Tiger shark migrations altered by climate change, new study finds
New migration patterns leave sharks more vulnerable to fishing
Peer-Reviewed PublicationVIDEO: IN A NEW STUDY, NEIL HAMMERSCHLAG, PH.D., AND COLLEAGUES USED MULTIPLE APPROACHES TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF OCEAN WARMING ON TIGER SHARK MOVEMENTS IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC. OVER THE PAST ~40 YEARS, SHARK DISTRIBUTIONS HAVE EXPANDED POLEWARD, PARALLELING RISING TEMPERATURES. MOREOVER, SATELLITE TRACKING OF SHARKS OVER THE PAST DECADE HAS REVEALED THEIR ANNUAL MIGRATIONS HAVE EXTENDED FARTHER POLEWARD AND ARRIVAL TIMES TO NORTHERN AREAS HAVE ALSO OCCURRED EARLIER IN THE YEAR DURING EXTREMELY WARM PERIODS, WHICH HAS SUBSEQUENTLY DECREASED THEIR PROTECTIONS FROM FISHING. POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THESE CLIMATE-DRIVEN ALTERATIONS INCLUDE INCREASING SHARK VULNERABILITY TO FISHING, DISRUPTION OF PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS AND CHANGES IN ENCOUNTER RATES WITH HUMANS. HAMMERSCHLAG, N., MCDONNELL, L. H., RIDER, M. J., STREET, G. M., HAZEN, E. L., NATANSON, L. J., MCCANDLESS, C. T., BOUDREAU, M. R., GALLAGHER, A. J., PINSKY, M. L., & KIRTMAN, B. (2022). OCEAN WARMING ALTERS THE DISTRIBUTIONAL RANGE, MIGRATORY TIMING, AND SPATIAL PROTECTIONS OF AN APEX PREDATOR, THE TIGER SHARK (GALEOCERDO CUVIER). GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, 00, 1–16. view more
CREDIT: UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI ROSENSTIEL SCHOOL OF MARINE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
A new study led by scientists at the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science revealed that the locations and timing of tiger shark movement in the western North Atlantic Ocean have changed from rising ocean temperatures. These climate-driven changes have subsequently shifted tiger shark movements outside of protected areas, leaving the sharks more vulnerable to commercial fishing.
The movements of tiger sharks, (Galeocerdo cuvier) the largest cold-blooded apex predator in tropical and warm-temperate seas, are constrained by the need to stay in warm waters. While waters off the U.S. northeast coastline have historically been too cold for tiger sharks, temperatures have warmed significantly in recent years making them suitable for the tiger shark.
“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” said Neil Hammerschlag, director of the UM Shark Research and Conservation Program and lead author of the study. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”
Hammerschlag and the research team discovered these climate-driven changes by analyzing nine years of tracking data from satellite tagged tiger sharks, combined with nearly forty years of conventional tag and recapture information supplied by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program and satellite derived sea-surface temperature data.
The study found that during the last decade, when ocean temperatures were the warmest on record, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures above average, tiger shark migrations extended farther poleward by roughly 250 miles (over 400 kilometers) and sharks also migrated about 14 days earlier to waters off the U.S. northeastern coast.
The results may have greater ecosystem implications. “Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans.” said Hammerschlag.
The study, titled “Ocean warming alters the distributional range, migratory timing, and spatial protections of an apex predator, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)” was published January 13, 2022 in the journal Global Change Biology.
The study’s authors include: Neil Hammerschlag, Laura McDonnell, Mitchell Rider, Ben Kirtman from the UM Rosenstiel School; Garrett Street and Melanie Boudreau from Mississippi State University; Elliott Hazen, Lisa Natanson, Camilla McCandless from NOAA Fisheries; Austin J. Gallagher from Beneath the Waves; and Malin Pinsky from Rutgers University.
The Batchelor Foundation, Disney Conservation Fund, Wells Fargo, Guy Harvey Ocean Foundation, the Herbert W. Hoover Foundation, the International Seakeepers Society, Oceana, Hoff Productions for National Geographic, and the West Coast Inland Navigation District provided support for the study.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/vyLbf7KSXAk
About the University of Miami
The University of Miami is a private research university and academic health system with a distinct geographic capacity to connect institutions, individuals, and ideas across the hemisphere and around the world. The University’s vibrant and diverse academic community comprises 12 schools and colleges serving more than 17,000 undergraduate and graduate students in more than 180 majors and programs. Located within one of the most dynamic and multicultural cities in the world, the University is building new bridges across geographic, cultural, and intellectual borders, bringing a passion for scholarly excellence, a spirit of innovation, a respect for including and elevating diverse voices, and a commitment to tackling the challenges facing our world. Founded in the 1940’s, the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science has grown into one of the world’s premier marine and atmospheric research institutions. Offering dynamic interdisciplinary academics, the Rosenstiel School is dedicated to helping communities to better understand the planet, participating in the establishment of environmental policies, and aiding in the improvement of society and quality of life. www.rsmas.miami.edu.
CAPTION
In a new study, Neil Hammerschlag, Ph.D., and colleagues used multiple approaches to evaluate the effects of ocean warming on tiger shark movements in the Western North Atlantic. Over the past ~40 years, shark distributions have expanded poleward, paralleling rising temperatures. Moreover, satellite tracking of sharks over the past decade has revealed their annual migrations have extended farther poleward and arrival times to northern areas have also occurred earlier in the year during extremely warm periods, which has subsequently decreased their protections from fishing. Potential consequences of these climate-driven alterations include increasing shark vulnerability to fishing, disruption of predator-prey interactions and changes in encounter rates with humans. Hammerschlag, N., McDonnell, L. H., Rider, M. J., Street, G. M., Hazen, E. L., Natanson, L. J., McCandless, C. T., Boudreau, M. R., Gallagher, A. J., Pinsky, M. L., & Kirtman, B. (2022). Ocean warming alters the distributional range, migratory timing, and spatial protections of an apex predator, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier). Global Change Biology, 00, 1–16.
CREDIT
Bianca Rangel
JOURNAL
Global Change Biology
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Data/statistical analysis
SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
Animals
ARTICLE TITLE
Ocean warming alters the distributional range, migratory timing, and spatial protections of an apex predator, the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier).
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
13-Jan-2022
COI STATEMENT
none
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