How enriching the environment may combat fentanyl addiction
Rat study shows that introducing new objects in a nonsocial environment dampens fentanyl use over time and relapse-like behavior triggered by stress.
Society for Neuroscience
image:
This image depicts how enriched housing (right) influences fentanyl use, seeking, and stress-triggered relapse compared to standard housing (left).
view moreCredit: Jessica A. Higginbotham
Combating the opioid crisis relies on identifying new prevention strategies for problematic fentanyl use. In a collaboration between Washington State University and Washington University in St. Louis, researchers led by Jose Moron tested whether enriching a rat’s environment can reduce fentanyl use and relapse.
The researchers housed rats individually in either standard conditions or environments with new objects and measured fentanyl use across stages modeling human addiction: ongoing use, quitting, and relapse triggered by stress. Environmental enrichment reduced fentanyl intake over time and helped animals stop seeking the drug faster. Notably, when exposed to a stressful trigger, rats in enriched environments showed a much weaker relapse response compared to those in standard conditions. Rats in enriched environments also had lower levels of stress hormones, which were linked to relapse in those with standard conditions.
According to the researchers, their work suggests that supplying rats with new objects in nonsocial environments can protect against fentanyl use and relapse. Says Jose Moron-Concepcion, “Because these strategies do not rely on social interaction, they may be easier to implement in real-world settings, including treatment programs and recovery environments. More broadly, this work highlights the powerful role of the environment and stress in addiction. Enrichment-based approaches could complement existing treatments and offer a scalable way to reduce opioid use and relapse risk.”
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About eNeuro
eNeuro is an online, open-access journal published by the Society for Neuroscience. Established in 2014, eNeuro publishes a wide variety of content, including research articles, short reports, reviews, commentaries and opinions.
About The Society for Neuroscience
The Society for Neuroscience is the world's largest organization of scientists and physicians devoted to understanding the brain and nervous system. The nonprofit organization, founded in 1969, now has nearly 35,000 members in more than 95 countries.
Journal
eNeuro
Article Title
Environmental Enrichment Attenuates Fentanyl-Seeking Behavior and Protects Against Stress-Induced Reinstatement in Both Male and Female Rats
Article Publication Date
13-Apr-2026
New study shows limitations of naloxone in reversing overdoses from powerful synthetic opioids
Anesthesiologists urge caution: Always call 911 and be prepared to administer additional doses
Key Takeaways:
- Naloxone may not fully reverse overdoses caused by newer, stronger synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and sufentanil.
- Immediate emergency response is critical — always call 911 and be ready to give additional doses as needed.
- Current overdose protocols need to be updated to address challenges posed by evolving opioid misuse and more potent drugs.
CHICAGO — A new study exposes challenges in reversing opioid overdoses with naloxone when potent synthetic drugs like fentanyl and sufentanil are involved, according to a study in the May 2026 issue of Anesthesiology, the peer-reviewed medical journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). The findings raise important alarms for health care professionals and the public as the opioid crisis continues.
“Our study shows that the current doses of naloxone may not be sufficient to reverse overdoses caused by newer synthetic opioids,” said study lead author Maarten A. van Lemmen, Ph.D., of the Department of Anesthesiology and Anesthesia and Pain Research Unit at Leiden University Medical Center in Leiden, the Netherlands. “We hope these findings encourage institutions to update guidelines and reinforce the importance of fast emergency intervention.”
The study, that included 30 participants, found that while naloxone can be lifesaving, a single dose may not always completely reverse respiratory depression caused by powerful synthetic opioids. The study tested naloxone’s effectiveness in both people who had never used opioids and those who used them every day.
Fentanyl and fentanyl-like drugs now account for the majority of overdose deaths in the United States, with estimates ranging from 60% to 79%. Because these drugs bind more tightly to opioid receptors, they can be harder to reverse with a standard dose of naloxone, especially in people exposed to high levels or more potent drugs.
The study authors emphasize:
- Because naloxone is less reliable against stronger opioids, it is vital to call 911 immediately when an overdose is suspected, even if naloxone has been administered.
- The effects of naloxone may wear off quickly, and additional doses may be needed to keep the person safe until medical help arrives.
- Current overdose response guidelines were developed for older, weaker opioids, so there is an urgent need to update practices and design better tools as opioid misuse continues to change.
In an accompanying editorial by James P. Rathmell, M.D., Anesthesiology editor-in-chief and Professor of Anaesthesia at Harvard Medical School, and Steven E. Kern, Ph.D., Adjunct Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Bioengineering, University of Utah, explain that the study shows that when someone gets naloxone, they may wake up and seem alert before they are breathing normally again. In other words, looking “awake” doesn’t always mean they’re fully recovered. Their breathing can still be slow or inadequate—even though they appear responsive. This is especially important with very strong opioids like sufentanil, where this mismatch between appearance (awake) and true recovery (safe breathing) can be more pronounced.
“This distinction has immediate implications for patient safety, observation practices, and dosing strategies, and helps explain why resedation and delayed respiratory instability continue to occur despite timely naloxone administration,” they said.
Learn how to recognize and reduce opioid and drug-related mortality at ASA’s REVIVEme page.
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS
Founded in 1905, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) is an educational, research and scientific society with more than 60,000 members organized to advance the medical practice of anesthesiology and secure its future. ASA is committed to ensuring anesthesiologists evaluate and supervise the medical care of all patients before, during, and after surgery. ASA members also lead the care of critically ill patients in intensive care units, as well as treat pain in both acute and chronic settings.
For more information on the field of anesthesiology, visit the American Society of Anesthesiologists online at asahq.org. To learn more about how anesthesiologists help ensure patient safety, visit asahq.org/madeforthismoment. Follow ASA on Facebook, X, Instagram, Bluesky, and LinkedIn.
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