New study sheds light on dementia among Indigenous Bolivians
The Tsimané and Mosetén communities, who live pre-industrial lifestyles in the Bolivian Amazon, experience modest rates of new dementia cases but shorter survival after diagnosis compared to other populations
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Tsimane Health and Life History Project investigators interview a participant in Bolivia.
view moreCredit: USC Professor Margaret Gatz
In two Indigenous communities living pre-industrial lifestyles in the Bolivian Amazon, dementia is remarkably uncommon. However, a new longitudinal study reveals why earlier estimates told only part of the story.
Among the Tsimané and Mosetén communities, dementia incidence, or the rate of new cases, didn’t dramatically differ from rates in U.S. and northern European populations, especially for individuals under 80 years old. Shorter survival after dementia develops appears to play a significant role in why dementia prevalence – the total proportion of people living with the disease at a given time – in the Tsimané and Mosetén populations is unusually low.
“The surprising finding was that there weren’t big differences in dementia incidence,” said lead author Margaret Gatz, a professor of psychology and gerontology at USC and a senior scientist at the USC Center for Economic and Social Research. “That challenges us to identify the risk factors for developing dementia in the Tsimané population.”
Prevalence versus incidence
The study, published in Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, followed 730 adults who did not have dementia at their initial assessment and were revisited nearly five years later. Researchers identified 22 new dementia cases, an overall incidence of 7.40 cases per 1,000 person-years. At the follow-up assessments, dementia prevalence – the proportion of people living with the condition at a given time – remained below 2%.
Incidence counts new diagnoses within a given span of time, while prevalence includes everyone living with a disease, regardless of when it began. Because prevalence depends on how often a disease develops and how long people survive with it, repeated assessments revealed what a one-time snapshot could not.
Among the Tsimané and Mosetén communities, participants with dementia faced more than six times the mortality risk of those with normal cognition. Compared with U.S. studies, survival time following a dementia diagnosis appeared two to three times shorter on average.
The researchers point to the realities of life in remote communities, where families depend on members contributing to farming, hunting, fishing and food preparation. Previous research by the Tsimané Health and Life History Project (THLHP) found that the Tsimané and Mosetén experienced less brain atrophy and better cardiovascular health compared to industrialized populations in the U.S. and Europe, which at the time the authors hypothesized could be due in part to large amounts of physical activity and healthier food due to the groups’ subsistence lifestyle.
However, Gatz noted that disabilities may reduce a person’s ability to help obtain food while increasing pressure on the household. Limited medical care can also make treatable infections and other acute illnesses more deadly.
While the authors caution that 22 cases are too few to fully discern all of the factors behind low prevalence, the findings add rare incidence data to dementia research among Indigenous peoples. Some Indigenous communities report high dementia prevalence following disruptive integration into dominant societies and greater exposure to chronic disease risks. By contrast, several Indigenous and rural populations retaining subsistence lifestyles report low prevalence. The difference points to an important health-equity challenge, Gatz said.
Additional clues from biomarkers
The dementia observed in the Bolivian communities may also differ from prototypical Alzheimer’s disease. Many affected participants showed more difficulty with attention, reasoning and managing tasks than with memory, the hallmark challenge in Alzheimer’s.
Preliminary blood analyses found associations between the dementia cases and the amount of neurofilament light chain proteins in blood – a general indicator of neurodegeneration – but not with amyloid or phosphorylated tau protein profiles characteristic of Alzheimer’s. Imaging and vascular measures suggested contributions from blood-vessel disease.
“In most Tsimané with cognitive impairment or dementia, the pattern of atrophy in the brain is not typical of Alzheimer’s disease,” Gatz said. “Rather, there are changes indicative of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia.”
The APOE e4 gene variant, the best-known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s, was associated with dementia in the study. However, Gatz noted that APOE4 also affects lipid transport and immune response, so the association doesn’t necessarily establish Alzheimer’s pathology.
“We need far more data before we can address the balance between lifestyle and genetic factors,” she said. “Generally, it is believed that the two have complementary roles.”
Researchers adapted clinical interviews and cognitive tests for language, culture and limited literacy, conducting assessments in Tsimané or Spanish. The THLHP teams also provide medical exams and help coordinate care. Future phases will use improved brain imaging and additional blood biomarkers to investigate vascular injury and Alzheimer’s pathology.
“The research is both immensely challenging and highly rewarding,” Gatz said. “We are grateful for their participation and try to assure that the research is helpful to them.”
These latest findings not only provide more information on how dementia affects the Tsimané and Mosetén communities but also raise new questions about the factors contributing to dementia risk, said Professor Hillard Kaplan, a health economist at Chapman University and THLHP principal investigator.
“While healthy hearts are generally associated with healthy brains, these new findings indicate that brain aging occurs without significant heart disease and that there is much more to be learned about the pathways leading to dementia,” he said.
About the study
Gatz’s and Kaplan’s coauthors include Wendy Mack, Helena Chui, Caleb Finch and Ellen Walters of USC; Daniel Eid Rodriguez of Universidad Mayor de San Simon (Bolivia); Raul Quispe Gutierrez and Jesus Bani Cuata of the Tsimane Health and Life History Project (Bolivia); Daniel K. Cummings of Chapman University; Paul L. Hooper of the University of New Mexico; Henrik Zetterberg of University of Wisconsin–Madison; Benjamin C. Trumble of Arizona State University; Jonathan Stieglitz of Université Toulouse Capitole (France); Michael D. Gurven of UC Santa Barbara; Randall C. Thompson of University of Missouri–Kansas City and Gregory S. Thomas of UC Irvine. The research was supported by the National Institute on Aging, the National Science Foundation and the French National Research Agency.
Method of Research
Observational study
Subject of Research
People
Article Title
Incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in two Indigenous Bolivian cohorts
Article Publication Date
15-Sep-2026
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