Karl Marx and Swami Vivekananda: It is unknown in India, but Karl Marx and Swami Vivekananda had similar views on the historical cycle of the world. According to Marx the world history has four cycles starting with primitive communism of tribal societies, then feudalism, capitalism and ultimately socialism followed by advanced communism. For Marx the history is deterministic, these cycles are bound to happen due to the contradictions or dialectics in the existing system. In Karl Marx, ”Changes occur in society because of contradictions in prevailing ideology, in its social, economic and political order. These contradictions arise from hostilities between the social classes” (in A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Progress Publishers, Moscow). 

 Swami Vivekananda similarly divided the world history into four cycles, starting with the Age of the Priests, Age of the Warriors, Age of the Merchants as we are now in and ultimately the Age of the Worker, which is coming. With each cycle, society rises to higher and still higher stages and is perfected. The contradiction in the society according to Vivekananda is as follows, “.. At a certain time every society attains its manhood, when a strong conflict ensues between the ruling power and the common people” (Vivekananda, Collected Works, vol.iv, p.399). 

In the new Age of the Workers, “just distribution of material values will be achieved, equality of the rights of all members of society to ownership of property established and caste differences obliterated” (in Vivekananda, Collected Works, vol.vi, p.343). Sri Aurobindo also has expressed similar views on history.