Paleontologists find first fossil bee nests made inside fossil bones

…in a cave that narrowly escaped becoming a latrine

Florida Museum of Natural History

Scientific illustration of burrowing bees nesting inside of fossils — image:
Paleontologists working in a cave on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola have discovered the first-known instance of ancient bees nesting inside pre-existing fossil cavities.
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Credit: Illustration by Jorge Machuky

Key points

Paleontologists working in a cave on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola have discovered the first-known instance of ancient bees nesting inside pre-existing fossil cavities.
Burrowing bees generally prefer to make their nests out in the open. There is only one other documented case of burrowing bees making their nests inside caves. In this case, the likely cause for this aberrant behavior is a lack of topsoil outside the cave and an abundance of accumulated silt within.
Many of the fossils were likely transported to the cave by giant barn owls. Evidence, including owl bones and eggshells, suggest these extinct owls lived in the cave through many successive generations, as did the bees.

GAINESVILLE, Fla. --- A giant barn owl, a type of rodent called a hutia, and a burrowing bee flew into a cave. Only two of them came back out. Which is the one that stayed inside? Hint: It’s the one that can’t fly.

This scene likely took place thousands of years ago on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. The owl invited the hutia to dinner with its family and courteously gave it a lift to its cave. Unfortunately for the hutia, there was only one item on the menu, and the owl had just delivered it to its hungry chicks. The bee arrived much later, long after the meal was over and what was left of the hutia had been scattered across the cave and interred.

The bee was looking for a place to make its nest and began digging a tunnel through the fine clayey silt that had accumulated toward the dark recesses of the cave’s interior. Before it dug down to its preferred depth, the bee ran into the ancient leftovers of the owl’s meal.

This turned out to be a good thing for the bee, because the hutia’s teeth just so happened to have similar dimensions to the nest it wanted to build. The teeth were gone, likely buried in other parts of the cave, but the indentations in the jaw — called alveoli — that once cradled them were still intact — and conveniently vacant.

The rest is history. A swarm of such bees made their nests in the cave’s fossils for an unknown length of time. Later, that history was carefully excavated by paleontologists many thousands of years after the owl, hutia and potentially the bee had gone extinct.

The story might have ended there, had it not been for a keen eye and a friendly competition between colleagues.

“Usually, when collecting fossils, you get all the sediment out of the alveoli while cleaning the specimen,” said Lazaro Viñola Lopez, who excavated the fossils while working as a doctoral student at the Florida Museum of Natural History.

But Viñola Lopez was particularly interested in this species of hutia, for which fossils were incredibly rare across the island, consisting of a few isolated teeth and partial mandibles. In this single cave, called the Cueva de Mono, in the southern Dominican Republic, he found thousands of hutia fossils, most belonging to the same, previously rare, species. Apparently, the giant barn owls that lived in the cave had repeated the same dinner scene throughout multiple generations, slowly turning the cave into a charnel house. In other instances, the birds likely consumed their prey while hunting, in which cases the bones would have been condensed into a pellet that the owls later regurgitated in the cave.

Instead of mindlessly placing the fossil in a bag bound for the lab and a thorough cleaning, Viñola Lopez took his time to inspect it before putting it away. He noticed that one alveolus had a smooth inner lining, unlike the rest, which had the rough texture of bone.

“I’d seen something similar in Montana when I was collecting dinosaur fossils in 2014,” he said. At the time, he and his colleagues kept finding isolated wasp cocoons interspersed with the bones in the rocky matrix. He assumed what he found in the cave was more of the same. He recalls thinking, “it would be nice to write a short paper reporting the occurrence of these wasp nests in the mandibles.”

Viñola Lopez proposed the idea to his colleague Mitchell Riegler, also a doctoral student at the museum and present for the excavation. Riegler, who studied extinct lizards and had a dissertation to finish, was skeptical. “I was like, Lazaro, that’s a niche project, and I have a lot of other things to do.”

So, for a time, the idea was shelved along with the specimens. Until, that is, Riegler received a challenge from his former undergraduate advisor at the University of Texas at Austin.

“He and I played this game back and forth in which we tried to write a paper in a week.”

Riegler had lost the first round and was itching for a rematch. The wasp nests, he thought, might just be the thing he needed to win.

“I told Lazaro we could do it only because I thought it’d be fast,” he said. “We’d scan them, describe their shape and say that they were there. Boy, was I wrong.”

Things initially went well. Selby Olsen, another doctoral student at the museum, also signed on to the project. “We locked ourselves in Lazaro’s apartment for five straight days and didn’t stop writing,” Riegler said. “Each of us sat in a corner and wrote a section, then swapped.”

They emerged feeling confident they’d win. Later, Viñola Lopez and Riegler independently came across the same study on ichnofossils, a term used to describe indirect fossil evidence of an organism, such as a footprint, preserved poop and — in this case — nests. The study contained a description of wasp nests, which they realized differed from theirs in one key regard.

Wasp nests are made from a mix of saliva and chewed plant fibers or dirt, which gives the interior and exterior walls a rough texture. But bees are more fastidious. After constructing the nest out of compacted soil, many will secrete a waxy substance from a specialized gland, which they use to generously coat the inside of the nest, making it waterproof. This also makes the inside of their nests look smooth, precisely like the ones they’d found in the hutia mandibles.

They’d written about the wrong insects.

This wasn’t necessarily a fatal blow to their now tenuous victory. It wouldn’t take much work to swap out the information they’d included on wasps with that of bees, and they still had a little time left. But now things were getting interesting.

There is only one other documented case of a burrowing bee nesting inside a cave, and there are no documented cases at all of bees making their nests in a pre-existing fossil structure. A study published in 2001 gives a macabre report of human bones from an ancient Roman necropolis that bees that drilled into, but bees nesting inside fossils without altering them was something new.

They conceded the race and adopted a more measured approach. They consulted with scientists who study modern bees and consigned themselves to a year-long dive into literature on entomology. Viñola Lopez travelled back to the cave to study its stratigraphy. At some point along the way, someone decided they wanted to build a house nearby and turn the cave into a septic tank. Given that the person who wanted to build on the land didn’t actually own it, their plans were ultimately thwarted, but the paleontologists didn’t take any chances while the cave’s fate was in limbo.

“We had to go on a rescue mission and get as many fossils out as possible, and we got a lot of them,” Viñola Lopez said.

Now, with the final publication of the expanded paper, their hard work has arguably paid off. It features a rich account of the cave’s natural history and stratigraphy and descriptions of two other fossil types in which the bees made their nests.

In one unique instance, a nest was found inside the pulp cavity of a sloth tooth. Tree sloths were once common in parts of the Caribbean, but they went extinct following the arrival of humans. Another nest was found in the cavity of a hutia vertebra, though which its spinal cord would have passed when it was alive.

CT scans of the specimens showed that — in some cases — they’d actually gotten multiple nests for the price of one. Rather than having to make a new tunnel every time they need to lay eggs, some burrowing bees will craw down into existing burrows to see if their tenants have hatched or not. If empty, the bee may decide to place a new nest in the same spot.

The unlucky hutia that dropped by for dinner had a total of six nests in one alveolus, cupped inside each other like Russian dolls.

The study also contains a plausible explanation for why the bees bucked tradition and made nests inside a cave rather than somewhere out in the open, which Riegler learned about firsthand. “The area we were collecting in is karst, so it’s made of sharp, edgy limestone, and it’s lost all of its natural soils,” he said. “I actually fell on it at one point, so I can tell you all about it.” The soils that do manage to build up over time are periodically washed into the thousands of caves that dot the island, where they accumulate and provide some of the only suitable habitat for burrowing bees in that region.

The authors are currently working on several other fossils retrieved from the cave that will be described in future studies published at a leisurely pace.

The authors published their findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

Journal

Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences

DOI

10.1098/rsos.251748

Article Title

Trace fossils within mammal remains reveal novel bee nesting behaviour

Article Publication Date

17-Dec-2025

These fossils were the perfect home for ancient baby bees

Field Museum

Skull and fossil nest — image:
A part of a fossilized mammal skull, with sediment in a tooth socket that turned out to be a nest built by a prehistoric bee.
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Credit: Courtesy of Lazaro Viñola López.

About 20,000 years ago, a family of owls lived in a cave. Sometimes, they would cough up owl pellets containing the bones of their prey, which landed on the cave floor. And, researchers have just discovered, ancient bees would use the bones’ empty tooth sockets as nests. A new study published in the journal Royal Society Open Science documents this discovery, which represents the first time bees have ever been known to use bones as places to lay their eggs.

The Caribbean island of Hispaniola, which contains Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is full of limestone caves. “In some areas, you’ll find a different sinkhole every 100 meters,” says Lazaro Viñola López, a postdoctoral researcher at the Field Museum in Chicago and the paper’s lead author.

Juan Almonte Milan, the curator of paleobiology at the Dominican Republic’s Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, had identified a cave in the southern Dominican Republic as a deposit of lots of fossils, so Viñola López and several of his colleagues explored the cave looking for specimens to study as part of his PhD program at the University of Florida and the Florida Museum of Natural History.

“The initial descent into the cave isn’t too deep— we would tie a rope to the side and then rappel down,” says Viñola López. “If you go in at night, you see the eyes of the tarantulas that live inside. But once you walk down a ten-meter-long tunnel underground, you start finding the fossils.”

There were layers and layers of fossils, separated by carbonate layers resulting from rainy periods in the distant past. Many of the fossils belonged to rodents, but there were also bones from sloths, birds, and reptiles amounting to more than 50 different species. Taken together, these fossils told a story. “We think that this was a cave where owls lived for many generations, maybe for hundreds or thousands of years,” says Viñola López. “The owls would go out and hunt, and then come back to the cave and throw up pellets. We find fossils of the animals that they ate, fossils from the owls themselves, and even some turtles and crocodiles who might have fallen into the cave.”

Viñola López, a paleontologist, was primarily interested in the bones from the mammals that the owls ate. He was going through the bags and bags of fossil bones that his team retrieved from the cave and cleaning out the dirt and debris when he noticed something odd.

In the empty tooth sockets of the mammal jaws, Viñola López noticed that the sediment in these cavities didn’t look like it had just randomly accrued. “It was a smooth surface, and almost concave. That’s not how sediment normally fills in, and I kept seeing it in multiple specimens. I was like, ‘Okay, there’s something weird here,’” he says. “It reminded me of the wasp nest.”

Several years earlier, when Viñola López was an undergraduate student, he went on a fossil dig in Montana. A paleontologist there showed him the ancient remains of wasp cocoons: small, thin chambers of dried mud where wasp larvae would metamorphose into adults. These wasp cocoons looked a lot like smooth dirt lining the tooth sockets from the cave fossils Viñola López had found in the Dominican Republic.

Some of the more well-known nests built by bees and wasps belong to social species that live together and raise their young en masse in large colonies— think of paper wasp nests and the wax honeycombs in a honey bee nest. “But actually, most bees are solitary. They lay their eggs in small cavities, and they leave pollen for the larvae to eat,” says Viñola López. “Some bee species burrow holes in wood or in the ground, or use empty structures for nests. Some species in Europe and Africa even build their nests in empty snail shells,”

To better examine the potential insect nests present in the cave fossils, Viñola López and his colleagues CT scanned the bones, essentially X-raying the specimens from enough angles that they could produce 3D pictures of the compacted dirt inside the tooth sockets without destroying the fossils or disturbing the sediment.

The shapes and structures of the sediment looked just like the mud nests created by some bee species today; some of these nests even contained grains of ancient pollen that the bee mothers had sealed in the nests for their babies to eat. The researchers hypothesize that the bees mixed their saliva with dirt to make these little individual nests for their eggs; each nest was smaller than the eraser at the tip of a pencil. Building their nests inside the bones of larger animals may have protected the bees’ eggs from hungry predators like wasps.

The nests that the scientists found didn’t contain any actual fossilized bees; that doesn’t surprise Viñola López, as the hot, muggy conditions in this cave would not have been conducive to preserving small, delicate insect bodies.

Since no bees were preserved, Viñola López and his colleagues were not able to assign a species to the bees that made them. However, the nests themselves were different enough from known bees’ nests that the researchers were able to give a taxonomic classification to the fossil nests. They classified the nests as Osnidum almontei after Juan Almonte Milan, the scientist who first discovered the cave. Almonte Milan has worked in the area for decades and is the leading paleontologist on the island.

“Since we didn’t find any of the bees’ bodies, it’s possible that they belonged to a species that’s still alive today— there’s very little known about the ecology of many of the bees on these islands,” says Viñola López. “But we know that a lot of the animals whose bones are preserved in the cave are now extinct, so the bees that created these nests might be from a species that has died out.”

This study represents the first known case of bees using the hollows in animal bones to build their nests in. Viñola López suspects that this behavior was the result of several combined circumstances: there isn’t much soil covering the limestone ground in this region, so the bees may have turned to caves as a place to nest rather than simply burrowing in the ground like many other species. And since this cave happened to be a multi-generational home for owls who coughed up a lot of owl pellets over the years, the bees took advantage of the bones delivered by the owls.

“This discovery shows how weird bees can be— they can surprise you. But it also shows that when you’re looking at fossils, you have to be very careful,” says Viñola López. If he hadn’t previously seen a fossil wasp nest, he might have just scrubbed away the sediment when he was cleaning the fossil bones for this project. “Even if you’re looking primarily for fossils of larger, vertebrate animals, you should keep an eye out for trace fossils that can tell you about invertebrates like insects. Knowing about insects can tell you a lot about a whole ecosystem, so you have to pay attention to that part of the story.”

An illustration showing the bones and bee nests in the cave.

Credit

Juan Almonte Milan, the scientist who first discovered the cave and for whom the preserved bees' nests are named.

Credit

Lazaro Viñola López