Fewer than 1 in 5 know the 988 suicide lifeline
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US adults who know that 988 is the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline. From the Annenberg Public Policy Center's Annenberg Science and Public Health (ASAPH) knowledge surveys from January 2023-September 2024.
view moreCredit: Annenberg Public Policy Center
PHILADELPHIA – Annenberg Public Policy Center survey data show that public recall of the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline number has grown slowly since the three-digit phone number was introduced in July 2022. Just 15% of U.S. adults are familiar with it, as of September 2024.
Survey respondents who accurately report awareness of the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline number increased significantly from August 2023 (11%) to September 2024 (15%). Those 15% of respondents reported both that they knew the number and, when asked in an open-ended format, said the number was 988. The number who inaccurately reported that the number was 911 (the nationwide emergency phone number) decreased to 1% in September 2024 from 4% in August 2023.
“The help that can be found at the 988 helpline can only save lives if those in need and their loved ones and friends know the number,” said Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. “When 988 is as readily recalled as 911, the nation will have cause to celebrate.”
Although the survey found a year-over-year increase, it did not detect an increase in accurate responses between October 2023 and September 2024, a period that included the launch of an eight-month 988 awareness ad campaign by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in June 2024. The SAMHSA media campaign targets especially vulnerable subsets of the population, which may be too small to impact the overall awareness estimates in our nationally representative, general population sample.
APPC’s Annenberg Science and Public Health knowledge survey
The survey data come from the 21st wave of a nationally representative panel of 1,744 U.S. adults conducted for the Annenberg Public Policy Center by SSRS, an independent market research company. Most have been empaneled since April 2021. To account for attrition, small replenishment samples have been added over time using a random probability sampling design. The most recent replenishment, in September 2024, added 360 respondents to the sample. This wave of the Annenberg Science and Public Health Knowledge (ASAPH) survey was fielded Sept. 13-22 and Sept. 26-30, 2024. The margin of sampling error (MOE) is ± 3.5 percentage points at the 95% confidence level. All figures are rounded to the nearest whole number and may not add to 100%. Combined subcategories may not add to totals in the topline and text due to rounding.
Download the topline and the methods report.
The policy center has been tracking the American public’s knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors regarding vaccination, Covid-19, flu, RSV, and other consequential health issues through this survey panel over the past two-and-a-half years. In addition to Jamieson and Gibson, APPC’s team on the survey includes research analyst Shawn Patterson Jr., Patrick E. Jamieson, director of the Annenberg Health and Risk Communication Institute, and Ken Winneg, managing director of survey research.
The Annenberg Public Policy Center was established in 1993 to educate the public and policy makers about communication’s role in advancing public understanding of political, science, and health issues at the local, state, and federal levels.
Method of Research
Survey
Germany’s first-ever professorship in suicide studies and suicide prevention established at Goethe University Frankfurt
Ute Lewitzka appointed – Heightened focus on suicide prevention within the Faculty of Medicine
Goethe University Frankfurt
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Prof. Dr. Ute Lewitzka, Goethe University Frankfurt (Photo: Maria Schlotte)
view moreCredit: Photo: Maria Schlotte
FRANKFURT. More than 10,000 people took their own lives in Germany last year, a figure that is more than three times as great as the number of traffic accident fatalities. The number of attempted suicides is significantly higher, affecting people across all age groups. Suicide studies focus on the factors that lead to suicide and its prevention. This important field is now receiving special attention in Frankfurt, where the first-ever German professorship for suicide studies and suicide prevention has been set up at Goethe University’s Faculty of Medicine.
Dr. Ute Lewitzka, who has been researching and working in this field for more than 25 years and currently serves as chair of the German Society for Suicide Prevention [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Suizidprävention], has been appointed to the position. “I’m very pleased to see suicide studies, which unfortunately still remain a niche topic, gain this level of recognition,” says Lewitzka, who transitions to Frankfurt from Dresden University Hospital, adding that a professorship can help further destigmatize mental illnesses. Her goals include the systematic tracking and analysis of suicide attempts and suicides to further develop effective preventive measures and potentially also implement these at the political level.
The professorship is based at University Hospital Frankfurt's Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, headed by Prof. Andreas Reif, which has long specialized in treating mood disorders, such as depression. The goal is to establish a German Center for Suicide Prevention in collaboration with the German Foundation for Depression Relief and Suicide Prevention [Stiftung Deutsche Depressionshilfe und Suizidprävention] and the European Alliance against Depression. A well-developed regional network already exists, uniting various stakeholders who drive research and treatment of suicidality and engage in prevention work, including school-based programs. Alongside research, specialist education and training are set to play a central role.
The project has secured funding for the next five years, thanks to the support of Crespo Foundation, Henryk Sznap Stiftung, and Dr. Elmar und Ellis Reiss Stiftung, with the latter contributing the majority of funds. Dr. Elmar Reiss, who set up the foundation with his wife in 2018, explained that the professorship’s goals align closely with the foundation’s mission: “Our main goal in establishing the foundation was to help people with depression and alleviate their suffering. Depression is a condition that can increase suicide risk. Our foundation aims to help those affected find other paths and once again see light at the end of the tunnel.”
Developing effective prevention methods requires an extensive amount of data. As part of a pilot project in Saxony, Lewitzka demonstrated that the prompt recording and evaluation of suicide attempts by specially trained emergency dispatchers enables the creation of “heat maps” that visually represent the locations and frequencies of incidents. Combined with targeted monitoring of the methods used in suicide (and suicide attempts), this approach can prevent many suicides. Frequently chosen methods of self-harm can be regulated — for instance, by controlling access to specific buildings or sites. “Restricting methods is one of the most effective prevention measures,” Lewitzka explains.
About Prof. Dr. Ute Lewitzka
Born in 1972, Prof. Dr. med. Ute Lewitzka studied medicine in Berlin and Dresden and trained as a specialist in psychiatry and psychotherapy at Dresden’s Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital. Her doctoral thesis in 2004 and her habilitation in 2018 both focused on suicide studies. In 2017, she founded the Werner Felber Institute for Suicide Prevention and Interdisciplinary Research in Healthcare [Werner Felber Institut für Suizidprävention und interdisziplinäre Forschung im Gesundheitswesen], of which she remains the chair. Since 2018, she has also served as volunteer chair of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Suizidprävention (DGS) and the Suicide Studies Committee of the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde, DGPPN].
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