Social media fuelling eating disorders among female athletes, research shows
Book AnnouncementSocial media is fuelling eating disorders among female athletes who feel they must achieve the ‘ideal’ body, according to experts.
Dr Kathryn Vidlock and Catherine Liggett, who have both competed in collegiate athletics, and dietician Andrew Dole warn that nutrition ‘myths’ posted by fitness influencers, exercise-related ‘fitspiration’ images on Instagram, and photoshopping are having a direct impact on sportswomen.
Their new book Spring Forward: Balanced Eating, Exercise, and Body Image in Sport for Female Athletes highlights how disordered eating and negative body image is now present in nearly all sports, especially in high school, but is often hidden.
Unrealistic goals
The authors say athletes constantly strive to fit into a body-type ideal that isn’t realistic and education is the way to ‘stop this in its tracks’.
“False information is often perpetuated on social media by ‘fitness influencers’ who are not actually qualified to give health information,” say the authors who are based in the U.S. and New Zealand.
“With the creation of Photoshop and other editing devices, the images portrayed by media are not realistic.
“Many teens cannot achieve this body type without using damaging restrictive eating. They feel the pressure to look ideal and subsequently they feel they are never good enough when they do not duplicate the unrealistic bodies seen in the media.”
Athletes on social media
The considerable pressure to main the ‘perfect’ physique has been voiced by top female competitors including tennis champion Serena Williams. Earlier this year, heptathlete Anna Hall used TikTok to attack critics who tell sportswomen they look like men.
In Spring Forward, published by CRC Press, nearly a dozen female athletes share stories of how the pressure to be slim triggered their struggles with negative body image.
From swimmers to tennis players, the women featured in the book detail harrowing accounts such as running for 5 miles as self-punishment for eating a cookie, fainting in the gym after 24 hours without food, and dieting heavily after criticism about her ‘butt cheeks.’
One volleyball player even lost a friend – the team’s ‘star player’ – to anorexia when the girl suffered a heart attack triggered by the eating disorder.
Dr Kathryn Vidlock and her co-authors highlight how the situation is made worse by the fact many sports have specific body type ideals.
Runners are expected to be very thin, they say, yet some elite runners have muscular legs that appear bigger than the stereotype. The consequence is women often face ‘disparaging remarks’.
What can be done?
To counter unrealistic expectations, Spring Forward encourages higher-quality performance in women’s sport achieved through healthy eating and nutrition, from secondary school to elite athlete levels.
The aim is to educate teenage and women athletes, sports coaches, and clubs about body confidence.
This will protect them from unhealthy eating and fad diets such as ketogenic and other self-destructive behaviors in a bid to meet unrealistic ideals, say the authors.
It provides extensive instruction manuals on positive eating plans, the consequences of disordered eating such as not menstruating, and how parents can spot warning signs.
The authors have also devised an education program SPRING (Strength and Positivity Rooted in Nutrition for Girls) for high schools which is described in the book.
They are calling for programs like SPRING to be offered in schools, colleges and among adults so women at risk can be identified early.
SPRING focuses on increasing body image ‘flexibility’, which the authors define as the ability to be confident in one’s body regardless of size or shape. It involves three, one-hour long sessions spread throughout the athlete’s season.
Data from research by the authors suggests SPRING has resulted in an increase of more than 22% in body image flexibility among cheerleaders in Colorado schools.
Parents bear the brunt of rising burden of eating disorders
IMAGE: DR SIMON WILKSCH, A SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOW AT FLINDERS UNIVERSITY AND CLINIC DIRECTOR OF ADVANCED PSYCHOLOGY SERVICES, CONDUCTED AN AUSTRALIA-WIDE SURVEY OF PARENTS WHOSE CHILD (UNDER 18 YEARS-OLD) EXPERIENCED AN EATING DISORDER. view more
CREDIT: FLINDERS UNIVERSITY
With eating disorders on the rise among young people, a Flinders University expert is calling for an urgent increase in support for parents as new research reveals the immense burden they often endure.
Dr Simon Wilksch, a Senior Research Fellow at Flinders University and Clinic Director of Advanced Psychology Services, conducted an Australia-wide survey of parents whose child (under 18 years-old) experienced an eating disorder. The findings are now published in a special report in the International Journal of Eating Disorders.
“While extensive research reveals the devastating toll of eating disorders on the young person, it has been far less common to investigate the burden on parents. This is a significant gap, given that the leading treatment for paediatric eating disorders heavily involves parents,” says Dr Wilksch, a credentialed eating disorder clinician.
“However, the parent role extends beyond active treatment to also include first identifying signs of the illness; initial help seeking with a GP; pursuing referral to treatment services; and, navigating physical and psychological health challenges in their child.
“This occurs whilst managing other roles including parenting other children, relationships, work and finances.”
In total, 439 parents completed the survey, 91% of them were female. Key findings included parents:
- Were the first person to notice the eating disorder (ED) symptoms in 81.8% of cases
- Had only a 14.7% chance of a helpful experience for their child with both the first general practitioner and first therapist they saw
- Needed to see an average of 3.55 therapists before finding one that could help their child
- Reported worse than normal psychological health (96.0%), physical health (70.5%), and romantic relationship (92.7%)
- Required an average of 70.06 days leave from work to care for their child (per household)
- Need to access treatment in the private sector (91.8%) at very high rates, with only 8% reporting their child received full treatment in the public sector
The median out-of-pocket treatment expenses were between $10,000 and $20,000. However, the survey was completed prior to the increase in the number of eligible Medicare rebated sessions for eating disorder patients.
Parent responses indicated that 81.9% of the children were diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. The average duration of illness was 4 years with 96.8% of parents reporting their child was diagnosed with additional psychiatric conditions, including suicidal behaviours (23.8%); and non-suicidal self-injury (29.3%), while over two thirds (67.9%) had been hospitalised for their ED.
Only 18.3% of parents endorsed that their child was recovered, 67.3% reported their child still had an ED, while 14.5% were unsure. Weight loss and food restriction were the most common first signs of the child's illness, followed by changes in mood and personality.
Nearly a quarter (23.8%) of parents reported the ED symptoms started at age 12 years or younger and the mean age of onset was 13.91 years, consistent with other studies.
Dr Wilksch says this Australian research clearly shows the need for an increased focus on supporting initial symptom detection; improving primary care and treatment experiences; and, increasing the number of skilled ED treatment providers.
“Clinicians and researchers need to urgently look at further ways to support parents and reduce the immense toll they can face.
“If parents can have more helpful experiences with the first GP and therapist they see, this is likely to lead to both a quicker recovery for the child and less distress for the parents.
“Efforts to maintain and improve parent wellbeing are not only helpful for parents but also vital for their child’s recovery.”
While the burden of the illness on parents was high, there were some encouraging findings:
- Nearly half of parents (48.8%) had received at least one session of their own support
- These parents were significantly less depressed and anxious than parents who hadn't received their own support
- 88.6% of parents rated the eventual therapist they worked with as Helpful, including 68.2% who said the therapists was either "Extremely" or "Very" Helpful.
Parents of recovered children had significantly better ratings of physical health, psychological health, romantic relationships, and much lower rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms indicating there are numerous improvements for parents post-recovery.
“Parents who receive their own support during their child’s treatment experience less distress. This needs to be more readily available during their child’s treatment. It would be especially helpful if Medicare items were created for parent-only sessions to make this accessible.
“With access to timely, effective health care and treatment, people can and do recover from an eating disorder. These findings indicate that parent wellbeing improves significantly after their child recovers.”
Dr Wilksch adds: “Parents are the greatest resource we have in helping young people with an ED. We must listen to their experiences, work together, and do more to support them.”
Toward a more comprehensive understanding and support of parents with a child experiencing an eating disorder (2023) by Simon M Wilksch PhD has been published in International Journal of Eating Disorders DOI: 10.1002/eat.23938 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eat.23938
JOURNAL
International Journal of Eating Disorders
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Survey
SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
People
ARTICLE TITLE
Toward a more comprehensive understanding and support of parents with a child experiencing an eating disorder
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