'MAYBE'TECH

Mobile Carbon Capture in Shipping is Feasible

by Andreas Exarheas

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Rigzone Staff

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Monday, November 22, 2021

Mobile carbon capture in shipping is technically feasible.

Mobile carbon capture in shipping is technically feasible and has a long term role to play in meeting the industry’s decarbonization targets.

That’s according to a new feasibility study conducted by the oil and gas climate initiative (OGCI) and Stena Bulk, an international tanker owner and operator. The study found, however, that high operational and capital expenses would be involved in any deployment and recommended further work should be done to compare costs of carbon capture against other long-term marine carbon dioxide reduction technologies.

“The study’s findings demonstrate that marine carbon capture can play a role in meeting the International Marine Organizations (IMO) 2050 target of reducing emissions from the industry by 50 percent compared to 2008 baselines,” a statement published on the OGCI’s website noted.

“The decarbonization of shipping is a critical part of achieving global pathways to net zero. Transportation contributes 24 percent of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and around 10 percent of that total comes from international deep-sea shipping,” the statement added.

“The results have encouraged the team to pursue a demonstration to validate their assumptions and uncover further opportunities,” the statement continued.

Launched in October last year, the study investigated the potential of capturing carbon from the exhaust gases of the large internal combustion engines that large ships predominantly use for propulsion. 

A range of factors including energy balances, fundamental physics and integration challenges were assessed using a Suezmax ship. The study noted that the team chose the Suezmax because it offered the highest potential impact if successful, even though it represented the greatest technical challenge.

The OGCI describes itself as a CEO-led initiative that aims to accelerate the industry response to climate change. Members comprise Saudi Aramco, BP, Chevron, CNPC, Eni, Equinor, ExxonMobil, Occidental, Petrobras, Repsol, Shell and TotalEnergies.

In October this year, the OGCI published its updated performance data, covering the four years to 2020. According to the data, absolute upstream and downstream methane emissions fell 18 percent in 2020, and 33 percent since 2017, carbon intensity fell eight percent in 2020 and 14 percent since 2017, and upstream flaring emissions fell 20 percent in 2020 and 29 percent since 2017.

In September, the organization updated its 2025 carbon and methane emission intensity targets, which now have a potential additional saving of around 50 million tons of greenhouse gases per year, the OGCI highlighted.

The costs of installing carbon capture systems onboard revealed

 November 23, 2021

 MHI

A feasibility study conducted by the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI) and Swedish tanker owner Stena Bulk shows the costs involved in installing carbon capture devices on ships. The study makes clear that such technology is feasible – something already demonstrated at sea in Japan by Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha (K Line) earlier this year – but it comes at quite a price, both in terms of installation and operating costs.

The costs for installation come in at around $30m for a system capable of capturing 90% of all CO2 emitted at sea (see chart below), while annual operating costs for such a system are estimated to be in excess of $2m a year, essentially adding another 25% to a ship’s annual operating expenses.

Despite the costs, the results from the OCGI/Stena Bulk study have encouraged the team to pursue a demonstration to validate their assumptions and uncover further opportunities.

Onboard CO2 storage developments are making plenty of headlines this year. Dutch scrubber manufacturer Value Maritime is installing a CO2 capture and storage unit on a 1,036 teu boxship, Nordica, belonging to Visser Shipping.

In South Korea, meanwhile, Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) has developed a technology to store CO2 captured in ship engine emissions. The South Korean yard said it plans to commercialise the technology as soon as possible.

It was also recently announced that Wärtsilä Exhaust Treatment and Solvang, a Norwegian shipping company, have agreed on a full-scale pilot retrofit installation of a CCS system on one of Solvang’s ethylene carriers, the 21,000 cu m Clipper Eos.

Sam Chambers

Starting out with the Informa Group in 2000 in Hong Kong, Sam Chambers became editor of Maritime Asia magazine as well as East Asia Editor for the world’s oldest newspaper, Lloyd’s List. In 2005 he pursued a freelance career and wrote for a variety of titles including taking on the role of Asia Editor at Seatrade magazine and China correspondent for Supply Chain Asia. His work has also appeared in The Economist, The New York Times, The Sunday Times and The International Herald Tribune.

Australia, Germany commit $123m to fund hydrogen projects

A hydrogen pipeline in Duisburg, Germany, on Nov 16, 2021.

PHOTO: EPA-EFE

NOV 23, 2021, 

MELBOURNE (REUTERS) - Australia and Germany plan to spend around US$90 million (S$123 million) to fund hydrogen projects as part of a joint push to speed up development of the clean fuel to help cut carbon emissions, the Australian government said on Tuesday (Nov 23).

Germany has committed €50 million (S$76.7 million) and Australia A$50 million (S$49.3 million) towards the alliance, first announced in June.

"The recent release of the first report from HySupply, our joint Australian-German hydrogen supply chain study, found there is great potential for Australian hydrogen to supply growing demand in Germany," Energy Minister Angus Taylor said in a statement.

The two sides will start accepting bids for funding from the joint Hydrogen Innovation and Technology Incubator, called HyGate, in the first quarter of 2022.

"Being able to draw on Germany's expertise in hydrogen technology will help our domestic industry add value and reduce costs in all stages of the hydrogen supply chain," said Assistant Industry Minister Tim Wilson.

Australia's conservative government is betting on hydrogen to help the country meet its target of net-zero emissions by 2050 as it looks to wean the country off coal and gas.

Australia's ARENA to oversee hydrogen project with Germany

HIGHLIGHTS

Australia and Germany have committed up to A$50 mil and Eur50 mil for renewable hydrogen projects

Germany-Australia signed hydrogen accord in June

The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) will team up with Germany's Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) to administer the German-Australian Hydrogen Innovation and Technology Incubator, called HyGATE, and support pilots, trials, demonstrations and research for hydrogen projects, Australia's federal agency said in a statement Nov. 23.

Germany and Australia signed the 'Germany Australia Hydrogen Accord' June 13 to produce renewable hydrogen, with Australia looking to become a major hydrogen exporter and Germany having expertise in hydrogen technology importing significant quantities of hydrogen.

"Having already committed over A$160 million ($115.58 million) into renewable hydrogen research, studies and electrolyser deployments, ARENA now has an opportunity to highlight Australia's innovation and commitment to growing and being at the forefront of a renewable hydrogen economy," ARENA CEO Darren Miller said.

Australia and Germany have committed up to A$50 million and Eur50 million, respectively, to invest in new renewable hydrogen projects. Australia will provide the funds from A$565.8 million committed in the 2021-22 budget initiative to establish low emissions technology partnerships and initiatives with key trading and strategic partners, the statement said.

The country's Special Adviser on Low Emissions Technology Dr Alan Finkel, who played a key role in brokering the hydrogen partnership with Germany will work closely with ARENA and Australia's Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources to deliver HyGATE.

"The HyGATE initiative is an important step in bringing together Australian and German technological excellence, to fast-track the development of zero-emissions hydrogen technologies," Dr Finkel said.

ARENA and BMBF aim to open a new funding round for HyGATE in the first quarter of 2022.

According to Australia's National Hydrogen Strategy, by 2050, Japan alone intends to import up to 10 million tonnes of hydrogen per year, while the Republic of Korea, China, and the United States will have millions of hydrogen vehicles on their roads, and the European Union will be using hydrogen for heating, transport, and industrial applications to meet its 2050 target of net zero emissions.

"Our major energy trading partners have set clear targets as waypoints to becoming 'hydrogen societies'," National Hydrogen Strategy said.

S&P Global Platts assessed New South Wales Hydrogen produced via alkaline electrolysis, including CAPEX at A$3.4/kg Nov. 22, down 41.88% from A$5.58/kg Oct. 22.

New South Wales Hydrogen produced via coal gasification with CCS and including capex CAPEX was assessed at $2.55/kg Nov. 22, down 23% from A$3.33/kg Oct. 22.

ECOCIDE

Illegal miners clog Amazon tributary in new gold rush


Images provided by Greenpeace show lines of boats arranged side by side across the Madeira, following rumors that gold was discovered in the nearby area around the community of Rosarinho, in Brazil's northwest (AFP/Bruno KELLY)

Wed, November 24, 2021, 

Rumors of a recent gold discovery have led wildcat miners to clog a major Amazon tributary with hundreds of dredging boats in Brazil's latest precious metals rush, Greenpeace warned Wednesday.

Federal police were preparing an operation to stop the more than 300 vessels -- the environmental group says the number could be far higher -- engaged in illegal mining in the Madeira River, the Estadao newspaper reported, citing Ministry of Justice sources.

Images provided by Greenpeace show lines of boats arranged side by side across the Madeira, following rumors that gold was discovered in the nearby area around the community of Rosarinho, in Brazil's northwest.

While clandestine gold mining is commonplace in the Amazon, the "atypical" operation some 100 kilometers (62 miles) from the city of Manaus attracted attention, said Greenpeace, which demanded greater speed from the authorities to stop what it called an "environmental crime."

According to Greenpeace the images show that the "garimpeiros," as wildcat miners are known in Brazil, are dominating the area and operating "without fear."

The police superintendent of Amazonas state told Estadao that officials are discussing a plan of action.

Audio published by the newspaper features apparent garimpeiros indicating that the dredging teams were already aware of a planned police operation, and that the illicit miners were readying a "wall" of rafts to prevent a police takeover.

A report by the Federal University of Minas Gerais together with Brazil's Public Prosecutor's Office revealed last July that just 34 percent of the 174 tons of gold exploited in Brazil between 2019 and 2020 have a proven legal origin.

Environmentalists have accused ultra-right-wing President Jair Bolsonaro's government of pursuing anti-environmentalist policies and weakening protections.

Since his assumption of power in January 2019, Amazon deforestation has surged, mainly due to illegal mining and cattle ranching.

mls/raa-mlm/ia

CANADA SHOULD TOO
A new republic is born: Barbados celebrates ditching Queen as head of state

Guy Faulconbridge
Reuters
Wednesday, November 24, 2021 

Prince Charles, right, greets Barbados' Prime Minister Mia Amor Mottley ahead of their bilateral during the COP26 summit at the Scottish Event Campus (SEC) in Glasgow, Monday, Nov. 1, 2021. (Jane Barlow/Pool Photo via AP)

LONDON -- Barbados, a former British colony, will next week ditch Queen Elizabeth as head of state, breaking its last remaining imperial bonds with Britain nearly 400 years since the first English ship arrived at the Caribbean island.

Barbados casts the removal of Elizabeth II, who is queen of Barbados and 15 other realms including the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and Jamaica, as a sign of confidence and a way to finally break with the demons of its colonial history.

"This is the end of the story of colonial exploitation of the mind and body," said Professor Sir Hilary Beckles, a Barbadian historian. He said this was a historic moment for Barbados, the Caribbean and all post-colonial societies.

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Prince Charles to visit Barbados to mark republic's birth

Barbados elects first-ever president after shedding ties with Queen

"The people of this island have struggled, not only for freedom and justice, but to remove themselves from the tyranny of imperial and colonial authority," said Beckles, vice-chancellor of The University of the West Indies.

The birth of the republic, 55 years to the day since Barbados declared independence, finally unclasps almost all the colonial bonds that have kept the tiny island in the Lesser Antilles tied to England since an English ship claimed it for King James I in 1625.

It may also be a harbinger of a broader attempt by other former colonies to cut ties to the British monarchy as it braces for the end of Elizabeth's nearly 70-year-old reign and the future accession of Charles, who will attend the republican celebrations in Bridgetown.

Barbados's move is the first time a realm has removed the queen as head of state in nearly 30 years: Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean, proclaimed itself a republic but remained in the Commonwealth, an association of mostly former British colonies which is home to 2.5 billion people.

Buckingham Palace says the issue is a matter for the people of Barbados.

Originally populated by waves of Saladoid-Barrancoid and Kalinago migrants, Spanish slaver raids forced Amerindians to flee. Barbados was unpopulated when the English first arrived.

The English initially used white British indentured servants to toil on the plantations of tobacco, cotton, indigo and sugar, but Barbados in just a few decades would become England's first truly profitable slave society.

Barbados received 600,000 enslaved Africans between 1627 and 1833, who were put to work in the sugar plantations, earning fortunes for the English owners.

"Barbados under English colonial rules became the laboratory for plantation societies in the Caribbean," said Richard Drayton, a professor of imperial and global history at Kings College, London who lived in Barbados as a child.

"It becomes the laboratory for slave society, which is then exported to Jamaica and the Carolinas and Georgia after that."

More than 10 million Africans were shackled into the Atlantic slave trade by European nations between the 15th and 19th centuries. Those who survived the often brutal voyage, ended up toiling on plantations.

While full freedom was finally granted in 1838, the plantation owners preserved considerable economic and political power might into the 20th Century. The island gained full independence in 1966.

REPUBLICAN SEEDS

Prince Charles, the 73-year-old heir to the throne, will travel to Barbados for the ceremonies marking the removal of his 95-year-old mother as head of state.

Barbados will remain a republic within the Commonwealth, a grouping of 54 countries across Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and the Pacific that has always been a priority for Elizabeth, who heads it.

Though its name will remain simply Barbados, its removal of the queen may well sow the seeds of republicanism further across the Caribbean, according to Drayton.

"This will have consequences particularly within the English-speaking Caribbean," said Drayton, who pointed to talk of a republic in both Jamaica and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.

"The queen has had an enormous personal relationship to many of these countries and has shown her own commitment to the Commonwealth vision which she inherited from that imperial moment of the 1940s and 1950s, so I do think that in the wake of the queen's passing that some of these questions would become more urgent in places like Canada and Australia."

The queen has made many visits to Barbados and, according to Buckingham Palace, has had "a unique relationship with this, the most easterly of the Caribbean islands."

The republic of Barbados will be declared at a ceremony which begins late in the evening on Monday, Nov. 29 at the National Heroes Square in Bridgetown.

"The time has come to fully leave our colonial past behind," Prime Minister Mia Mottley said in a 2020 speech prepared for Governor General Sandra Mason, who will replace Elizabeth as Barbados' head of state after being elected president.

"This is the ultimate statement of confidence in who we are and what we are capable of achieving."

(Writing by Guy Faulconbridge; Editing by Alex Richardson)

FUNDAMENTALISM KILLS

At least 210 coronavirus cases are linked to a South Korean religious settlement.

Nearly half of the residents at the facility in the city of Cheonan tested positive for Covid, an outbreak that comes as South Korea’s case levels surge.


People wearing face masks on a street in Seoul last week.Credit...Jeon Heon-Kyun/EPA, via Shutterstock

By John Yoon
Nov. 23, 2021

South Korean officials said on Tuesday that they had shut down a religious facility in the city of Cheonan after 210 of its 427 residents tested positive for the coronavirus this week, an outbreak that comes as the country’s cases surge to record highs.

At least 191 of the settlement’s residents who contracted the virus were unvaccinated, said Lee Sunhee, the director of the infectious disease control team for Cheonan, in South Chungcheong Province. Officials did not release the name of the religious organization, citing disease control laws meant to protect privacy.

Churches around the world have been at the center of several outbreaks throughout the pandemic. In South Korea, the Shincheonji Church of Jesus, which many South Koreans consider a cult, was associated with more than 5,000 cases that drove the country’s first virus wave. Officials have blamed the church for obstructing efforts to fight the pandemic by failing to provide a full list of its members to the government.

South Korea has since largely avoided major outbreaks and begun slowly reopening to some visitors. While cases have surged to record levels in the past two weeks — reaching 4,116 daily infections on Tuesday, the highest since the pandemic — they have remained relatively low compared to much of the world: six daily cases per 100,000 people, compared with 29 in the United States, 36 in Singapore and 159 in Austria.

“The situation itself is not so bad nationwide,” said Kwon Jun-wook, deputy chief at the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and director of the Korea National Institute of Health, last week, adding that it was “not severe enough to warrant halting the reopening.”

But officials have said the number of severe cases has imposed a burden on the country’s health system. Intensive care units have reached 77 percent capacity in and around Seoul over the past week, the director of K.D.C.A, Jeong Eun-kyeong, said on Monday.

Because of rising Covid hospitalizations, the government planned to secure more than 260 beds for people with severe illnesses, the Central Disaster Management Headquarters said on Wednesday.

The members of the religious settlement in Cheonan lived and worshiped together. About 70 of them had participated in a large kimchi-making event on Nov. 15 and 16, said Kim Eunchong, an official in the infectious disease control division of the province’s health office.

Mr. Kim said that these cases have made the settlement the site of the largest cluster of coronavirus cases that the province has ever recorded — and some residents have yet to be tested.

John Yoon reports from the Seoul newsroom of The New York Times. He joined The Times in 2020. @johnjyoon

COVID-19 vaccines should be prioritized for poor before kids, WHO says

By Stephanie Nebehay Reuters
Posted November 24, 2021 10:38 am

The logo and building of the World Health Organization (WHO) headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, 15 April 2020. Martial Trezzini/Keystone via AP

As children and adolescents are at lower risk of severe COVID-19 disease, countries should prioritize adults and sharing vaccine doses with the COVAX program to bring supplies to poorer countries, the World Health Organisation said on Wednesday.


Some rare cases of heart inflammation called myocarditis have been reported in younger men who received vaccines based on mRNA technoloy – Pfizer BioNtech and Moderna – but these were generally mild and responded to treatment, it said.

Although that risk had not been fully determined, it was less than the risk of myocarditis linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection, it said.

The WHO’s interim guidance was issued as more regulatory agencies authorize certain vaccines for use in children, including the United States, China, European Union, India and Israel, and most recently Canada last week.

“As children and adolescents tend to have milder disease compared to adults, unless they are in a group at higher risk of severe COVID-19, it is less urgent to vaccinate them than older people, those with chronic health conditions and health workers,” the WHO said. Children can experience “long COVID-19” with prolonged symptoms but this was still under investigation, it said.

Several risk factors for severe COVID-19 in children have been reported including older age, obesity and pre-existing conditions including type 2 diabetes, asthma and heart disease, it added.

Maintaining education for all school-aged children should be an important priority during the pandemic, although transmission mitigation measures might be needed in schools, the WHO said.

Given vaccine supply constraints, immunization programs should focus on protecting groups at high risk of hospitalization and death, the WHO said.

“As many parts of the world face extreme vaccine shortages, countries with high coverage in at-risk populations should prioritize global sharing of COVID-19 vaccines before vaccinating children, adolescents,” it said.

(Reporting by Stephanie Nebehay; Editing by Jon Boyle and Alex Richardson)

WHO says all countries remain vulnerable to intense transmission of COVID-19

 

Two-meter COVID-19 rule is 'arbitrary measurement' of safety

by University of Cambridge

Visualisation of the spread of droplets when coughing. The droplets are color-coded by

 size. Red = large, green = medium, blue = small, purple = very small.

 Credit: Shrey Trivedi et al, University of Cambridge

A new study has shown that the airborne transmission of COVID-19 is highly random and suggests that the two-meter rule was a number chosen from a risk 'continuum', rather than any concrete measurement of safety.

A team of engineers from the University of Cambridge used computer modeling to quantify how droplets spread when people cough. They found that in the absence of masks, a person with COVID-19 can infect another person at a two-meter distance, even when outdoors.

The team also found that individual coughs vary widely, and that the 'safe' distance could have been set at anywhere between one to three or more meters, depending on the risk tolerance of a given public health authority.

The results, published in the journal Physics of Fluids, suggest that social distancing is not an effective mitigation measure on its own, and underline the continued importance of vaccination, ventilation and masks as we head into the winter months in the northern hemisphere.

Despite the focus on hand-washing and surface cleaning in the early days of the pandemic, it's been clear for nearly two years that COVID-19 spreads through airborne transmission. Infected people can spread the virus through coughing, speaking or even breathing, when they expel larger droplets that eventually settle or smaller aerosols that may float in the air.

"I remember hearing lots about how COVID-19 was spreading via door handles in early 2020, and I thought to myself if that were the case, then the virus must leave an infected person and land on the surface or disperse in the air through fluid mechanical processes," said Professor Epaminondas Mastorakos from Cambridge's Department of Engineering, who led the research.

Mastorakos is an expert in fluid mechanics: the way that fluids, including exhaled breath, behave in different environments. Over the course of the pandemic, he and his colleagues have developed various models for how COVID-19 spreads.

"One part of the way that this disease spreads is virology: how much virus you have in your body, how many viral particles you expel when you speak or cough," said first author Dr. Shrey Trivedi, also from the Department of Engineering. "But another part of it is fluid mechanics: what happens to the droplets once they're expelled, which is where we come in. As fluid mechanics specialists, we're like the bridge from virology of the emitter to the virology of the receiver and we can help with risk assessment."

In the current study, the Cambridge researchers set out to 'measure' this bridge through a series of simulations. For example, if a person coughed and emitted a thousand droplets, how many would reach another person in the same room, and how large would these droplets be, as a function of time and space?

The simulations used refined computational models solving the equations for turbulent flow, together with detailed descriptions of droplet motion and evaporation.

Visualisation of the spread of droplets when coughing. The droplets are color-coded by 

size. Red = large, green = medium, blue = small, purple = very small. 

Credit: Shrey Trivedi et al, University of Cambridge

The researchers found that there isn't a sharp cut-off once the droplets spread beyond two meters. When a person coughs and isn't wearing a mask, most of the larger droplets will fall on nearby surfaces. However, smaller droplets, suspended in the air, can quickly and easily spread well beyond two meters. How far and how quickly these aerosols spread will depend on the quality of ventilation in the room.

In addition to the variables surrounding mask-wearing and ventilation, there is also a high degree of variability in individual coughs. "Each time we cough, we may emit a different amount of liquid, so if a person is infected with COVID-19, they could be emitting lots of virus particles or very few, and because of the turbulence they spread differently for every cough," said Trivedi.

"Even if I expel the same number of droplets every time I cough, because the flow is turbulent, there are fluctuations," said Mastorakos. "If I'm coughing, fluctuations in velocity, temperature and humidity mean that the amount someone gets at the two-meter mark can be very different each time."

The researchers say that while the two-meter rule is an effective and easy-to-remember message for the public, it isn't a mark of safety, given the large number of variables associated with an airborne virus. Vaccination, ventilation and masks—while not 100% effective—are vital for containing the virus.

"We're all desperate to see the back of this pandemic, but we strongly recommend that people keep wearing masks in indoor spaces such as offices, classrooms and shops," said Mastorakos. "There's no good reason to expose yourself to this risk as long as the virus is with us."

The research team are continuing this research with similar simulations for spaces such as lecture rooms that can help assess the risk as people spend more time indoors.Free online tool calculates risk of COVID-19 transmission in poorly-ventilated spaces

More information: Estimates of the stochasticity of droplet dispersion by a cough, Physics of Fluids (2021). DOI: 10.1063/5.0070528

Journal information: Physics of Fluids 

Provided by University of Cambridge 

FIRE AND ICE

Arctic Ocean started getting warmer decades earlier than we thought, study finds

by University of Cambridge

An international group of researchers reconstructed the recent history of ocean warming

 at the gateway to the Arctic Ocean in a region called the Fram Strait, between Greenland

 and Svalbard, and found that the Arctic Ocean has been warming for much longer than 

earlier records have suggested. Credit: Sara Giansiracusa

The Arctic Ocean has been getting warmer since the beginning of the 20th century—decades earlier than records suggest—due to warmer water flowing into the delicate polar ecosystem from the Atlantic Ocean.

An international group of researchers reconstructed the recent history of ocean warming at the gateway to the Arctic Ocean in a region called the Fram Strait, between Greenland and Svalbard.

Using the chemical signatures found in marine microorganisms, the researchers found that the Arctic Ocean began warming rapidly at the beginning of the last century as warmer and saltier waters flowed in from the Atlantic—a phenomenon called Atlantification—and that this change likely preceeded the warming documented by modern instrumental measurements. Since 1900, the ocean temperature has risen by approximately 2 degrees Celsius, while sea ice has retreated and salinity has increased.

The results, reported in the journal Science Advances, provide the first historical perspective on Atlantification of the Arctic Ocean and reveal a connection with the North Atlantic that is much stronger than previously thought. The connection is capable of shaping Arctic climate variability, which could have important implications for sea-ice retreat and global sea level rise as the polar ice sheets continue to melt.

All of the world's oceans are warming due to climate change, but the Arctic Ocean, the smallest and shallowest of the world's oceans, is warming fastest of all.

"The rate of warming in the Arctic is more than double the global average, due to feedback mechanisms," said co-lead author Dr. Francesco Muschitiello from Cambridge's Department of Geography. "Based on satellite measurements, we know that the Arctic Ocean has been steadily warming, in particular over the past 20 years, but we wanted to place the recent warming into a longer context."

Atlantification is one of the causes of warming in the Arctic, however instrumental records capable of monitoring this process, such as satellites, only go back about 40 years.

Using the chemical signatures found in marine microorganisms, researchers have found

 that the Arctic Ocean began warming rapidly at the beginning of the last century as

 warmer and saltier waters flowed in from the Atlantic – a phenomenon called

 Atlantification. Credit: Sara Giansiracusa

As the Arctic Ocean gets warmer, it causes the ice in the polar region to melt, which in turn affects global sea levels. As the ice melts, it exposes more of the ocean's surface to the sun, releasing heat and raising air temperatures. As the Arctic continues to warm, it will melt the permafrost, which stores huge amounts of methane, a far more damaging greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

The researchers used geochemical and ecological data from ocean sediments to reconstruct the change in water column properties over the past 800 years. They precisely dated sediments using a combination of methods and looked for diagnostic signs of Atlantification, like change in temperature and salinity.

"When we looked at the whole 800-year timescale, our temperature and salinity records look pretty constant," said co-lead author Dr. Tesi Tommaso from the Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council in Bologna. "But all of a sudden at the start of the 20th century, you get this marked change in temperature and salinity—it really sticks out."

"The reason for this rapid Atlantification of at the gate of the Arctic Ocean is intriguing," said Muschitiello. "We compared our results with the ocean circulation at lower latitudes and found there is a strong correlation with the slowdown of dense water formation in the Labrador Sea. In a future warming scenario, the deep circulation in this subpolar region is expected to further decrease because of the thawing of the Greenland ice sheet. Our results imply that we might expect further Arctic Atlantification in the future because of climate change."

The researchers say that their results also expose a possible flaw in climate models, because they do not reproduce this early Atlantification at the beginning of the last century.

"Climate simulations generally do not reproduce this kind of warming in the Arctic Ocean, meaning there's an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms driving Atlantification," said Tommaso. "We rely on these simulations to project future climate change, but the lack of any signs of an early warming in the Arctic Ocean is a missing piece of the puzzle."Arctic sea ice succumbs to Atlantification

More information: Tommaso Tesi, Rapid Atlantification along the Fram Strait at the beginning of the 20th century, Science Advances (2021). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj2946. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj2946

Journal information: Science Advances 

Provided by University of Cambridge 

Greenland ice sheet loses more than it gained for 25th straight year

BY LEXI LONAS - 11/23/21

The Greenland ice sheet has lost more ice than it gained for the 25th straight year, according to a summary by scientists in Carbon Brief.

The ice sheet had a total loss of 166 gigatons of ice from September 2020 through August 2021.

The loss occurred from events such as rain hitting Greenland's Summit Station and melting where the glaciers meet warmed ocean waters.

Other factors include “calving,” where icebergs break off, and “basal melting,” which occurs when the underneath of the ice sheet slides over the ground.

The ice sheet did experience a close to average snowfall this past year, which helped delay the melting season, according to the summary.

However, the ice sheet also experienced rainfall that even hit the Summit Station, which scientists believe hasn’t seen rain since at least the 1880s.

The ice sheet also experienced the highest lost from calving and ocean melt since satellites began documenting the phenomenon in 1986.

Scientists warn the loss from calving and melting from the ocean will not be able to be compensated by cool summers and an increase in snowfall forever.

“2020/21 was a comparably ‘normal’ year. The new normal, that is,” Martin Stendel, a polar researcher at the Danish Meteorological Institute and one of the authors of the article, told The Washington Post. “But that does not mean it was good in this sense.”

CANADIAN INEQUALITY

Rich parents are giving their kids $145K or more to get into Toronto's real estate market

People trying to get into Toronto's hot real estate market really just need rich parents, it seems.

While the Toronto real estate market seems to be cooling recently, prices have more than doubled for an average detached home in the last 10 years.

The National Bank of Canada says that Toronto residents need an annual household income of at least $205,342 to afford a home in the city these days. So most people getting into the housing market need a bit of help. Unfortunately, not everyone has access to "the bank of mom and dad."

But rich parents are more likely to give their kids a helping hand these days, according to a new Pollara Study report from IG Wealth Management.

The report defines "rich" as people who have an "accumulated, investable wealth of at least $1 million."

Overall more than three-quarters (77 per cent) of wealthy parents say they wanted to see their children "get ahead,” according to the report.

These parents were most likely to help cover education expenses. But the second most common financial relief these parents provided was to help kids buy their first home.

Almost three of four individuals surveyed said that they either had acted, or were likely to help their kids buy property. A few indicated they would foot the entire amount for a new home but most said they would provide 25 per cent or less of the total purchase price.

The average amount of a gift to assist with a home purchase was approximately $145,000, the report stated.

Where are these rich parents? The survey found the highest percentage (33 per cent) in highest in British Columbia with Ontario coming in a close second at 30 per cent.

While wealthy parents didn't mind dishing out for a first home, enthusiasm waned when it came to their next home (24 per cent) or a vacation property (10 per cent).

The Pollara Study was conducted between Aug. 5 and 12 this year.

New restoration works shore-up Iraq's historic Arch of Ctesiphon

© Sabah ARAR

Iraq's 1,400-year-old Arch of Ctesiphon, the world's largest brick-built arch, is undergoing restoration work as part of efforts to return it to its former splendour, authorities said Wednesday.

The famed sixth-century monument, located around 30 kilometres (20 miles) south of the capital Baghdad, is the last structure still standing from the ancient Persian imperial capital Ctesiphon.

Restoration work on the arch, also known as Taq-i Kisra from its Persian name, was carried out in 2013 after a massive slab fell off due to damp caused by heavy rain.

But the new bricks too have begun to fall following downpours last year.

A first phase of "emergency" works that began in March are due to end next month, said David Michelmore, a conservation expert working with a team of archaeologists from the University of Pennsylvania.

"What is falling down at the minute is not the original Sassanian construction, it's the modern repairs," he told AFP.

"There was quite a lot of reconstruction done in 2013-2014 and probably all of this will need to be taken down and replaced," he said.

Construction of the arch began in AD 540 during the Persian Sassanid dynasty's long wars with the Byzantine Empire. It formed part of a palace complex started three centuries earlier.

At 37 metres (122 feet) tall and 48 metres (158 feet) long, it is the largest brick-built arch in the world.

Iraqi Culture Minister Hassan Nazim said the works aimed to "consolidate" the site, which is near the bank of the Tigris River and is at risk of groundwater infiltration.

The current phase is financed thanks to a budget of $700,000 from the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas (ALIPH), said Laith Majid Hussein, director of the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage.

He lamented "numerous mistakes" in the previous restoration, including the installation of a heavy "layer of cement on the arch".

The next stage would be a "total restoration" that would help strengthen the structure and prevent any collapse, he said.

In 2004, the Global Heritage Fund said that, as a result of disrepair, the arch was "in danger of collapse".

Those warnings proved prescient -- in late 2012, a slab about two metres (six feet) in length fell off.

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AFP

World Bank warns over looming plunge in Iraq water resources

Iraq could suffer a 20-percent drop in water resources by 2050 due to climate change, the World Bank said Wednesday, warning of repercussions on growth and jobs.

© Hussein FALEH 

People sit near a bridge on the shores of Iraq's Shatt al-Arab waterway where the mighty Tigris and Euphrates rivers converge

Water is a crucial issue for the oil-rich country of 40 million that is facing an acute energy crisis, compounded by increasingly severe droughts and low rainfall.

"Without action, water constraints will lead to large losses across multiple sectors of the economy and come to affect more and more vulnerable people," the World Bank's Saroj Kumar Jha said in a statement accompanying a new report.

"By 2050, a temperature increase of one degree Celsius, and a precipitation decrease of 10 percent would cause a 20 percent reduction of available freshwater" in Iraq, the report said.

"Under these circumstances, nearly one-third of the irrigated land in Iraq will have no water by the year 2050."

Economic modelling showed that "real GDP in Iraq could drop by up to 4 percent, or $6.6 billion compared to 2016 levels", according to the report.

Demand for unskilled labour in the agricultural sector could fall by 11.8 percent, and by 5.4 percent for non-agricultural activities.

Water scarcity "is linked to small-scale forced displacement in Iraq", the World Bank warned, particularly in the country's south.

In 2014, Iraq prepared a 20-year, $180-billion plan to manage its water crisis.

But it was stillborn as the Islamic State group seized a third of the country the same year and money was diverted to fight the jihadists.

In 2018, financing for the water ministry accounted for less than 0.2 percent of the country's overall budget, with just $15 million.

"The current state of infrastructure has led to salinity affecting approximately 60 percent of the cultivated land and a 30–60 percent reduction in yield," the report said.

On a positive note, the World Bank said Iraq's economic outlook had improved "on the back of the recovery of global oil markets", adding its GDP was projected to grow from 2.6 percent this year to more than six percent in 2022–2023.

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Vaccines alone are not enough to control COVID spread, WHO warns

WHO says vaccines reduce COVID-19 transmission by 40%

Jimmy Nsubuga

Wed., November 24, 2021,

The World Health Organization has warned vaccines alone will not be enough to stop the spread of COVID.

Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director general of the WHO, said he was concerned there was a “false sense of security” in some countries due to the jabs, amid a surge in infections across Europe.

"Vaccines save lives, but they do not fully prevent COVID-19 transmission,” he said.

“Data suggest that before the arrival of the Delta variant, vaccines reduced transmission by about 60%. With Delta, that has dropped to about 40%".

Dr Tedros added: "In many countries and communities, we are concerned about a false sense of security that vaccines have ended the COVID-19 pandemic, and that people who are vaccinated do not need to take any other precautions".

A woman receives a vaccine in the Netherlands. (Getty Images)

His warning comes as the UK ramped up its booster vaccine programme.

A total of 50,827,554 first doses of COVID-19 vaccine had been delivered by 23 November, Government figures show. 

This is a rise of 26,822 on the previous day.

Some 46,208,819 second doses have been delivered, an increase of 22,002.

A combined total of 16,004,629 booster and third doses have also been given, a day-on-day rise of 365,152.

Labour said the vaccination programme has “lost momentum” and warned the UK was not hitting the rate needed to ensure everyone eligible gets a booster by Christmas.

Labour shadow health minister Alex Norris told the Commons: “The vaccination programme has lost momentum over the summer and autumn, and to ensure that everyone eligible gets their booster jab by Christmas we need to be vaccinating half a million people a day and currently we are not near that figure."

Health secretary Sajid Javid said Labour should “not talk down our world-successful vaccination programme” and added the booster rollout is the “most successful” in Europe.

People wearing protective face masks in Prague. (Getty)

Meanwhile, coronavirus infections broke records in parts of Europe on Wednesday, with the continent once again the epicentre of a pandemic.

Slovakia, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Hungary all reported new highs in daily infections as winter gripped Europe and people gathered indoors in the run-up to Christmas, providing a perfect breeding ground for COVID-19.

Austria has already locked down its population this week for at least 10 days, becoming the first to reimpose such restrictions. 

It will also require the whole population to be vaccinated from 1 February.

Consider making Covid-19 jabs mandatory to fight surge, says WHO Europe official

France will announce new COVID containment measures on Thursday as the infection rate surges nationwide.

Italy is expected to restrict access to some indoor venues for people who have not been vaccinated.

Many German regions have already started to impose tighter rules amid the country's worst COVID surge yet.

Top Israel court rejects Gaza doctor's appeal for damages from 2009 war

Israel's Supreme Court rejected Wednesday an appeal from a Palestinian doctor who sought compensation for the killing of three of his daughters and a niece during the 2008-2009 Gaza war.

© AHMAD GHARABLI Palestinian doctor Izzeldin Abuelaish gives a press conference at the Israeli Supreme Court in Jerusalem on November 15, 2021

Izzeldin Abuelaish, a gynaecologist who now lives in Canada, filed a civil complaint in 2010 after the January 2009 incident that killed the four young females, ranging in age from 13 to 20.

Israel's top court called the incident a "tragic event" but said it was not awarding compensation because the law affords "substantial immunity" to the state in times of conflict.

"Our heart goes out to the petitioner, a bereaved uncle and father to three girls who were killed prematurely," the court said.

"At the same time, the severe consequences caused to the petitioner have no remedy and solution in the process at hand."

Abuelaish, who speaks Hebrew and was educated at Harvard University, worked in an Israeli hospital during the conflict.

The deaths occurred when his family home in Gaza was hit by Israeli tank fire. The case gained attention after he called an Israeli television station shortly after the deaths.

Israel's army had said it was targeting Islamist militants in the area amid the conflict that began after Hamas took over the enclave in 2007.

The Abuelaish family has always categorically denied any Hamas members were in the home.

Speaking outside the Jerusalem court last week where his appeal was heard, Abuelaish called on Israel to show "the moral, ethical and human courage" to admit wrongdoing.

"The biggest challenge in our world is individual responsibility. They have to overcome this fear, or arrogance, or greed, or denial. They have to acknowledge it and I am determined," he said.

Speaking to AFP after the appeal was rejected, Abuelaish's lawyer Hussein Abu Hussein said he had advised his client that a legal victory was unlikely given precedents set in similar Israeli cases.

But Abuelaish wanted to "exhaust every possible legal option", the lawyer said.

After moving to Canada with his remaining children following the deaths, Abuelaish wrote a book entitled "I Shall Not Hate" about reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians.

Born in Gaza's Jabalia refugee camp, he now teaches public health at the University of Toronto.

Abuelaish had said any damages awarded would be donated to charity and that he was also seeking an apology from Israel over the deaths.

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