risk of predation," noted Torsekar. The males seemed to incorporate information on the proximity of a predator when choosing a mate. They no longer made their selection based solely on the size of the female, although larger females do have larger broods.
It is hard work for the females to dig into the dry compacted soil of the desert, so they are always on the lookout for holes that can make life a little easier. The HU researchers dug holes in two groups, one near the burrow of an Israeli gold scorpion and one further away. Female isopods readily adopted the holes and excavated full-size burrows. However, the study showed that fewer isopod pairs took up residence in burrows near predators, despite it being virtually free real estate.
It should be noted that the predatory behavior of scorpions is localized to the immediate vicinity around their burrows. They don't go wandering off to look for prey but emerge only to attack prey that is detected by the vibrations isopods cause as they walk across the burrow roof. However, it is known that the odor of the scorpion does alert isopods when they are near to its lair.
In courtship, once the females adopt a burrow, they are ready to admit a male. Peeping out from the top of the burrow, male and female encounter each other face-to-face - probably using the separation between the eyes of their prospective mate to assess size. Males compete furiously over the larger females, in hopes of producing a large brood.
"This information is crucial in predicting how the fear of a predator may affect prey population dynamics and evolutionary processes in the creation of new species," concluded Torsekar.
White-tailed deer are heavily overpopulated along the East Coast of the U.S., and they play an important role in spreading and supporting tick populations that transmit diseases like Lyme disease and anaplasmosis. Efforts to control deer populations have long been based on the assumption that deer live mostly in wooded parklands, primarily passing through neighborhoods at night to graze on gardens and landscaped yards.
A new five-year study by University of Maryland and USDA found that deer in suburban environments often bed down and spend the night within 50 meters of residential properties. It is the first study to reveal the detailed, hourly movements of white-tailed deer at different times of day throughout different seasons. The study was published online on September 19, 2022, in the journal Urban Ecosystems. “We knew deer were in and around neighborhoods, but we didn’t realize just how much they were living in the neighborhoods,” said Jennifer Mullinax, assistant professor in the UMD Department of Environmental Science & Technology and senior author of the study. “A big takeaway from this study is that neighborhoods are the home range of suburban white-tailed deer. Agencies monitoring and estimating suburban deer populations may be missing a huge part of the population if they focus their monitoring efforts only on deer in wooded parks and undeveloped areas, because a lot of the deer are actually living in the neighborhoods, especially at night and in winter.”
The study results offer important guidance for suburban communities seeking to reduce the risk of tick-borne illnesses. An abundance of deer in residential areas serves as a reservoir for ticks, increasing their numbers and the risk of human exposure to tick-borne disease. Reducing tick populations, by removing deer or treating areas where deer bed down, for instance, can help to reduce that reservoir and limit the spread of disease.
“We used to think people mostly got Lyme disease when they walked in the woods,” Mullinax said, “But recent studies have shown they’re getting Lyme disease in their own backyards, and now that we know the deer are living right there too, it makes more sense.”
The researchers captured and collared 51 deer from five parks located in the metropolitan area of Howard County, MD. The highly suburban area included residential neighborhoods, schools, businesses, and patches of open space or undeveloped land. The collars contained high-resolution GPS trackers that recorded deer locations every hour for 62 to 116 weeks (1.19 to 2.23 years).
The researchers found that deer tended to avoid residential areas during the day, but moved into residential areas nightly, especially in winter, often sleeping very near the edges of lawns and yards surrounding houses and apartment buildings. On average, 71 and 129 residential properties were found within female and male core ranges, respectively.
Armed with this new, high-resolution data on where deer are during different times of day and at different seasons will help communities reduce deer and tick populations and potentially lower the rates of human exposure to tick-borne diseases.
Other authors on the study include Patrick Roden-Reynolds (MS 2020) and post-doctoral associate Cody Kent, both from the UMD Department of Environmental Science and Technology as well as Andrew Y. Li from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS- Beltsville.
This research was supported by funding from the United States Department of Agriculture (Award # 58-8042-6-080). The above story does not necessarily reflect the views of this organization.
Even before Roe v. Wade was overturned in June, many women taking surveys didn’t report their abortion experiences, a phenomenon that has long compromised research on abortion and a range of related topics.
A new study published in Culture, Health & Sexuality suggests several strategies that may reduce stigma, increase reporting and improve research that relies upon it.
“In earlier work, we showed that fewer than half of women report abortions in surveys, which creates a huge challenge for our ability to study abortion,” said Laura Lindberg, a professor at the Rutgers School of Public Health and lead author of the study. “It’s not just that we’re missing so many cases but that we’re missing them in a biased way. Without good measures of abortions, we don’t have good measures of pregnancy experiences overall. Efforts to improve abortion reporting are needed to strengthen the quality of pregnancy data to support maternal, child, and reproductive health.”
With funding from the National Institutes of Health, Lindberg and colleagues from the Guttmacher Institute in New York developed a variety of potential survey questions that approached abortion in different ways, each designed to minimize stigma, intrusiveness and confusion. Team members then asked 64 racially and ethnically diverse cisgender women ages 18 to 49 which potential question sets seemed most likely or least likely to inspire disclosure.
Analysis of their responses suggested a few strategies for improved reporting, such as:
Including abortion as part of a list of other sexual and reproductive health services
Asking a yes or no question about lifetime experience of abortion instead of asking about the number of abortions
Developing an improved introduction to abortion-related questions
The study team used these insights to design a larger follow-up that could change the abortion question designs used in surveys by National Center for Health Statistics and researchers worldwide. A follow-up study randomly divided 6,000 women into six groups of 1,000 and surveyed each group about abortion history with different question sets. If the published paper shows that any experimental question set produced more disclosure than the existing CDC survey language (given to one group to act as a control), the question set that maximized disclosure likely will become the new standard.
“I have a long-standing relationship with staff at the National Center for Health Statistics, and I've been in communication with them since before this project even started and presented ongoing findings there,” Lindberg said. “So, there's definitely an opportunity to influence how national surveys are written as well as provide guidance to the field.”
There is a wild card that may alter willingness to report an abortion – and, therefore, the most effective way to ask about it: The U.S. Supreme Court’s Dobbs decision, which found that abortion isn’t a constitutionally protected right and has allowed states to enact abortion bans.
“If it was hard to measure abortion before, it's going to be even more challenging moving forward,” Lindberg said. “We're going from asking women to report an activity that, while sensitive and stigmatized, was at least legal to asking them to report an activity that may be actually illegal in some places and may be widely perceived as illegal in places where it isn’t.” Still, Lindberg says improving abortion measurement and survey quality is crucial to help monitor and understand the impact of new abortion laws.
ITHACA, N.Y. – In the wake of a new White House report on the climate implications of energy-hogging cryptocurrency mining, Cornell University research suggests that green policy incentives for carbon capture and renewable energy should help such mining operations reduce their carbon footprints.
“Bitcoin mining’s thirst for energy and the problematic, associated carbon emissions have raised concerns across the globe,” said senior author Fengqi You, professor in energy systems engineering.
“Whether you like it or not, there is a market. Crypto is here,” said You, a senior faculty fellow at the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability. “Since the market for cryptocurrency is growing, how can we better use science to inform energy and climate policy? How can we encourage the industry to practice environmental, social and governance-type management and to run their mining operation in a more sustainable way? That’s the key.”
Total global electricity usage for cryptocurrency mining assets is between 120 billion and 240 billion kilowatt-hours per year – a range that exceeds the total annual electricity usage of large countries, such as Australia and Argentina, according to the White House report.
The study shows that states with a large share of renewable energy in the electrical grid and lower electricity prices could mitigate the environmental damage that cryptocurrency brings.
In the United States, if federal and state policies balance economic development, strengthen environmental protection and offer incentives for direct carbon capture from the air and eco-friendly mining, then cryptocurrency becomes more sustainable.
The Cornell group examined all 50 states on the feasibility of cryptocurrency mining operations. Among states with crypto-mining operations, Vermont, Maine, Washington, Idaho and New Hampshire emitted the least carbon dioxide, while Delaware, West Virginia, Rhode Island and Kentucky produced the most.
Economically speaking, Hawaii, Rhode Island, Alaska, Connecticut, West Virginia and Kentucky performed the worst, while Washington was the most profitable state, followed by Vermont (with nearly all green energy) and New York (which has a lot of hydropower and is working toward all-green energy).
“The study finds that states with lower electricity prices typically have a higher penetration of renewable energy on the power grid,” You said. “If you’re running a cryptocurrency mining operation and you pick a place that has a lower electricity price, it is likely to use cleaner electricity to mine the bitcoin.
“Greener technology is coming,” he said. “We are developing renewable energy systems to support the sustainable development of this industry, promote economics and support climate actions.”
ITHACA, N.Y. -- Cornell researchers have developed a fairer system for recommendations – from hotels to jobs to videos – so a few top hits don’t get all the exposure.
The new ranking system still provides relevant options, but divides user attention more equitably across search results. It can be applied to online markets such as travel sites, hiring platforms and news aggregators.
Yuta Saito, a doctoral student in the field of computer science and Thorsten Joachims, professor of computer science and information science in the Cornell Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science, described their new system in “Fair Ranking as Fair Division: Impact-Based Individual Fairness in Ranking,” published in the Proceedings of the 2022 Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Conference.
“In recommender systems and search engines, whoever gets ranked high draws a lot of benefit from that,” Joachims said. “The user’s attention is a limited resource and we need to distribute it fairly among the items.”
Conventional recommender systems attempt to rank items purely according to what users want to see, but many items receive unfairly low spots in the order. Items with similar merit can end up far apart in the rankings, and for some items, the odds of being discovered on a platform are worse than random chance.
To correct this issue, Saito developed an improved ranking system based on ideas borrowed from economics. He applied principles of “fair division” – how to allocate a limited resource, such as food, fairly among members of a group.
Saito and Joachims demonstrated the feasibility of the ranking system using synthetic and real-world data. They found it offers viable search results for the user, while fulfilling three fair division criteria: Every item’s benefit from being ranked on the platform is better than being discovered at random; no item’s impact, such as revenue, can easily be improved; and no item would gain an advantage by switching how it is ranked compared to other items in a series of searches.
“We redefined fairness in ranking completely,” Saito said. “It can be applied to any type of two-sided ranking system.”
If employed on YouTube, for example, the recommender system would present a more varied stream of videos, potentially distributing earnings more evenly to content creators. “We want to satisfy the users of the platform, of course, but we should also be fair to the video creators, to sustain their long-term diversity,” Saito said.
In online hiring platforms, the fairer system would diversify the search results, instead of showing the same top candidates to all employers.
Additionally, the researchers point out that this type of recommender system could also help viewers discover new movies to watch online, enable scientists to find relevant presentations at conferences and provide a more balanced selection of news stories to consumers.
The National Science Foundation and the Funai Foundation for Information Technology provided funding for the research.
IMAGE: FARMERS USED TO WORRY ABOUT WEEDS. THEN, HERBICIDES SOLVED THAT PROBLEM. AT LEAST FOR A WHILE. IN 1997, THERE WERE 432 NEW PATENTS FOR HERBICIDES; BY 2009, THERE WERE ONLY 65. DEVELOPING BROAD-SPECTRUM GLYPHOSATE AND “ROUNDUP READY” CROPS WORKED SO WELL THAT PEOPLE BASICALLY STOPPED LOOKING FOR NEW HERBICIDES. BUT THEN THE WEEDS STARTED FIGHTING BACK. HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/VSBYYUFLWH8view more
CREDIT: THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
WASHINGTON, Sept. 19, 2022 — Farmers used to worry about weeds. Then, herbicides solved that problem. At least for a while. In 1997, there were 432 new patents for herbicides; by 2009, there were only 65. Developing broad-spectrum glyphosate and “Roundup Ready” crops worked so well that people basically stopped looking for new herbicides. But then the weeds started fighting back. https://youtu.be/vsbYyUfLwh8
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Silent Spring began with a “fable for tomorrow” – a true story using a composite of examples drawn from many real communities where the use of DDT had caused ...
Trees play an essential role in the well-being of city dwellers — but for how long? An international research team, including a CNRS researcher from the Ecology and Dynamic of Anthropogenic Systems laboratory at the University of Picardy Jules Verne (Laboratoire Ecologie et dynamique des systèmes anthropisés, CNRS/Université of Picardy Jules Verne)1, has published the first global risk assessment for tree species planted in cities in the current context of increasing temperatures and decreasing annual precipitation due to climate change: 56–65% of these species are already at risk today, and this figure could rise to 68–76% by 2050. By that time in France2, for example, rising temperatures will put 71% of species at risk. In a city like Montpellier, the common ash will be among the species most at risk. Scientists obtained these results, which appear in Nature Climate Change on 19 September 2022, by studying 3,129 species of trees and shrubs found in 164 cities across 78 countries and calculated the safety margin (a measure of the climatic tolerance) of each species in each city under current and future climate conditions. The research team notes that it is quite common for species to already be planted in cities under stressful climate conditions; although certain cities, especially wealthier ones, are able to spend money to water trees in times of drought3 and mitigate the impact of climate change. However, risks are expected to increase in the future and lead to much higher maintenance costs. With trees playing an increasingly critical role as natural air conditioners in cities during heat waves, these findings show that urban greening schemes must be adapted to allow trees to cope with climate change, for example, by planting species resilient to future temperatures and precipitation.
Notes
1 - A researcher from the Study and Understanding of Biodiversity laboratory (Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité, INRAE/Université de Rouen Normandie) also took part. The study was led by the Western Sydney University in Australia and involved scientists from the University of Melbourne and Macquarie University.
2- Based on data from five French cities (Paris, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Grenoble, Lyon) and 506 different tree and shrub species, for a total of 1,254 observations. By 2050, 69% of urban tree and shrub species will be at risk from decreasing annual precipitation in France and 49% of species will be at risk due to both less precipitation and increased temperatures.
3- Data on urban tree maintenance and management operations are not available. The risk analysis is therefore purely ecological, and does not take into account the technical capabilities of each city to maintain the urban tree network.
Bibliography
A worldwide climate-change risk analysis for urban forests. Esperon-Rodriguez, Tjoelker, Lenoir et al.Nature Climate Change, 19 September 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01465-8
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