A PHALLUS HARD TO SWALLOW: 

THE MEANING OF ΑIΔΟIΟΣ IN THE DERVENI PAPYRUS

THE CONTROVERSY OF THE ΑIΔΟIΟΝ:URANUS’ PHALLUS OR  PROTOGONOS?

MARCO ANTONIO SANTAMARÍA ÁLVAREZ

.....the author of the Derveni Papyrus comments upon narrates the events that led Zeus to his seizure of power and alludes very summarily to his ancestors. The most important action that Zeus executes after receiving power from his father is described in the verse: αἰδοῖον κατ̣έπινεν, ὃς αἰθέρα ἔκθορ̣̣ε πρῶτος ( 8). The most controversial issue of the Derveni Papyrus has arguably been the meaning of the αἰδοῖον that Zeus swallows. Two opposing stances have been held: some scholars have understood it as a substantive meaning “phallus” and referring to Uranus’ member, cut off by Cronus (hereafter, hypothesis A); others have considered it an adjective meaning “venerable” and alluding to Protogonos, the firstborn god (hereafter, hypothesis B).Walter Burkert was the first to claim that αἰδοῖον means “phallus.” Geoffrey S. Kirk (independently, it seems) translates Orphic fragment 8 as “[Zeus] swallowed down the phallus [of him] who first leapt up to the upper air,” and states that the phallus is “the one severed from Ouranos by Kronos”; he translates Orphic fragment 12.1 (πρωτογόνου βασιλέως αἰδοίου) as “of the phallus of the first-born king.” According to Burkert, in Orphic fragment 8 “Zeus is made to ‘swallow the genitals’ of the god ‘who first had ejaculated the brilliance of the sky’; this must be Uranos, the ‘first king.’ Many other scholars have adhered to this theory and added further arguments in its favor.

Nobody Expects the Maoist Inquisition! 

How Mao Tested Khrushchev and

 Caused the Sino-Soviet Split, 1958-1959

Cameron Nielsen

Introduction
In 1949, shortly after founding the People’s Republic of China, Mao Zedong traveled to Moscow to beg for an alliance with his stronger neighbor, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Mao had proclaimed that “China has stood up,” and then proved it by uniting China under one government for the
first time since the abdication of the Emperor in 1912. However, his country
 was still desperately poor with no geopolitical standing. China needed a staunch ally, and the USSR, which had mentored the Communists’ revolution, was the
natural choice. When the alliance was announced in 1950, it bore the fingerprints
of Stalin’s unfair treatment of his allies, but it was still what China needed—a legitimizing emblem, backed up with Soviet aid to develop the economy. Yet 1961, just eleven years later, saw the Chinese denouncing the Russians as
traitors to Communism, and 1969 saw the two countries fighting a brief border
 war. What happened? While there were many factors leading to the Sino-Soviet Split, one of the most important proximate causes was a pattern of almost bizarrely bad diplomacy, mostly on the Chinese side. If it were not for jarring provocations such as the infamous “swimming pool meeting” in 1958, the split may have not occurred until much later, and certainly would not have been as precipitous. When the behavior of Mao and other Chinese leaders is analyzed, it becomes clear that this was their intent. The evidence is strong that the 1958 Khrushchev-Mao meetings were crucial moments when this decision was made
READ ON 

Monographs on the Universe: Americans Respond to Ernst Haeckel’s Evolutionary Science and Theology, 1866–1883

Daniel Halverson

Ernst Haeckel was one of the nineteenth century’s most famous and influential scientists and science popularizers. According to one historian of biology, he was “the chief source of the world’s knowledge of Darwinism” in his time. At the same time, he endeavored to set up his own pantheistic-evolutionary theology in the place of Christianity. This study makes use of new information technologies to gather documents which have been largely unavailable to historians until recently. Halverson finds that Haeckel’s ideas met with a poor reception in the United States because American journalists, ministers, and scientists insisted on maintaining a sharp separation between science and theology, while Haeckel was intent on merging the two under an evolutionary-pantheistic framework. Although often regarded as an advocate of the “conflict thesis,” on his own terms he was a deeply religious man who wanted to reform, rather than abolish, theology.

The Struggle of Others:  Pierre Vallières, Québécois Settler Nationalism, and the N-Word Today.

VALLIERES FOUNDED THE FLQ, FRONT du LIBERATION QUEBEC

HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MANIFESTO WAS ENTITLED 

WHITE NIGGERS OF AMERICA  

Discourse: Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture, 2017

Bruno Cornellier

This essay re-examines the paradigm of the Quebecer as a “nègre blanc” (“white n****r”) that circulated in left-nationalist literature in 1960s Québec, most influentially in Pierre Vallières’ 1968 book-length manifesto/autobiography, Nègres blancs d’Amérique. In conversation with Mark Rifkin’s recent analyses of what he calls “settler common sense,” I explain that Vallières’ racially appropriative theorization of a global village of all exploited underclasses under the rubric “nègres” provided new orientations for an emergent structure of feeling in Québec, and one that would easily be incorporated within the hegemonic because it already spoke (and still speaks) its language: it effectively assumed forms of dwelling and personhood predicated on the geopolitical self-evidence of settler sovereignty and settler occupancy, while exculpating Québécois whiteness and disengaging it from the history of Western coloniality. Secondly, I draw parallels between Vallières’ radical prose and our contemporary moment, in the aftermath of a series of alleged “crises” and expressions of public outcry about governmental failures to properly manage diversity and secure state secularism in Québec. Even though Vallières’ later work allows us to speculate that he would have been very critical of the orientalist and islamophobic undertone of recent policy proposals about secularism, I argue that the fame and polemical visibility of his book in Québec’s intellectual history nonetheless continue to orient and sustain, with other texts, corresponding affective mappings about the futurity of the dominant group’s historical sufferings, thus allowing “us”/“nous” to constantly assume “our” legitimacy in rearticulating such self-authorized delineation of zones of exception.

Issue: 1

Volume: 39

Page Numbers: 31-66

Publication Date: 2017

Publication Name: Discourse: Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture

The Half Measure Terrorists: An Analysis of the FLQ through the Lens of the “Propaganda of the Deed”, Sergei Nechayev’s Catechism of a Revolutionary, and Other Decolonial Movements

Brenden Woldman

A Sorry State of Affairs: Chinese Arrivants, 

Indigenous Hosts, and Settler Colonial Apologies (2019)

Angie Wong, 

Lakehead University

Abstract: 

We make and give gestures of apology every day, Canadians doubly so. Yet, grand actsof apology for more serious and sustained matters, such as historical and contemporary injusticeagainst those with the least amount of social power, require far more ethical consideration and transformation than simply saying, “I am sorry.” Since the early 2000s, several political parties of the Canadian government have taken up the trend of making a spectacle out of nationalapologies to historically oppressed groups. Engaging with the concept of the settler colonial triad to theorize the histories of early Chinese arrivants’ experience, this work departs from the 2006 House of Commons apology made to Chinese Canadians on behalf of former PM StephenHarper and explores the paradoxical operations behind state-sanctioned apologies, including the use of benevolence and hospitality as crisis management tactics resultant of Canada’s settler colonial configuration. Within this contradictory relation, those who identify as ChineseCanadian may find themselves questioning their belonging, given the historically- fraught socialstrategies used for the making of Canadian subjecthood. State-sanctioned apologies function toconsolidate settler colonial reality and constitute a return to normalcy, which is why critical racescholars and scholars of settler colonial studies must look beyond unilateral relationships withthe state.

Angie Wong is a critical race scholar and second-generation Chinese born in Canada. Wong iscurrently a professor of Women’s Studies at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Ontario.Reliant upon critical race theory, philosophy, settler colonial studies, and transnationalfeminisms, Wong continues to research the experiences of Asian women and histories of Chineseracialization in Canada in a forthcoming book project on the Chinatown community of Calgary, Alberta. Wong obtained a BCC from the University of Calgary (2012). Her MA (2014) and PhD(2018) in Humanities are from York University where she conducted the first extensivephilosophical and critical race analysis of the small and powerful grassroots magazinepublication,The Asianadian, under the supervision of Chinese Canadian and postcolonial scholar, Lily M. Cho. Wong’s approach to pedagogy and research is interdisciplinary, political,and cross-cultural.

  "BC Labour, the Left and Asian Exclusion, 1885-1914: Race and Racism on the West Coast"

Eoin Kelly

The history of the labour movement in British Columbia is intricately tied to the history of race and anti-Asian exclusion. Empowered by North American working class fears of Chinese labour, BC trade unions found strength in denouncing marginalized Asian labourers. Though moments of racial solidarity existed, they were few and far between. The growth of the mainstream BC labour movement, through its endorsement of anti-Asian exclusion, as well as the moments of anti-racist rejection racial solidarity, will show how racism and racialism worked to create, sustain and, occasionally, question the labour movement in British Columbia.

Location: Toronto

Publisher: History Student Association, University of Toronto

Journal Name: The Future of History

Publication Date: Sep 2016

Canada's First Internment Camps

CANADA'S RACIST HISTORY OF EXPLOITATION OF IMMIGRANT WORKERS

Socialists and workers: 
the western Canadian coal miners, 1900-21

Labour/Le Travail, 1985

Allen Seager

Publisher: JSTOR

Publication Date: Jan 1, 1985

Publication Name: Labour/Le Travail

The Reddest Rose: Harvey Murphy Stood at the Barricades 

of Many Labour Struggles in BC

Ron Verzuh

A brief study of the very active life of the man who called himself the “reddest rose
 in the garden of Labour,” Harvey Murphy, suggests that he merited more than a 
few paragraphs or a few pages in scholarly works dedicated to a study of labour’s past. 
And yet Murphy, who stood at the barricades of many labour struggles throughout 
an era of radical union and left politics, seldom receives more than footnote-length 
treatment.
Hated by some labour leaders, he was long deemed a workers’ friend by Alberta
 and BC mine and smelter workers. He was at the clamorous forefront of the
 struggle for union and worker rights in Canada’s West for more than a decade. 
Why then has so little attention been paid to a man that BC historian 
Allen Seager called “the most influential communist in the Canadian trade-union 
movement in the 1940s”?

Ron Verzuh

Simon Fraser University

Graduate Student

Ron Verzuh is a Canadian writer, historian, photographer and documentary filmmaker. He holds a PhD in history from Simon Fraser University.His doctoral dissertation is entitled “Divided Loyalties: A Study of a Communist-led Trade Union in Trail, British Columbia, 1943-1955.” He has published many essays and articles on subjects ranging from the labour movement to travel, literature, news media, film, food, and politics. Many of his works can be seen at www.ronverzuh.ca. He is married and currently lives in Eugene, Oregon

75 ANNIVERSARY  Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation, and Contemporary Capitalism
Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 2019

Brigitte Aulenbacher
Richard Bärnthaler
Richard Bärnthaler
Andreas Novy

Seventy-five years ago, in April 1944, Karl Polanyi’s "The Great Transformation—On the origins of our times" (TGT) was published in the United States and England. Since then it has been translated into 15 languages (cf. Polanyi Levitt in this volume). Written in America during the war and under the impact of the Great Depression, TGT sought to come to terms with the collapse of the liberal civilization in a similarly embracing manner as Horkheimer’s and Adorno’s "Dialectics of enlightenment", published as a preliminary version also in 1944 in the USA. TGT captures the specific historical constellation of the “revolutionary thirties” in which free trade, the gold standard, and liberal democracy reached an impasse, resulting in competing attempts to re-order society — attempts that ranged from socialism to fascism and from Stalin’s“socialism in one country” to Roosevelt’s New Deal. At that time, the repercussions of Polanyi’s work remained fairly restricted, John Dewey’s euphoric feedback being a notable exception (cf. Gräser in this volume)...

Doi: 10.1007/s11614-019-00341-8
Issue: 2
Volume: 44
Page Numbers: 105-114
Publication Date: 2019
Publication Name: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie

Karl Polanyi in Vienna: Guild Socialism, Austro-Marxism, and Duczynska’s alternative
https://www.academia.edu/28880352/Karl_Polanyi_in_Vienna_Guild_Socialism_Austro-Marxism_and_Duczynska_s_alternative
Gareth Dale
ABSTRACT
In this article I discuss Polanyi’s intellectual formation in early twentieth-century Budapest and in 1920s Vienna focusing in particular upon his relationship to Guild Socialist and & Marxist theory and Austrian Social (Democracy). His wife Ilona Duczynska's influence on his theorizing.

"Socialist Accounting" by Karl Polanyi (1922) + Preface (2016) https://www.academia.edu/28271636/_Socialist_Accounting_by_Karl_Polanyi_1922_PrefaceIt 
Ariane Fischer
David Woodruff
Johanna Bockman
Ariane Fischer, David Woodruff, and Johanna Bockman have translated Karl Polanyi’s “Sozialistische Rechnungslegung” [“Socialist Accounting”] from 1922. In this article, Polanyi laid out his model of a future socialism, a world in which the economy is subordinated to society. Polanyi described the nature of this society and a kind of socialism that he would remain committed to his entire life. Accompanying the translation is the preface titled “Socialism and the embedded economy.” In the preface, Bockman explains the historical context of the article and its significance to the socialist calculation debate, the social sciences, and socialism more broadly. Based on her reading of the accounting and society that Polanyi offers here, Bockman argues that scholars have too narrowly used Polanyi’s work to support the Keynesian welfare state to the exclusion of other institutions, have too broadly used his work to study social institutions indiscriminately, and have not recognized that his work shares fundamental commonalities with and often unacknowledged distinctions from neoclassical economics.

HAYEK VERSUS POLANYI:SPONTANEITY AND DESIGN IN CAPITALISM
https://www.academia.edu/2954917/Hayek_vs._Polanyi_Spontaneity_and_Design_in_Capitalism
 Rafael Galvão de Almeida (UFSCar/Sorocaba) Ramón García Fernández (UFABC)
Abstract:
This paper studies the concept of spontaneous order, its development through many schools of economic thought and its importance for the society of our days. We begin to discuss this idea looking at the work of Friedrich Hayek,since he proposed the most well-known conceptualization of spontaneous order,which came out of the economic calculation debate of the 1930s; this led to his research about the role of the information on the economy, which is dispersed through the economy. The most mature version of his work can be found in“
 Law, Legislation and Liberty”
, in which he also discusses practical applications. As a counterpoint to the Hayekian perspective, we include some criticisms of this concept, and accordingly we look at the contributions of Karl Polanyi on this issue. Polanyi diverged from Hayek about the role of the market in the society, as he proposed that societies protect themselves from the invasion of the market in the other social spheres, through the process he called “double movement”. For the last part, we conclude that, despite some relevant objections, it is fruitful to maintain the concept of spontaneous order, stressing that Polanyi´s double movement itself can be considered a manifestation of the spontaneous order. On the other hand, we emphasize that this spontaneous order at some moment needs to be institutionalized with some rules, so we consider that anarchism, in its libertarian or its leftist perspectives, are self-defeating proposals.
Keywords: spontaneous order, double movement, Friedrich Hayek, Karl Polanyi,invisible hand

How the Cold War Began ... with British Help: The Gouzenko Affair Revisited, Labour/Le Travail Spring Issue 2017)

Dennis Molinaro

The Gouzenko Affair is referred to as the event that started the Cold War. This article draws on recently declassified documents that shed new light on Britain’s role in this affair, particularly that of the Foreign Office and the British High Commissioner to Canada. The documents reveal how the British had a major part in directing the response to Igor Gouzenko’s defection in 1945. This event revealed the need for increased counterespionage security, but it also became a spectacle that directed the public’s attention away from the British connection: specifically, the role of Alan Nunn May, a British nuclear scientist who had provided the Soviets with classified information. Instead, the public’s interest was centred on Soviet spies, communism as a subversive force, and the brewing Soviet-US conflict. These newly declassified sources demonstrate how it was the British intelligence services and the British government that went to great lengths to help focus the public’s attention in this direction. They took great pains to direct Canadian policy making, which included working to discourage Canada’s prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King from handling the affair privately with the Soviet ambassador, and were likely behind the infamous press leak to US reporter Drew Pearson that forced King to call a Royal Commission and publicize the affair. With the help of the British government and intelligence services, the Cold War began.

Dennis Molinaro

Univeristy of Toronto

Alumnus

My main research interest is on the historical use, and normalization of emergency measures and its effects on society. My recent book examines how Section 98, a copy of wartime legislation designed to curb left-wing activism, became normalized in Canadian society and how political repression and violence were key elements in Canada's development into a nation. I look at key trials of the period and the political deportations that immigrants faced because of Section 98. My current project is an edited collection examining counter-intelligence in the Cold War with contributions from researchers in all the Five Eyes nations. Future research will take a revised look at the early Cold War and the formation of the Five Eyes intelligence community. The research makes use of newly declassified sources and presents a revised look at the Gouzenko Affair and the creation of modern-day surveillance.

Anglo-American Intelligence Relations 1910-1945

Liam O'Brien

More Info: Britain's intelligence agencies predated the American equivalents. This leads to an Anglo dominated intelligence relationship which shifts to American dominated in WWII.

Contents

List of Illustrations PI

Acknowledgements PII

Introduction P1

Chapter One

Personal Relationships P3

Chapter Two- 

Bureaucracy of Intelligence P9

Chapter Three

 Espionage Missions P18

Chapter Four

 Anglo-American Literature P28

Conclusion P36

Bibliography P39

Intelligence and Information in the Espionage Fiction of Dennis Wheatley



Rebecah Pulsifer

Slaney Chadwick Ross

This article examines the spy novels of Dennis Wheatley as exemplars of the desire of espionage fiction to grapple with changing understandings of the role of the individual in the field of intelligence services. Wheatley's crackerjack spy, Gregory Sallust, is adept at both mastering and synthesizing information, and this skill set puts him at odds with prevailing mid-century trends in information theory, which tended to view human intelligence as incapable of effectively analyzing the large amounts of data that technological advances made available for the first time. Wheatley's Sallust, a prototype of James Bond who blends analytical brilliance with intense personality, is a striking example of the ways in which espionage fiction between the wars negotiated a desire to privilege human experience against new understandings of both human intelligence and intelligence gathering.

Forced Labour and Migration to the UK
Study prepared by COMPAS in collaboration with the Trades Union Congress

Bridget Anderson & Ben Rogaly
2009

FOREWORD
Over recent years, there have been many reports in the media of the extreme forms ofexploitation that some migrant workers face in Britain. The TUC has published several accountsitself. This report differs in that the researchers have put this shameful phenomenon into a biggerpicture.They show that the practices used by a minority of employers fall under the internationallyagreed definitions of forced labour, which most people would assume had been banished fromBritain long ago. Far from being restricted to the extreme fringes of the economy, forced labourcan be found at the base of key industries, and goes far beyond the agricultural and sex work withwhich it is normally associated. The authors suggest that the conditions for forced labour arecreated by employer demand for ultra-flexible labour. From the TUC’s point of view, this ismade worse both by the low level of protection that exists in British law for some categories ofworkers – agency workers in particular – and difficulties in enforcing those rights that do exist.As the researchers found people working with authorisation, such as work permit holders, canfind themselves without the means to assert fundamental rights – to be paid what they have beenpromised, or not to have their passports withheld, for example. For those working withoutpermission, the situation is much worse, as their fear of the authorities obliges them to acceptoppressive exploitation. The greater the hostility that migrant workers fear they may encounter,whether from the media, officialdom or politicians, the greater their vulnerability. Expressing orencouraging hostility to the presence of migrants, performing vital roles within our economy,only diminishes their capacity to resist exploitation and plays into the hands of the shadyemployers getting rich on the back of forced labour.Tolerating forced labour is not an option for the trade union movement. We accept ourresponsibility to organise migrant workers and in doing so, enable them to defend themselves. Itis in the interest of everyone at work to maintain decent minimum standards in every workplace,and trade unions can only benefit from reflecting more accurately the diversity to be found in themodern workforce.But to do our job, we need the right tools. As this report reveals even the rights that do exist canbe difficult to enforce. Many people working perfectly legally cannot in practice enforce theirrights, and those whose status may be in doubt are open to the worst kinds of exploitation, yet theemployers who take advantage of this seem almost immune from prosecution. A simpleimmigration control approach does nothing to reduce exploitation as unscrupulous employerssimply take on new workers and exploit them in turn. Only when migrant workers canconfidently claim their rights, including in particular the right to join and participate in a tradeunion, will the demand for vulnerable workers drop. And when everyone at work enjoysminimum standards, there is much less scope for any employer to sow divisions between groupsof workers in order to drive down wages and undermine collective agreements.Migrant workers who enter to work for a specified employer cannot take unfair dismissal claimsin Tribunals without risking finding themselves in breach of immigration rules. In other words,claiming their rights could mean leaving the country (which itself could prevent them frompursuing a claim). Someone working outside the immigration rules (for example an overseas
student working for more than 20 hours per week) is likely to find that they cannot make a claimfor unpaid wages because their employment contract is not judged to be legal. It is far from clearhow employers can be prevented from confiscating passports and identity papers. These gaps inprotection contribute to the forced labour practices identified in this report.The conclusions of the report reflect most of these concerns. Ideas such as extending (andimproving) the protections available to victims of trafficking to those subjected to forced labour,and of giving all workers access to redress for losses and damages imposed by rogue employerswould do much to aid the fight against forced labour. This is a struggle that can only be foughtalongside the workers affected. Interventions from the outside that do not engage migrants andtheir organisations (including of course their unions) cannot hope to succeed.The TUC is very grateful for the work put in by the authors Bridget Anderson and Ben Rogaly.They have produced a valuable report at a time when it is most needed. The TUC would also liketo thank staff at the ILO’s Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour for theirassistance and advice, and the many migrant workers, advisors, solicitors, researchers and tradeunionists who assisted the authors in gathering the information included in this report. Thecontent and conclusions of the report, however, are the responsibility of the authors and the TUC.Finally, this report is published a year after the tragedy in Morecambe Bay, when so manymigrant workers needlessly died. If we are to avoid a repetition, we need to consider how theproblems identified can be addressed to the advantage of the workforce as a whole, and how wecan drive forced labour out of Britain for good.Brendan BarberGeneral SecretaryTrades Union Congress

The vulnerability to exploitation of women migrant workers in agriculture in the EU:the need for a Human Rights and Gender based approach 
Abstract

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, explores the working conditions of migrant women in agriculture in the EU, focusing on some case studies in Italy and Spain.In particular, it aims to examine the factors that render women vulnerable toexploitation, paying attention to gendered dynamics and power relations. Thestudy contends that to prevent and combat exploitation in agriculture it isnecessary to implement concerted actions aimed at tackling, from a human rightsand gender perspective, the structural factors of a socio-economic system which fosters and relies on workers’ vulnerability

Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector

 Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in France

 Florence Levy

Summary

 The fight against trafficking in human beings (THB) is now part of the French political agenda. Yet the priority is given to the fight against sexual exploitation while labour exploitation is still regarded as a minor phenomenon. The particular issue of exploitation in domestic work has not been considered on its own even if France has been condemned twice by the European Court of Human Rights for failing to protect victims in two cases of exploitation in domestic work. Since then, the law has been amended, and we have to wait until we can assess the effectivity of this new legal framework. 
The issue of demand remains a blind spot in terms of how THB is understood.The public declarations of government’s commitment to the fight against THB provide a contrast with the low number of convictions actually brought down by the courts. The research highlights the difficulties faced by labor inspectorates and legal actors in establishing cases of THB in domestic work. This is linked with the characteristic of this work sector, but also with confusions in the understanding of what is THB,what are the victims and perpetrators profiles and the tensions between the fight against illegal immigration and the mission to protect victims of THB.

Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector  in Italy

Letizia Palumbo

Summary

 While both the topics of domestic work (DW) and trafficking human beings (THB) have received increased attention in scholarship, there is very limited research on the nexus of these two issues in Italy, i.e. on cases of THB in the DW sector. This paper investigates the forms of severe exploitation and THB in DW in Italy and examines the factors affecting the demand-side in this sector. Moreover, it analyses the gaps in current legal and political responses.The paper highlights that domestic workers frequently experience several forms of exploitation and maltreatment, which go from the violation of the fundamental protection provided by the contract to severe abuse and trafficking. The hidden nature of DW renders the identification of cases of THB extremely difficult. The paper reveals that while economic motivations are the main factor influencing the demand for cheap and exploitable workers in DW, other aspects, such as political, legal, social and cultural factors,also play a crucial role in affecting the demand-side. Moreover, this study points out that Italian legal and political responses to THB and severe exploitation have proven inadequate in preventing these phenomena and in protecting the rights of the victims. By highlighting the need to adopt a comprehensive approach to THB, the paper proposes a set of recommendations in regard to political and legal responses,also addressing the demand-side

Human Trafficking in Hotels: An 'Invisible' Threat for a Vulnerable Industry
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2018
Alexandros Paraskevas
Maureen Brookes

Purpose: 
To identify and analyse the hotel sector's vulnerabilities that human traffickers exploit in order to use hotels as conduits for trafficking in human beings (THB). Design/methodology/approach: Using the MAVUS framework of sector vulnerability analysis, the study adopted a qualitative approach employing environmental scanning and semi-structured key stakeholder interviews in three European countries: UK, Finland and Romania. Findings: The study identifies the types of THB occurring within the industry and the specific macro-, meso-and micro-level factors that increase hotel vulnerability to trafficking for sexual exploitation, labour exploitation or both. Research limitations/implications: Given the sensitivity of the topic the number of interviewees is limited as is the generalisability of the findings. Practical implications: The framework developed serves as a practical tool for independent or chain-affiliated hotels to use to assess their vulnerability to human trafficking for both sexual and labour exploitation. Social implications: The framework will assist hotel professionals to assess their vulnerability to human trafficking and identify specific and proactive measures to combat this crime within their business. Originality/value: This is the first study to empirically explore human trafficking in the hotel sector and to apply an integrated theoretical lens to examine macro-, meso-and micro-level sector vulnerabilities to a crime. It contributes to our understanding of why hotels are vulnerable to human trafficking for both sexual and labour exploitation.

Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Page Numbers: 1996-2014
Publication Date: 2018
Publication Name: International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management

Analyzing the Business Model of Trafficking 
in Human Beings to Better Prevent the Crime

Alexis Aronowitz

1.0

Utrecht University
Faculty Member

Visiting professor at universities in Germany and the United States,

teaching a course on Human Trafficking: An International Perspective. 

Independent consultant on projects involving human trafficking.

MALCOLM MCLAREN MADAME BUTTERFLY

Living in a new city: Jewish criminality in late 19th century Odessa - myth and reality

Haim Sperber

Changing ideologies of artisanal “productivisation”:ORT in late imperial Russia

https://www.academia.edu/3262111/Changing_ideologies_of_artisanal_productivisation_ORT_in_late_imperial_Russia

Gennady Estraikh*

Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies, New York University, New York, USA

The Society for the Promotion of Artisanal and Agricultural Work among the Jews in Russia (ORT) was established in St Petersburg in 1880. In its post-1921 form,as the World ORT Union, the organisation, with its headquarters in London, still operates in scores of countries throughout the world. This article analyses the ideological changes in ORT’s craftsmen-related programmes during the first decades of its history: from the initial careful attempts to use qualified artisan labour as one of the ways to adapt the Jewish population to the economic, social and political conditions of the Russian empire, to later Jewish nation-building projects that incorporated elements of economic autonomy.
Founded by maskilic intellectuals and entrepreneurs, from the 1900s ORT was gradually taken over by more radical activists. Some of them, including its future chairman Leon Bramson(1869–1941) and its leading economist Boris Brutskus (1874–1938), came from the Petersburg apparatus of the Jewish Colonization Association, which competed with ORT in all domains of philanthropic activities. Materials of two ORT conferences, in 1914 and 1916, help us understand the changes in the organisation's attitudes to vocational education and various forms of cooperatives and employment bureaux. Special attention is paid to ORT’s role during World War I.

In imperial Russia, centralised Jewish philanthropic projects became possible onlyin the last decades of the nineteenth century, following Tsar Alexander II’s edict of March 1859, which allowed Jewish merchants of the first guild to settle outside thePale of Jewish Settlement and, inadvertently, facilitated the appearance of a St-Petersburg-based Jewish national elite. From the 1860s onward, the Russian capital housed a few Jewish-owned banks, including the bank of the Gintsburgs. This enlightened, Westernised family and their circle (the “Gintsburg Circle,” to borrow John Klier’s term) of financiers and intellectuals played a central role in the Peters- burg Jewish community and, to a considerable degree, in the whole of Russian Jewish life.

While Petersburg’s Jewish notables often internalised antisemitism by accepting the negative stereotypes that defined a dweller of the Pale as inferior, many members of the Gintsburg Circle were also sincerely perturbed about the economic predicament of the Pale

Keywords:

Artisans; Nikolai Bakst; Leon Bramson; Boris Brutskus; cooperatives;employment; Jacob Lestschinsky; Jewish Colonization Association; ORT; philanthropy; productivisation; vocational education

PROCURING AND TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Turcica , 2018

Kezban Acar
There have been many studies on prostitution and procuring in different periods and places in the Ottoman Empire, and its legal aspects in the Islamic and Ottoman Law. Although these studies give valuable and insightful information on the legal status of procuring in şeriat and kanuns, and although by their distinct and sometimes similar approaches toward procuring and procurers as well as by providing examples of procuring and prostitution in Istanbul and different towns and cities in the Empire such as Aleppo, Kastamonu, Balıkesir, Damascus, Antep (Ayntab), and Crete, they contribute greatly to the understanding of sex crimes and trafficking in the Empire, almost none of them refers to the international extent of procuring and trafficking in women in the late Ottoman Empire.
Some studies by Edward J. Bristow and Rıfat Bali deal specifically with trade in women in the Ottoman Empire. Covering a time period from 1870 to 1939 and a large area from Europe to Asia and America and utilizing mainly German sources, Bristow opens a window to trade in women in the Ottoman Empire and contributes greatly to our understanding of trade in white women from Europe to the Ottoman Empire, especially to Istanbul and from Istanbul to Africa and Asia.
Examples from Ottoman archival documents can complete the picture. Such is the aim of the present paper, based on an examination of documents from different archive collections – Imperial Edicts (Hatt-ı Humayuns), Ministry of Interior Records (Dahiliye Nezareti Fonu), Ministry of Foreign Affairs Records (Hariciye Nezareti Fonu), Police Records (Zaptiye Nezareti Fonu), Cevdet Records (Cevdet Fonu) – all preserved in the Ottoman Archives of the Prime Ministry (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri/BOA) in Istanbul, and on a review of the correspondence between high-level officials and institutions, such as the Ministry of Interior and Foreign Affairs, the Chamber of Deputies, the Ministry of Sects, the Orthodox-Greek Patriarchate, the Chief Rabbinate, the Police Department, governors, and prosecutors in the same archives.

Volume: 48
Page Numbers: 271-299
Publication Date: 2018
Publication Name: Turcica

Ottoman and Islamic Societies: Were They ‘Slave Societies

Ehud R. Toledano, “Ottoman and Islamic Societies: Were They ‘Slave Societies’?,”

in Noel Lenski and Catherine M. Cameron (eds.), What Is A Slave Society?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018, 360-382

Ehud R. Toledano

History of Slavery
Abolition of Slavery
Slavery in the Muslim World
Comparative Slavery in the Early Modern Atlantic World
Slave Societies

https://www.academia.edu/4900070/Ehud_R._Toledano_
As_If_Silent_and_Absent_Bonds_of_Enslavement_in_the_Islamic_Middle_East_
New_Haven_CT_and_London_Yale_University_Press_2007

https://www.academia.edu/17548254/Ehud_R._Toledano_
The_Ottoman_Slave_Trade_and_Its_Suppression_1840-1890_
Princeton_Princeton_University_Press_1982_
selected_for_the_distinguished_backlist_of_Princeton_Legacy_Library
_and_republished_in_new_format_2014_

Michael Ferguson and Ehud R. Toledano, “Ottoman Slavery and Abolition in the Nineteenth-Century,” in David Eltis, Stanley L. Engerman, David Richardson, and Seymour Drescher (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Slavery, Vol. 4 (1804-present), Cambridge University Press, 2016, 197-225

Participation of slaves in Byzantine economic activities (10th - 11th centuries): 

Some legal aspects. // 

Workshop: Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c. 1000-1900: 

Forms of Unfreedom at the Intersection between Orthodox Christianity and Islam, 

University of Leiden 30-31 May 2017

D. Penna

CONFERENCE PROGRAM 16 PAGES 

In Byzantine law –as in Roman law– slaves were used to expand the economic activities of their owners. Slaves had no legal personality. That is why legal constructions were used to allow slaves to take part in business and economic activities. I will attempt in this paper to highlight some of the legal aspects that concern the participation of slaves in economic activity in Byzantium. Starting point will be the Book of the Eparch which dates from 911/912.

SLAVE TRADE IN THE EARLY MODERN CRIMEA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHRISTIAN,MUSLIM, AND JEWISH SOURCES.

MIKHAIL KIZILOV

Oxford University

The  fires are burning behind the river—

The Tatars are dividing their captives.

Our village is burnt 

And our property plundered.

Old mother is sabred 

And my dear is taken into captivity.

(a Ukrainian folk-song)

Abstract

The Crimea, a peninsula on the border between the Christian West and the Muslim East, was a place where merchants from all over the Black Sea region, East and West Mediterranean, Anatolia, Turkey, Russia, and West European countries came to buy, sell, and exchange their goods. In this trade “live merchandise”—reluctant travelers, seized by the Tatars during their raids to adjacent countries—was one of the main objects to be negotiated. Numerous published and archival sources (accounts of European and Ottoman travelers, letters and memoirs of captives, Turkish defters [registers], Russian and Ottoman chronicles to mention some of them) composed by Muslim, Christian, and Jewish authors provide not only a detailed account of the slave trade in the region in the Early Modern times, but also a discussion of some moral implications related to this sort of commercial activity. While most of the authors expressed their disapproval of the Tatar predatory raids and cruel treatment of the captives, none of them, it seems, objected to the existence of the slave trade per se, considering it just another offshoot of the international trade. Another issue often discussed in the sources was the problem of the slaves’ conversion.


Slaves, Money Lenders, and Prisoner Guards:
The Jews and the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Crimean Khanate
Mikhail Kizilov
Merton College, Oxford
Abstract
The Crimea, a peninsula lying in the Northern part of the Black Sea,has been inhabited since ancient times by representatives of various ethnic groups and confessions. Trade in slaves and captives was one of the most important (if not the most important) sources of income of the Crimean Khanate in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The role which was played by the Jewish population in this process has still not been properly investigated. Nevertheless, written documents contain frequent references to the involvement of the Jewish population (both Karaite and Rabbanite) in the trade in slaves and prisoners of war carried out by the Crimean Khanate in the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries. Despite their fragmentary character, the sources allow us to attempt to restore a general view of the problem and to come to essential conclusions regarding the role and importance of the Jewish population in the Crimean slave trade.

“Desperation, Hopelessness, and Suicide: An Initial Consideration of Self-Murder by Slaves in Seventeenth-Century Crimean Society”, 
Turkish Historical Review, vol. 9 (2018): 198-211.
Fırat  Yaşa
Suicide, a new issue in Crimean social history research, has not been dealt with in terms of the status of free persons and slaves. It is difficult to find reliable and detailed primary source about slaves' private lives and their expectations apart from some cases which focus on slaves as merchandise to be bought and sold, and examples of their release and escape. However, the Crimean Shari'a court records, which recently became available, provide researchers with such information on slaves as well as some incidental information on many topics such as their living conditions, their hopes for release, and reasons for their suicide. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of society on slave suicides by examining the Shari'a court records of the Crimean Khanate from 1650 to 1675.

“Reports of Dominican Missionaries as a Source of Information about the Slave Trade in the Ottoman and Tatar Crimea in the 1660s.” 

In Osmanlı Devletinde Kölelik: Ticaret–Esaret–Yaşam. 

Eds. Zübeyde Güneş Yağcı, Fırat Yaşa, and Dilek İnan. Istanbul, 2017, 103-116.

Mikhail Kizilov

The accounts and letters of the Dominicans analyzed in this article provide wealth of data regarding the slave trade in the Kefe province and the Crimean Khanate in the 1660s. Especially important is the fact that the friars themselves spent a long time in the area as slaves. Therefore, they provide us with unique and first-hand perspective regarding the position of the “live merchandise” in the Crimea.