Vertebrate biodiversity- a glimmer of hope
Extreme losses in a few populations drive apparent global vertebrate decline
IMAGE: RED ASTERISKS NEAR A VERTEBRATE INDICATE CLUSTERS OF POPULATIONS OF SPECIFIC TYPES (AMPHIBIANS, SMALL MAMMALS, LARGE MAMMALS, FISH, BIRDS OR REPTILES) THAT ARE SUFFERING EXTREME DECLINES (16 SYSTEMS) BLUE ASTERISKS... view more
CREDIT: MCGILL UNIVERSITY
Vertebrate populations - from birds and fish to antelope - are not, in general, declining. Despite what has previously been thought and said.
A McGill University-led team of biologists found, in an article published today in Nature, that the picture of dramatically declining vertebrate populations of all kinds is driven by a small number of outlier populations whose numbers are dropping at extreme rates. Once these outliers are separated from the mix, a very different and far more hopeful picture of global biodiversity emerges.
(Populations are groups of individuals of the same species living in a particular area, and therefore decreases in population size will precede loss of species.)
Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated
It all comes down to math, modeling and different approaches to calculating averages.
It has typically been estimated that vertebrate populations have declined on average by more than 50% since 1970, based on historical wildlife monitoring data. "However, given previous mathematical methods used to model vertebrate populations, this estimate could arise from two very different scenarios: widespread systematic declines, or a few extreme declines," explains Brian Leung a McGill ecologist, the UNESCO Chair in Dialogues for Sustainability, and the senior author on the study. In this paper the researchers approached the question differently.
Using a dataset of over 14,000 vertebrate populations from around the globe collated in the Living Planet Database, the researchers identified about 1% of vertebrate populations which have suffered extreme population declines since 1970 (such as reptiles in tropical areas of North, Central and South America, and birds in the Indo-Pacific region). When this extreme 1% was accounted for, the researchers found the remaining vertebrate populations were neither generally increasing nor decreasing, when grouped all together.
"The variation in this global aggregate is also important. Some populations really are in trouble and regions such as the Indo-Pacific are showing widespread systematic declines. However, the image of a global 'biodiversity desert' is not supported by the evidence." says Leung. "This is good, as it would be very discouraging if all of our conservation efforts over the last five decades had little effect."
"We were surprised by how strong the effect of these extreme populations was in driving the previous estimate of average global decline," adds co-author Anna Hargreaves, a professor in the Biology Department at McGill. "Our results identify regions that need urgent action to ameliorate widespread biodiversity declines, but also reason to hope that our actions can make a difference."
CAPTION
Red asterisks near a vertebrate indicate clusters of populations of specific types (amphibians, small mammals, large mammals, fish, birds or reptiles) that are suffering extreme declines (16 systems). Blue asterisks indicate clusters of populations of specific types (amphibians, small mammals, large mammals, fish, birds or reptiles) that are growing significantly (8 systems). Distribution curves show the situation of typical populations in each system. After removal of extreme clusters of populations where there are significant increases or declines, the remaining populations are divided into: Yellow - indicates populations where there is little change. Green - indicates populations where, in general, the trend is towards a significant increase, though the data remains insufficient to conclude this with confidence. Orange - indicates populations where, in general, the trend is towards a significant decrease, though the data remains insufficient to conclude this with confidence.
To read "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines" by Brian Leung et al in Nature:
https:/
The research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
doi.org: 10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6
About McGill University
Founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1821, McGill University is Canada's top ranked medical doctoral university. McGill is consistently ranked as one of the top universities, both nationally and internationally. It is a world-renowned institution of higher learning with research activities spanning two campuses, 11 faculties, 13 professional schools, 300 programs of study and over 40,000 students, including more than 10,200 graduate students. McGill attracts students from over 150 countries around the world, its 12,800 international students making up 31% of the student body. Over half of McGill students claim a first language other than English, including approximately 19% of our students who say French is their mother tongue.
CAPTION
Red asterisks near a vertebrate indicate clusters of populations of specific types (amphibians, small mammals, large mammals, fish, birds or reptiles) that are suffering extreme declines (16 systems) Blue asterisks indicate clusters of populations of specific types (amphibians, small mammals, large mammals, fish, birds or reptiles) that are growing significantly (8 systems) After removal of extreme clusters of populations where there are significant increases or declines, the remaining populations are divided into: Yellow - indicates populations where there is little change. Green - indicates populations where, in general, the trend is towards a significant increase, though the data remains insufficient to conclude this with confidence. Orange - indicates populations where, in general, the trend is towards a significant decrease, though the data remains insufficient to conclude this with confidence. Distribution curves show the situation of typical populations in each system.
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