Tuberculosis bacteria also present in 90% of those with symptoms, who are not diagnosed with TB
Amsterdam UMC and University of Cape Town study shows that Mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in the respiratory aerosol of 90% of suspected TB patients, including those who returned negative sputum tests
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacteria that causes a tuberculosis infection, is present in exhaled breath of 90% of those presenting with suspected tuberculosis. This includes those who were negative on conventional sputum testing and not diagnosed with TB. This raises the possibility that those who have tested negative may be unknowingly transmitting the infection. Researchers from the University of Cape Town and Amsterdam UMC analysed results from over 100 patients who presented themselves to clinics in South Africa. These findings are published today in PNAS.
“If someone carries Mtb in their respiratory tract, this may also mean they can spread it. Therefore, since these results suggest a much broader range of people transmitting TB than previously recognised, there are significant implications for public health interventions designed to interrupt transmission.” says Ben Patterson, external Ph.D. candidate at Amsterdam UMC and the Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development.
Participants in the study attended two community clinics in the south-west of Cape Town before being either diagnosed with TB, or not. Subsequently, aerosol samples were collected in a community-based dedicated TB aerobiology lab using a novel method optimised to find low concentrations of Mtb. These samples were then used to detect the presence of Mtb, finding it in the samples given by 90% of patients, including those that had tested negative by sputum for tuberculosis.
"This rather shatters the paradigm on the transmission of tuberculosis. Previously we understood that Mtb was only expelled by those who have the disease, but this study shows that also those with symptoms who test negative do this and probably spread the infection, " says Frank Cobelens, professor of Global Health at Amsterdam UMC and senior fellow at the AIGHD.
Aerosol samplings were repeated at three separate timepoints over six months for all participants. The presence of Mtb decreased in those on treatment as well, surprisingly, as those not on treatment over this time period. Nevertheless, 20% of all participants continued to test positively for Mtb in aerosol after six months. This suggests that transmission can continue over a period longer than previously thought. Indeed, a recent study from the University of Cape Town suggests that tuberculosis could be present in the lungs for up to four years prior to the onset of symptoms.
"Together, our results indicate how complex tuberculosis is, and perhaps also why it is so difficult to eliminate tuberculosis in endemic areas. Even when public health agencies work, according to the current guidelines, effectively against symptomatic TB cases. In this sense, a revaluation of our practices is necessary,” adds Cobelens.
JOURNAL
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Randomized controlled/clinical trial
SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
People
ARTICLE TITLE
Aerosolization of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli by tuberculosis clinic attendees independent of sputum-Xpert Ultra status
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
12-Mar-2024
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