Analysis
Debunking myths about puberty blockers for transgender children
10 September 2020 (Last Updated August 25th, 2020 17:03)
Puberty blockers are drugs that may be given to young people with gender dysphoria, to prevent them from going through a puberty that doesn’t match their gender identity. They’re a physically reversible intervention, and if a young person stops taking the blockers their physical adolescence will continue to develop as it had done previously – but the drugs have proven controversial and there’s a lot of misinformation out there. Chloe Kent reports.
Puberty blockers are drugs that may be given to young people with gender dysphoria, to prevent them from going through a puberty that doesn’t match their gender identity. They’re a physically reversible intervention, and if a young person stops taking the blockers their physical adolescence will continue to develop as it had done previously – but the drugs have proven controversial and there’s a lot of misinformation out there. Chloe Kent reports.
What are puberty blockers and why might a young person want to be prescribed them? Credit: Shutterstock.
In January, papers were lodged at the British High Court against the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust, which runs the UK’s only gender identity development service (GIDS).
The claimants against the Trust want to establish a legal minimum age of 18 for puberty blocking hormone therapy for young people diagnosed with gender dysphoria, with their lawyers arguing that it is illegal to prescribe the drugs to anyone younger as they cannot give informed consent to the treatment.
The case has been brought about by the parent of a 15-year-old on the GIDS waiting list known as Mrs A, who does not believe children can understand the ramifications of taking puberty blockers. Alongside her is a 23-year-old woman named Keira Bell, who transitioned to male as a teenager but has since detransitioned and believes she should have been challenged more by GIDS during the process.
So-called puberty blockers, known formally as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists, are medications that cause the body to stop producing sex hormones. They are delivered either as leuprorelin injections, which are administered by a healthcare worker every three months, or via a histrelin implant, which needs to be replaced annually.
The GnRH antagonists bind to receptors in the pituitary gland, blocking the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. This leads to suppression of testosterone production in the testes or the suppression of estradiol and progesterone production from the ovaries, depending on the anatomy of the individual taking them.
For young trans people, taking these drugs will prevent things like breast tissue development and periods, or the growth of facial hair and a deepening voice. The effects of drugs are completely reversible, and if a person stops taking them their body will resume sex hormone production as it had done before they started.
As well as being used to suppress puberty in gender-questioning youth, they’re used from the age of six onwards for the management of precocious puberty, when a child’s body enters adolescence too early. GnRH antagonists are also used to treat prostate cancer, as part of IVF fertility treatment and for the management of uterine disorders such as endometriosis or fibroids. They’re even being investigated as a treatment for women with hormone-sensitive breast cancer, as a treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia and as a potential contraceptive.
Why might a young person want puberty blockers?
Gender dysphoria – the sense of unease arising from one’s physical sex characteristics not aligning with one’s gender identity – can be just as unpleasant for young people as it is for adults.
Pacific University Oregon co-director of child psychology Dr Laura Edwards-Leeper says: “The impact of going through the wrong puberty for a child who is transgender can be devastating, as their body feels as if it is out of their control and changing in a way that is incongruent with their gender identity. This can lead to a host of psychological problems, most often depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, self-harming behaviours and suicidality.”
When puberty blockers are used to delay or prevent these changes, they’re essentially used to buy time. They’re primarily intended to give young gender-questioning people a few years to weigh up their options before going through any permanent bodily changes, whether those are through hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to induce a puberty which corresponds with their gender identity, or discontinuing the blockers altogether and allowing puberty to proceed as it would have done without any intervention.
“It is important that the young person fully understands that they can change course at any time and that no one will be disappointed in them or feel that they made ‘a mistake’ or ‘didn’t know who they were’ when they made the decision to start blockers,” says Edwards-Leeper.
“Parents, other family members, providers, friends and peers and school staff need to understand this as well, so that the young person does not feel boxed in. Just as we do not want trans youth to feel pressured into being cis, we don’t want gender diverse youth to feel pressured into being trans if they ultimately feel that this does not fit for them.”
How are puberty blockers prescribed in the UK?
While many people who oppose the use of blockers maintain that drugs are given out too readily, most patients actually face a lengthy waiting period. In November 2019, doctors in the UK GIDS were beginning initial consultations with patients who had been referred in September 2017, more than two years beforehand. Even then, puberty blockers won’t be prescribed immediately.
Val, a 19-year-old transfeminine student, came out at 13 and had her first appointment with the UK GIDS soon after, but didn’t receive puberty blockers until she was 17.
“I think the thing I find really distasteful is all the things in the media about how they’re fast-tracking trans people,” she says. “I’m like, ‘they’re not!’. During that process you have to put your life on hold. It’s like an axe that’s hanging above your head all the time and you don’t know when it’s going to drop and it’s terrifying. Puberty blockers allow trans teenagers to finally get back to living their lives. They just give you peace of mind.”
More than 5,000 young people are currently on the GIDS waiting list, and according to a BBC investigation only 267 people under the age of 15 started using blockers between 2012 and 2018. While things differ internationally, the UK GIDS will not prescribe HRT to a young trans person unless they have spent 12 months on blockers and are at least 16 years of age.
Related Report
While it’s important to acknowledge that detransition does happen, what’s vital is that cases like Keira Bell’s are rare. Most recent studies estimate the overall detransition rate for trans people to be less than 4%.
“Far more trans kids live with lifelong impacts of decisions that we seem to be making based on one cis kid who gets referred accidentally,” says Val.
Do puberty blockers have any serious side effects?
Puberty blockers are safe as far as can be determined from the experience of non-transgender children who take them or women undergoing fertility treatments who take them,” says Mount Sinai Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery executive director Dr Joshua Safer.
Like all medications, the blockers are still known to have some side effects, including weight gain, hot flashes, headaches and swelling at the site of injection. There also may be more long-term effects on bone density, which is part of the reason the drugs aren’t supposed to be prescribed for too long.
Safer explains: “The primary concern is that bones might be at greater risk of osteoporosis because bones depend on sex hormones for maintenance. That need is part of the reason that women typically are at risk for osteoporosis earlier than men, as women go through menopause and suffer a loss of sex hormones while men don’t typically have a similar significant hormone change. But the risk is hard to see when only taking puberty blockers for a year or two.”
It’s also worth noting that there is a relationship between puberty blockers and fertility. Sperm production typically begins between 13 to 14, and egg maturation between 12 to 13, and the vast majority of trans children will begin puberty blocker treatment after these processes have already occurred.
In these cases, sperm or eggs can be frozen before treatment and may be used to conceive a child in later life. If a young person decides not to transition after all and ceases puberty blocker treatment, the Endocrine Society advises that no studies have reported long-term, adverse effects on ovarian function. For people with testicles, sperm numbers can fall below the normal range in some cases.
Things are slightly different for the small number of trans children who may undergo puberty blocker therapy before sperm or egg maturation occurs and then immediately begin HRT. As they will be unable to have a sperm or egg sample frozen, they don’t have the same fertility preservation options that children who start taking blockers when they’re slightly older would have.
“The concern is hormone treatment would have to be stopped in order to restore fertility later were it desired – perhaps for many months,” says Safer. “The concern is part of the reason for puberty blockers – to allow time to have the conversations that will allow reasoned choices being made regarding hormone therapy.”
Of course, any medical decision which could have an impact on fertility is one that requires a lot of time and care to consider. However, many trans people find the way the impact on fertility is used to argue about the ethics of trans healthcare inherently problematic.
Val says: “It’s something that gets brought up and is very much rooted in the idea that if you are infertile that is somehow lesser and you are lesser of a person, which is not at all correct.”
Gillick competence and the future of trans healthcare
In England and Wales, the term ‘Gillick competence’ is used in medical law to decide whether a child under the age of 16 is able to consent to their own medical treatment, without the need for parental permission or knowledge.
It means that the legal authority for parents to make medical decisions on behalf of their children is revoked when the child reaches sufficient maturity to make their own decisions. There is no hard-and-fast age at which a child can be considered ‘Gillick competent’, and it is something decided on a case-by-case basis.
The claimants in the ongoing UK court case against Tavistock and Portman believe that Gillick competence should not apply when it comes to gender reassignment, with their solicitor telling The Guardian: “We say it is a leap too far to think that Gillick as a judgment could apply to this type of scenario, where a young person is being offered a treatment with lifelong consequences when they are at a stage of emotional and mental vulnerability. It simply doesn’t compute, and therefore whatever medical professionals say is consent is not valid in law.”
Yet, a study published this year in the journal Pediatrics found that access to puberty blockers can be life-saving, reducing the chances of suicide among young trans people, who are at much greater risk of this than the general population. It’s hard to see how revoking Gillick competence for a reversible, life-saving treatment stands up from a medical ethics standpoint.
While many parents and carers of transgender children understandably worry about what the future holds for their kids in a world that isn’t especially kind to gender nonconforming people, that worry should never be allowed to become so overwhelming that they seek to strip away essential health services out of fear.
A representative of UK trans children’s charity Mermaids says: “The important thing to remember is that all journeys and identities are valid, and by supporting your child, they will be able to continue along this journey knowing you love and care about them, whoever they are and whatever they choose to do.”
In January, papers were lodged at the British High Court against the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust, which runs the UK’s only gender identity development service (GIDS).
The claimants against the Trust want to establish a legal minimum age of 18 for puberty blocking hormone therapy for young people diagnosed with gender dysphoria, with their lawyers arguing that it is illegal to prescribe the drugs to anyone younger as they cannot give informed consent to the treatment.
The case has been brought about by the parent of a 15-year-old on the GIDS waiting list known as Mrs A, who does not believe children can understand the ramifications of taking puberty blockers. Alongside her is a 23-year-old woman named Keira Bell, who transitioned to male as a teenager but has since detransitioned and believes she should have been challenged more by GIDS during the process.
So-called puberty blockers, known formally as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists, are medications that cause the body to stop producing sex hormones. They are delivered either as leuprorelin injections, which are administered by a healthcare worker every three months, or via a histrelin implant, which needs to be replaced annually.
The GnRH antagonists bind to receptors in the pituitary gland, blocking the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary. This leads to suppression of testosterone production in the testes or the suppression of estradiol and progesterone production from the ovaries, depending on the anatomy of the individual taking them.
For young trans people, taking these drugs will prevent things like breast tissue development and periods, or the growth of facial hair and a deepening voice. The effects of drugs are completely reversible, and if a person stops taking them their body will resume sex hormone production as it had done before they started.
As well as being used to suppress puberty in gender-questioning youth, they’re used from the age of six onwards for the management of precocious puberty, when a child’s body enters adolescence too early. GnRH antagonists are also used to treat prostate cancer, as part of IVF fertility treatment and for the management of uterine disorders such as endometriosis or fibroids. They’re even being investigated as a treatment for women with hormone-sensitive breast cancer, as a treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia and as a potential contraceptive.
Why might a young person want puberty blockers?
Gender dysphoria – the sense of unease arising from one’s physical sex characteristics not aligning with one’s gender identity – can be just as unpleasant for young people as it is for adults.
Pacific University Oregon co-director of child psychology Dr Laura Edwards-Leeper says: “The impact of going through the wrong puberty for a child who is transgender can be devastating, as their body feels as if it is out of their control and changing in a way that is incongruent with their gender identity. This can lead to a host of psychological problems, most often depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, self-harming behaviours and suicidality.”
When puberty blockers are used to delay or prevent these changes, they’re essentially used to buy time. They’re primarily intended to give young gender-questioning people a few years to weigh up their options before going through any permanent bodily changes, whether those are through hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to induce a puberty which corresponds with their gender identity, or discontinuing the blockers altogether and allowing puberty to proceed as it would have done without any intervention.
“It is important that the young person fully understands that they can change course at any time and that no one will be disappointed in them or feel that they made ‘a mistake’ or ‘didn’t know who they were’ when they made the decision to start blockers,” says Edwards-Leeper.
“Parents, other family members, providers, friends and peers and school staff need to understand this as well, so that the young person does not feel boxed in. Just as we do not want trans youth to feel pressured into being cis, we don’t want gender diverse youth to feel pressured into being trans if they ultimately feel that this does not fit for them.”
How are puberty blockers prescribed in the UK?
While many people who oppose the use of blockers maintain that drugs are given out too readily, most patients actually face a lengthy waiting period. In November 2019, doctors in the UK GIDS were beginning initial consultations with patients who had been referred in September 2017, more than two years beforehand. Even then, puberty blockers won’t be prescribed immediately.
Val, a 19-year-old transfeminine student, came out at 13 and had her first appointment with the UK GIDS soon after, but didn’t receive puberty blockers until she was 17.
“I think the thing I find really distasteful is all the things in the media about how they’re fast-tracking trans people,” she says. “I’m like, ‘they’re not!’. During that process you have to put your life on hold. It’s like an axe that’s hanging above your head all the time and you don’t know when it’s going to drop and it’s terrifying. Puberty blockers allow trans teenagers to finally get back to living their lives. They just give you peace of mind.”
More than 5,000 young people are currently on the GIDS waiting list, and according to a BBC investigation only 267 people under the age of 15 started using blockers between 2012 and 2018. While things differ internationally, the UK GIDS will not prescribe HRT to a young trans person unless they have spent 12 months on blockers and are at least 16 years of age.
Related Report
While it’s important to acknowledge that detransition does happen, what’s vital is that cases like Keira Bell’s are rare. Most recent studies estimate the overall detransition rate for trans people to be less than 4%.
“Far more trans kids live with lifelong impacts of decisions that we seem to be making based on one cis kid who gets referred accidentally,” says Val.
Do puberty blockers have any serious side effects?
Puberty blockers are safe as far as can be determined from the experience of non-transgender children who take them or women undergoing fertility treatments who take them,” says Mount Sinai Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery executive director Dr Joshua Safer.
Like all medications, the blockers are still known to have some side effects, including weight gain, hot flashes, headaches and swelling at the site of injection. There also may be more long-term effects on bone density, which is part of the reason the drugs aren’t supposed to be prescribed for too long.
Safer explains: “The primary concern is that bones might be at greater risk of osteoporosis because bones depend on sex hormones for maintenance. That need is part of the reason that women typically are at risk for osteoporosis earlier than men, as women go through menopause and suffer a loss of sex hormones while men don’t typically have a similar significant hormone change. But the risk is hard to see when only taking puberty blockers for a year or two.”
It’s also worth noting that there is a relationship between puberty blockers and fertility. Sperm production typically begins between 13 to 14, and egg maturation between 12 to 13, and the vast majority of trans children will begin puberty blocker treatment after these processes have already occurred.
In these cases, sperm or eggs can be frozen before treatment and may be used to conceive a child in later life. If a young person decides not to transition after all and ceases puberty blocker treatment, the Endocrine Society advises that no studies have reported long-term, adverse effects on ovarian function. For people with testicles, sperm numbers can fall below the normal range in some cases.
Things are slightly different for the small number of trans children who may undergo puberty blocker therapy before sperm or egg maturation occurs and then immediately begin HRT. As they will be unable to have a sperm or egg sample frozen, they don’t have the same fertility preservation options that children who start taking blockers when they’re slightly older would have.
“The concern is hormone treatment would have to be stopped in order to restore fertility later were it desired – perhaps for many months,” says Safer. “The concern is part of the reason for puberty blockers – to allow time to have the conversations that will allow reasoned choices being made regarding hormone therapy.”
Of course, any medical decision which could have an impact on fertility is one that requires a lot of time and care to consider. However, many trans people find the way the impact on fertility is used to argue about the ethics of trans healthcare inherently problematic.
Val says: “It’s something that gets brought up and is very much rooted in the idea that if you are infertile that is somehow lesser and you are lesser of a person, which is not at all correct.”
Gillick competence and the future of trans healthcare
In England and Wales, the term ‘Gillick competence’ is used in medical law to decide whether a child under the age of 16 is able to consent to their own medical treatment, without the need for parental permission or knowledge.
It means that the legal authority for parents to make medical decisions on behalf of their children is revoked when the child reaches sufficient maturity to make their own decisions. There is no hard-and-fast age at which a child can be considered ‘Gillick competent’, and it is something decided on a case-by-case basis.
The claimants in the ongoing UK court case against Tavistock and Portman believe that Gillick competence should not apply when it comes to gender reassignment, with their solicitor telling The Guardian: “We say it is a leap too far to think that Gillick as a judgment could apply to this type of scenario, where a young person is being offered a treatment with lifelong consequences when they are at a stage of emotional and mental vulnerability. It simply doesn’t compute, and therefore whatever medical professionals say is consent is not valid in law.”
Yet, a study published this year in the journal Pediatrics found that access to puberty blockers can be life-saving, reducing the chances of suicide among young trans people, who are at much greater risk of this than the general population. It’s hard to see how revoking Gillick competence for a reversible, life-saving treatment stands up from a medical ethics standpoint.
While many parents and carers of transgender children understandably worry about what the future holds for their kids in a world that isn’t especially kind to gender nonconforming people, that worry should never be allowed to become so overwhelming that they seek to strip away essential health services out of fear.
A representative of UK trans children’s charity Mermaids says: “The important thing to remember is that all journeys and identities are valid, and by supporting your child, they will be able to continue along this journey knowing you love and care about them, whoever they are and whatever they choose to do.”
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