29.04.2024
Copper, zinc, and sulphate concentrations in the waters of Colorado mountain streams affected by acid rock drainage have roughly doubled over the past 30 years, a new study finds.
The paper, published in the journal Water Resources Research, notes that natural chemical weathering of bedrock is the source of the rising acidity and metals, but the ultimate driver of the trend is climate change.
“Heavy metals are a real challenge for ecosystems,” lead author Andrew Manning, a geologist with the US Geological Survey in Denver, said in a media statement.
“Some are quite toxic. We are seeing regional, statistically significant trends in copper and zinc, two key metals that are commonly a problem in Colorado. It’s not ambiguous, and it’s not small.”
Although the mechanism coupling warming temperatures to increased sulphide weathering is still an open research question, the new results point to rock exposure once sealed away by ice as a top suspect.
The sudden appearance of “rusting Arctic rivers” flowing out of regions of thawing permafrost in the last couple of years is likely the same process, magnified.
Colorado is riddled with patches of bedrock rich in metal sulphides. Shiny iron sulphide, familiar to many Coloradans as fool’s gold or pyrite, is the most common of these sulphide minerals, but copper, zinc, and other metal sulphides are also common.
Exposure to air oxidizes the metal sulphides in bedrock, releasing the metals into groundwater, which flows into surface streams. Rusty red deposits in streambeds are distinctive signs of iron sulphide oxidation. Sulfides also acidify the water, which can accelerate weathering.
Some alpine streams sampled were found to have a pH as low as 3 or 4.Mining not to blameThe study drew on 40 years of water chemistry data, taking final samples from all sites in 2021 from 22 headwater streams in 17 watersheds that are naturally acidic and metal-rich enough to limit aquatic plants and animals.
Sampling sites were above 3,000 meters elevation and included a mix of pristine, untouched areas and places that had been mined historically but left alone for 50 to 100 years.
“The key point is no recent mining or remediation work has been done,” Manning said. “These watersheds have just been sitting there responding to nothing other than the climate.”
Mountain streams were sampled from mid-July to November, spanning the late summer and fall low-flow periods. Long-term records of flow volume from nearby stream gauges show stream flows have been dwindling with warming temperatures and smaller snowpacks, suggesting smaller water volumes could explain the higher metal concentrations.
But Manning and his colleagues found less water could only account for half the effect they observed. To reach the concentrations they were seeing, the mountains had to be putting metals and sulphate into streams at a faster rate.
The researchers noticed that as these metal-rich mountain streams flow down into larger rivers, the effect of the extra metal load is diluted.“I don’t think this is a big red flag for major metropolitan or agriculture users way downstream at lower elevations,” Manning said, “but some of our mountain communities get their water only a short distance down from these mineralized streams.”
In the scientist’s view, to help mitigate the water quality risk, managers could benefit from advanced knowledge of what metals are entering the stream and where and how fast they are increasing.
More metals and acidity in these mountain streams could also impact decisions about where to invest limited funds for remediation of those that have been altered by historical mining and where to stock fish to benefit tourism.
Global problem
Manning pointed out that colleagues are observing more subtle rising sulphate concentrations in mountain streams around the world.
The new study, however, is the first to statistically connect accelerated sulphide weathering to rising temperatures on a large scale across an entire region.
The study found the biggest gains in metal loads in the highest, coldest mountain streams.
This pattern points to thawing underground ice.
Colorado’s highest elevations have annual average temperatures close to zero degrees Celsius, putting them right at the boundary conditions for permafrost.
Some peaks have warmed past the freezing threshold since 1980.“Ice is like armour. Melt it and you create windows for groundwater to get into rock that has not seen water and oxygen for millennia, and it will begin to oxidize quite quickly,” Manning said.
Other possible mechanisms are falling water tables exposing fresh rock to air and melting rock glaciers, releasing pockets of concentrated metals stored in the ice.
Wetlands accumulate metals and may release a burst when water returns after dry periods.
Yet, the study did not find a correlation between rates of rising metal concentrations and the presence of wetlands, rock glaciers, or factors linked to falling water tables, although these could be playing a role in other regions.
All these possible mechanisms are consequences of climate change.“There’s just no other logical explanation than this is a changing climate signal,” Manning said. “Nothing else would reach all these watersheds universally.”
Warming climate is putting more metals into Colorado's mountain streams
FULL STORY
Warming temperatures are causing a steady rise in copper, zinc and sulfate in the waters of Colorado mountain streams affected by acid rock drainage. Concentrations of these metals have roughly doubled in these alpine streams over the past 30 years, a new study finds, presenting a concern for ecosystems, downstream water quality and mining remediation.
Natural chemical weathering of bedrock is the source of the rising acidity and metals, but the ultimate driver of the trend is climate change, the report found.
"Heavy metals are a real challenge for ecosystems," said lead author Andrew Manning, a geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver. "Some are quite toxic. We are seeing regional, statistically significant trends in copper and zinc, two key metals that are commonly a problem in Colorado. It's not ambiguous and it's not small."
The study was published in Water Resources Research AGU's peer reviewed journal for original research on the movement and management of Earth's water.
Although the mechanism coupling warming temperatures to increased sulfide weathering is still an open research question, the new results point to exposure of rock once sealed away by ice as a top suspect, Manning said. The sudden appearance of "rusting Arctic rivers" flowing out of regions of thawing permafrost in the last couple of years is likely the same process, magnified.
Colorado is riddled with patches of bedrock rich in metal sulfides. Shiny iron sulfide, familiar to many Coloradans as fool's gold, or pyrite, is the most common of these sulfide minerals, but copper, zinc and other metal sulfides are also common.
Exposure to air oxidizes the metal sulfides in bedrock, releasing the metals into groundwater, which flows into surface streams. Rusty red deposits in streambeds are distinctive signs of iron sulfide oxidation. Sulfides also acidify the water, which can accelerate weathering. Some alpine streams sampled were found have a pH as low as 3 or 4.
The study drew on 40 years of water chemistry data, taking final samples from all sites in 2021, from 22 headwater streams in 17 watersheds that are naturally acidic and metal-rich enough to limit aquatic plants and animals. Sampling sites were above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) elevation and included a mix of pristine, untouched areas and places that had been mined historically, but left alone for 50 to 100 years.
"The key point is no recent mining or remediation work has been done," Manning said. "These watersheds have just been sitting there responding to nothing other than the climate."
Warming, drying mountains
Mountain streams were sampled from mid-July to November, spanning the late summer and fall low-flow period. Long-term records of flow volume from nearby stream gauges show streamflows have been dwindling with warming temperatures and smaller snowpacks, suggesting smaller water volumes could explain the higher metal concentrations.
But Manning and his colleagues found less water could only account for half the effect they observed. To reach the concentrations they were seeing, the mountains had to be putting metals and sulfate into streams at a faster rate.
As these metal-rich mountain streams flow down into larger rivers, the effect of the extra metal load is diluted, the researchers noted.
"I don't think this is a big red flag for major metropolitan or agriculture users way downstream at lower elevations," Manning said, "but some of our mountain communities get their water only a short distance down from these mineralized streams." To help mitigate the water quality risk, managers could benefit from advance knowledge of what metals are entering the stream, and where and how fast they are increasing, Manning said.
More metals and acidity in these mountain streams could also impact decisions about where to invest limited funds for remediation of those that have been altered by historical mining, and where to stock fish to benefit tourism.
Local case, global pattern
Colorado's watersheds are a dramatic case because of the unusual abundance of bedrock metal sulfides, Manning said, but scientists are observing more subtle rising sulfate concentrations in mountain streams around the world. The new study is the first to statistically connect accelerated sulfide weathering to rising temperatures on a large scale across an entire region.
The study found the biggest gains in metal loads in the highest, coldest mountain streams. Manning said this pattern points to thawing underground ice. Colorado's highest elevations have annual average temperatures close to zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), putting them right at the boundary conditions for permafrost. Some peaks have warmed past the freezing threshold since 1980.
"Ice is like armor. Melt it and you create windows for groundwater to get into rock that has not seen water and oxygen for millennia, and it will begin to oxidize quite quickly," Manning said.
Other possible mechanisms are falling water tables exposing fresh rock to air and melting rock glaciers releasing pockets of concentrated metals stored in the ice. Wetlands accumulate metals and may release a burst when water returns after dry periods. The study did not find a correlation between rates of rising metal concentrations and the presence of wetlands, rock glaciers or factors linked to falling water tables, although these could be playing a role in other regions. But all these possible mechanisms are consequences of climate change.
"There's just no other logical explanation than this is a changing climate signal," Manning said. "Nothing else would reach all these watersheds universally."
Story Source:
Materials provided by American Geophysical Union. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:Andrew H. Manning, Tanya N. Petach, Robert L. Runkel, Diane M. McKnight. Climate‐Driven Increases in Stream Metal Concentrations in Mineralized Watersheds Throughout the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. Water Resources Research, 2024; 60 (4) DOI: 10.1029/2023WR036062
Date: April 23, 2024
Source: American Geophysical Union
Summary:
Warming temperatures are causing a steady rise in copper, zinc and sulfate in the waters of Colorado mountain streams affected by acid rock drainage. Concentrations of these metals have roughly doubled in these alpine streams over the past 30 years, presenting a concern for ecosystems, downstream water quality and mining remediation, according to a new study. Natural chemical weathering of bedrock is the source of the rising acidity and metals, but the ultimate driver of the trend is climate change, the report found, and the results point to lower stream volumes and exposure of rock once sealed away by ice as the likely causes.
FULL STORY
Warming temperatures are causing a steady rise in copper, zinc and sulfate in the waters of Colorado mountain streams affected by acid rock drainage. Concentrations of these metals have roughly doubled in these alpine streams over the past 30 years, a new study finds, presenting a concern for ecosystems, downstream water quality and mining remediation.
Natural chemical weathering of bedrock is the source of the rising acidity and metals, but the ultimate driver of the trend is climate change, the report found.
"Heavy metals are a real challenge for ecosystems," said lead author Andrew Manning, a geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver. "Some are quite toxic. We are seeing regional, statistically significant trends in copper and zinc, two key metals that are commonly a problem in Colorado. It's not ambiguous and it's not small."
The study was published in Water Resources Research AGU's peer reviewed journal for original research on the movement and management of Earth's water.
Although the mechanism coupling warming temperatures to increased sulfide weathering is still an open research question, the new results point to exposure of rock once sealed away by ice as a top suspect, Manning said. The sudden appearance of "rusting Arctic rivers" flowing out of regions of thawing permafrost in the last couple of years is likely the same process, magnified.
Colorado is riddled with patches of bedrock rich in metal sulfides. Shiny iron sulfide, familiar to many Coloradans as fool's gold, or pyrite, is the most common of these sulfide minerals, but copper, zinc and other metal sulfides are also common.
Exposure to air oxidizes the metal sulfides in bedrock, releasing the metals into groundwater, which flows into surface streams. Rusty red deposits in streambeds are distinctive signs of iron sulfide oxidation. Sulfides also acidify the water, which can accelerate weathering. Some alpine streams sampled were found have a pH as low as 3 or 4.
The study drew on 40 years of water chemistry data, taking final samples from all sites in 2021, from 22 headwater streams in 17 watersheds that are naturally acidic and metal-rich enough to limit aquatic plants and animals. Sampling sites were above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet) elevation and included a mix of pristine, untouched areas and places that had been mined historically, but left alone for 50 to 100 years.
"The key point is no recent mining or remediation work has been done," Manning said. "These watersheds have just been sitting there responding to nothing other than the climate."
Warming, drying mountains
Mountain streams were sampled from mid-July to November, spanning the late summer and fall low-flow period. Long-term records of flow volume from nearby stream gauges show streamflows have been dwindling with warming temperatures and smaller snowpacks, suggesting smaller water volumes could explain the higher metal concentrations.
But Manning and his colleagues found less water could only account for half the effect they observed. To reach the concentrations they were seeing, the mountains had to be putting metals and sulfate into streams at a faster rate.
As these metal-rich mountain streams flow down into larger rivers, the effect of the extra metal load is diluted, the researchers noted.
"I don't think this is a big red flag for major metropolitan or agriculture users way downstream at lower elevations," Manning said, "but some of our mountain communities get their water only a short distance down from these mineralized streams." To help mitigate the water quality risk, managers could benefit from advance knowledge of what metals are entering the stream, and where and how fast they are increasing, Manning said.
More metals and acidity in these mountain streams could also impact decisions about where to invest limited funds for remediation of those that have been altered by historical mining, and where to stock fish to benefit tourism.
Local case, global pattern
Colorado's watersheds are a dramatic case because of the unusual abundance of bedrock metal sulfides, Manning said, but scientists are observing more subtle rising sulfate concentrations in mountain streams around the world. The new study is the first to statistically connect accelerated sulfide weathering to rising temperatures on a large scale across an entire region.
The study found the biggest gains in metal loads in the highest, coldest mountain streams. Manning said this pattern points to thawing underground ice. Colorado's highest elevations have annual average temperatures close to zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), putting them right at the boundary conditions for permafrost. Some peaks have warmed past the freezing threshold since 1980.
"Ice is like armor. Melt it and you create windows for groundwater to get into rock that has not seen water and oxygen for millennia, and it will begin to oxidize quite quickly," Manning said.
Other possible mechanisms are falling water tables exposing fresh rock to air and melting rock glaciers releasing pockets of concentrated metals stored in the ice. Wetlands accumulate metals and may release a burst when water returns after dry periods. The study did not find a correlation between rates of rising metal concentrations and the presence of wetlands, rock glaciers or factors linked to falling water tables, although these could be playing a role in other regions. But all these possible mechanisms are consequences of climate change.
"There's just no other logical explanation than this is a changing climate signal," Manning said. "Nothing else would reach all these watersheds universally."
Story Source:
Materials provided by American Geophysical Union. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:Andrew H. Manning, Tanya N. Petach, Robert L. Runkel, Diane M. McKnight. Climate‐Driven Increases in Stream Metal Concentrations in Mineralized Watersheds Throughout the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA. Water Resources Research, 2024; 60 (4) DOI: 10.1029/2023WR036062
February 2009
Journal of Geochemical Exploration 100:97-104
DOI:10.1016/j.gexplo.2008.08.002
Authors:
Darrell Kirk Nordstrom
U.S. Geological Survey Emeritus - Natural Hazards Mission Area
Download full-text PDFRead full-text
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Citations (180)References (61)Figures (3)
Abstract and Figures
Rainfall events cause both increases and decreases in acid and metals concentrations and their loadings from mine wastes, and unmined mineralized areas, into receiving streams based on data from 3 mines sites in the United States and other sites outside the US. Gradual increases in concentrations occur during long dry spells and sudden large increases are observed during the rising limb of the discharge following dry spells (first flush). By the time the discharge peak has occurred, concentrations are usually decreased, often to levels below those of pre-storm conditions and then they slowly rise again during the next dry spell. These dynamic changes in concentrations and loadings are related to the dissolution of soluble salts and the flushing out of waters that were concentrated by evaporation. The underlying processes, pyrite oxidation and host rock dissolution, do not end until the pyrite is fully weathered, which can take hundreds to thousands of years. These observations can be generalized to predict future conditions caused by droughts related to El Niño and climate change associated with global warming. Already, the time period for dry summers is lengthening in the western US and rainstorms are further apart and more intense when they happen. Consequently, flushing of inactive or active mine sites and mineralized but unmined sites will cause larger sudden increases in concentrations that will be an ever increasing danger to aquatic life with climate change. Higher average concentrations will be observed during longer low-flow periods. Remediation efforts will have to increase the capacity of engineered designs to deal with more extreme conditions, not average conditions of previous years.
Copper and zinc concentrations, temperature, and discharge for Richmond mine ef fl uent at Iron Mountain, CA with rainfall history at nearby Shasta Dam (from Alpers et al., 1992).
…
Speci fi c conductance (A), pH (A), discharge (B), Fe, Zn (C), Cu, and Mn (D) concentrations in Contrary Creek during the rainstorm event of September 12 – 414, 1978 (modi fi ed from Dagenhart, 1980).
…
Changes in speci fi c conductance with snowmelt (hydrograph peaks) in the Red River, NM for 1982 – 85 (from Maest et al., 2004).
…
Download full-text PDFRead full-text
Download citation
Citations (180)References (61)Figures (3)
Abstract and Figures
Rainfall events cause both increases and decreases in acid and metals concentrations and their loadings from mine wastes, and unmined mineralized areas, into receiving streams based on data from 3 mines sites in the United States and other sites outside the US. Gradual increases in concentrations occur during long dry spells and sudden large increases are observed during the rising limb of the discharge following dry spells (first flush). By the time the discharge peak has occurred, concentrations are usually decreased, often to levels below those of pre-storm conditions and then they slowly rise again during the next dry spell. These dynamic changes in concentrations and loadings are related to the dissolution of soluble salts and the flushing out of waters that were concentrated by evaporation. The underlying processes, pyrite oxidation and host rock dissolution, do not end until the pyrite is fully weathered, which can take hundreds to thousands of years. These observations can be generalized to predict future conditions caused by droughts related to El Niño and climate change associated with global warming. Already, the time period for dry summers is lengthening in the western US and rainstorms are further apart and more intense when they happen. Consequently, flushing of inactive or active mine sites and mineralized but unmined sites will cause larger sudden increases in concentrations that will be an ever increasing danger to aquatic life with climate change. Higher average concentrations will be observed during longer low-flow periods. Remediation efforts will have to increase the capacity of engineered designs to deal with more extreme conditions, not average conditions of previous years.
Copper and zinc concentrations, temperature, and discharge for Richmond mine ef fl uent at Iron Mountain, CA with rainfall history at nearby Shasta Dam (from Alpers et al., 1992).
…
Speci fi c conductance (A), pH (A), discharge (B), Fe, Zn (C), Cu, and Mn (D) concentrations in Contrary Creek during the rainstorm event of September 12 – 414, 1978 (modi fi ed from Dagenhart, 1980).
…
Changes in speci fi c conductance with snowmelt (hydrograph peaks) in the Red River, NM for 1982 – 85 (from Maest et al., 2004).
…
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