Eating disorder behaviors more severe among transgender and gender non-conforming youth in Canada

Eating disorders and related behaviors spiked among all Canadian adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Eating disorders affect many adolescents and young adults with diverse identities in Canada. Yet, the portrayal of these disorders in both the media and in research often focus on white, cisgender women.

A new study, analysing data from over 2,700 adolescents and young adults across all 13 provinces and territories in Canada, found that those who identified as transgender and gender non-conforming reported the most severe eating disorder attitudes and behaviours, while sexual minority (i.e., gay, lesbian, bisexual) cisgender women and cisgender men reported elevated eating disorder attitudes and behaviours compared to their heterosexual counterparts.

“The findings serve as a reminder to healthcare professionals that eating disorders impact not only cisgender women, but also people with diverse gender and sexual identities. Diverse presentations of disordered eating behaviours must also be considered,” says lead author Laura Hallward, a postdoctoral fellow at Western University in the School of Kinesiology.

When compared with heterosexual cisgender men, gay cisgender men had more severe eating attitudes and behaviours and were between 1.5 to 2.5 times more likely to engage in eating disorder behaviours. In addition, cisgender women were between 2 to 3 times more likely to engage in eating disorder behaviours when compared to heterosexual cisgender men.

“Previous research into eating disorders among sexual and gender minorities often group everyone together, overlooking differences that may occur between identities,” says Hallward. “Our study highlights that eating disorder attitudes and behaviours differ considerably based on people’s gender identity and sexual orientation.”

To date, there has been limited large-scale epidemiological research investigating eating disorders and related behaviours among Canadian adolescents and young adults with diverse gender and sexual identities. “More research needs to continue to separately examine how the intersection of gender and sexual identities influence eating disorder psychopathology,” says Hallward.

Impact of COVID-19

Published in the International Journal of Eating Disorders, the study drew data from the 2021 Canadian Study of Adolescent Health Behaviours. The researchers found that eating disorders spiked among Canadian adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. In total, 11% of all participants reported a lifetime eating disorder diagnosis from a healthcare professional compared to between 1-3% reported by Statistics Canada in 2015.

“Among all participants, the prevalence of a lifetime eating disorder diagnosis was over 3 times that of prior Statistics Canada findings from 2015,” says senior author Kyle T. Ganson, an assistant professor at the University of Toronto’s Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work. “Compared to prior research pre-pandemic, participants in our sample also had greater eating disorder attitudes and behaviours. These findings continue to emphasize the likely impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young people.”

The study’s authors argue that their research highlights the need to develop prevention, assessment, and treatment methods that consider the various presentations of disordered eating for adolescents and young adults among diverse sexual and gender identities in Canada, especially in the context of the pandemic.

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JOURNAL

International Journal of Eating Disorders

DOI

10.1002/eat.23872 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Survey

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Examination of eating disorder psychopathology across sexual and gender identities among a Canadian sample