AMERIKA

In 1844, Nativist Protestants Burned Churches in

 the Name of Religious Liberty

News at Home
tags: immigration, political violence, religious history, Nativism, American Religion, `


by Zachary M. Schrag

Zachary M. Schrag is Professor of History at George Mason University and the author of the forthcoming books The Princeton Guide to Historical Research (Princeton University Press) and The Fires of Philadelphia: Citizen-Soldiers, Nativists, and the 1844 Riots Over the Soul of a Nation (Pegasus Books).

A mob burns St. Augustine's Catholic Church in Philadelphia, 1844, from John B. Perry A Full and Complete Account of the Late Awful Riots in Philadelphia

 

 

Former U.S. senator Rick Santorum has deservedly lost his position at CNN for his April speech in which he described all of Native American culture as “nothing.” But he made that remark in service to an equally suspect claim: that America “was born of the people who came here pursuing religious liberty to practice their faith, to live as they ought to live and have the freedom to do so. Religious liberty.” Contrary to Santorum’s rosy picture, many of the English settlers of what is now the east coast of the United States were as devoted to denying religious liberty to others as they were to securing their own ability to worship as they pleased. And as a committed Catholic, Santorum should know that for many Protestants, “religious liberty” meant attacking the Catholic Church.

 

The first English monarchs to back colonization hoped to contain Catholic expansion with what historian Carla Gardina Pestana calls “a Protestant empire.” While some colonies persecuted dissenters—whipping Baptists and Quakers—most tolerated varieties of Protestantism. But the settlers often drew the line at Catholicism. Each November, colonists celebrated “Pope’s Day” by lighting bonfires, firing cannon, and marching effigies of the pontiff through the streets, all to celebrate their common Protestant identity. Colonial governments outlawed Catholic priests, threatening them with life imprisonment or death. Even Maryland, founded in part as a Catholic haven, eventually restricted Catholic worship.

 

The Revolution—secured with the help of Catholic Spain and France, as well as that of many American Catholics—toned down some of the most vicious anti-Catholicism. Most American Protestants learned to respect and live with their Catholic neighbors. But while the United States Constitution forbade the establishment of religion or religious tests for office, individual states continued to privilege Protestantism. Some limited office holding to Protestants, declared Protestantism the official religion, and, most commonly, assigned the King James Bible in public schools, over the objections of Catholics.

 

Political anti-Catholicism gained new adherents in the 1830s, in response to both Catholic Emancipation in the British Empire and increased Irish Catholic immigration to the United States. In 1835, New York’s Protestant Association debated the question, “Is Popery compatible with civil liberty?” In 1840, a popular Protestant pastor warned that “It has been the favourite policy of popish priests to represent Romanism as a harmless thing.” “If they ever succeed in making this impression general,” he continued, “we may well tremble for the liberties of our country. It is a startling truth that popery and civil and religious liberty cannot flourish on the same soil; popery is death to both!”

 

Such beliefs led anti-Catholics to attack Catholic institutions as alien intruders. In August 1834, a mob burned down the Ursuline convent in Charlestown, Massachusetts, acting in the conviction the they were protecting American liberty against an institution that “‘ought not to be allow[e]d in a free country.’’ Five years later, a Baltimore mob threatened a convent there with a similar fate. As Irish immigrants filled both the pews and pulpits of American Catholic churches, such anti-Catholicism merged with a nativist movement that hoped to restrict immigration and make naturalization difficult.

 

The most sustained attack against Catholics came in Philadelphia in the spring and summer of 1844. Inspired by the success of a third-party nativist candidate in New York City’s mayoral election, Philadelphia nativists staged their own rallies throughout the city and its surrounding districts. In May, rallies in the largely Irish Catholic Third Ward of Kensington sparked three days of rioting. On the third day, nativist mobs burned two Catholic churches, along with the adjacent rectories and a seminary. Outside of one church, they built a bonfire of Bibles and other sacred texts, and cheered when the cross atop the church’s steeple collapsed in flame. In a nearby Catholic orphan asylum, the superioress wondered how she could evacuate nearly a hundred children if the mob attacked. “They have sworn vengeance against all the churches and their institutions,” she wrote. “We have every reason to expect the same fate.”

 

In the aftermath of the May riots, a priest in the heavily nativist district of Southwark resolved to prepare his church against future attacks. Along with his brother, he organized parishioners into a security force, armed with a collection of weapons ranging from surplus military muskets to bayonets stuck on brush handles. When, in July, the church’s neighbors realized the extent of his preparations, they concluded that the Catholics were planning to murder their Protestant neighbors in their sleep. Mobbing the church, they launched a second wave of riots, and even bombarded the church with a stolen cannon. Eventually, the county’s militia arrived in force and fired into the crowd. By the time the fighting was over, two dozen Americans were dead, and the nation was in shock.

 

Throughout all of this, leading nativists insisted that they tolerated all religions. “We do not interfere with any man’s religious creed or religious liberty,” asserted one. “A man may be a Turk, a Jew or a Christian, a Catholic, Methodist or a Presbyterian, and we say nothing against it, but accord to all a liberty of conscience.” He then immediately revealed the limits of his tolerance: “When we remember that our Pilgrim Fathers landed on Plymouth rock, to establish the Protestant religion, free from persecution, we must contend that this was and always will be a Protestant country!” That second sentiment—the insistence that the country truly belonged to members of one creed—explains the fury of the mob.

 

The same cramped view of religious liberty echoes in Santorum’s speech. As a Catholic, Santorum unsurprisingly identifies America with “the morals and teachings of Jesus Christ,” rather than only Protestantism. He also calls the United States “a country that was based on Judeo-Christian principles,” letting Jews halfway into his club. But any effort to privilege some religions over others reminds us that purported advocates of tolerance may be religious supremacists under the skin. Pursuing religious liberty for one’s own kind is only the beginning of freedom. Securing liberty to all is the true achievement.

 

Jerusalem: A Divided and Invented City

News Abroad
tags: colonialism, Israel, Palestine, Jerusalem, urban history, British Mandate


by James A.S. Sunderland

James A. S. Sunderland is a DPhil student at Merton College, Oxford where he holds scholarships from both the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and Clarendon Fund. His work looks at Britain’s relationship with the Yishuv, the Jewish population of pre-state Israel.

Photo Andrew Shiva CC BY-SA 4.0

 

 

There are few cities on earth which can trigger the heights of passion and anger that Jerusalem can. The current round of violence between Israel and Hamas, the worst in recent years, is further proof of this. Israel’s decision to restrict access to parts of the Old City of Jerusalem during the month of Ramadan and evict several Arab families from the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood, just north of the Old City, led Hamas to launch a series of rocket attacks on Israel far exceeding anything seen in the last bout of fighting in 2014.

Hamas, already frustrated by the cancelation of this year’s Palestinian elections by President Mahmoud Abbas (in which Hamas would have likely made significant gains), chose to escalate tensions and present itself as the dynamic, active party of Palestinian resistance to Israeli rule. This decision, combined with the Israeli response, has come at a horrific cost. Yet the leadership of Hamas have claimed their PR victory, being hailed by some as the ‘defenders of Jerusalem,’ while the leadership of the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank looks even more inert and impotent than ever.

In fact, the city that Hamas claims to be defending is, in large part, the invention of a British administration that ruled the city for just over 30 years from 1917 to 1948. Traces of the British Mandate are everywhere: from red post boxes on street corners, to the distinctive Armenian tiled street signs in the Old City – an invention of the city’s first governor, Sir Ronald Storrs, who saw Jerusalem more as an Orientalist arts and crafts project than the dynamic, multi-cultural and evolving city that it was.

Many of the divisions we see in Jerusalem today can be traced back to events following December 11, 1917, when General Allenby and British forces entered the Old City in their victory parade and proceeded to shape it into an Orientalist mirage, altogether detached from reality on the ground.

The dismembering of the Old City into Jewish, Muslim, Christian, and Armenian Quarters dates back, at the earliest, to the 19th century imaginations of Western visitors who noted the cross shape of the Old City, with two long roads running North-South and East-West dividing the city in four, and duly made their assumptions. These assumptions were deeply flawed.

Ashkenazi Jews would rent accommodation in the Christian Quarter, Muslims and Jews would live on the same streets in the Muslim Quarter, and people moved through the city with ease, interacting along complex networks tied to patronage, trade and class rather than along confessional or ethnic lines. Residents understood the city through their relation to their ethnically and religiously diverse localities or neighborhoods. Ya’akov Yehoshua, who grew up in the Old City during the first decade of the 20th century, reminisced that

Jews and Muslims shared residential courtyards. We resembled a single family and socialized together. Our mothers unburdened themselves of their troubles to Muslim women, who in turn confided in our mothers. The Muslim women taught themselves to speak Ladino. They frequently used the proverbs and sayings of this tongue.

Of course, we must not imagine that the city was an ethnically and religiously diverse utopia – it was not. Religious and ethnic prejudices were not absent from residents’ interactions. Nevertheless, people of all faiths and backgrounds rubbed alongside each other in the city, by and large without conflict.

After 1917, the western projection of a divided city was translated into a policy of segregation under the colonial power’s pre-existing assumptions about the existence of such divisions, and the belief that different ethnic and religious groups could not, and should not mix. It was a racial, confessional, and spatial policy divorced from reality. Indeed, so strong were existing identities that it wasn’t until the 1930s that the local population came to think of themselves as belonging to a “Jewish,” “Muslim,” “Christian” or “Armenian” quarter, by which time the British had cemented the idea into their administrative, construction and social policies.

The visual language of the city, as well as its communities, were also reshaped by the British. Britain viewed Palestine through a biblical lens. As Prime Minister David Lloyd George put it, “I was taught far more history of the Jews than about my own land. I could tell you all the kings of Israel.” British administrators strove to preserve this biblical city, so familiar to them from their Christian upbringings. This “preservation” was encoded in British infrastructure projects throughout the city and the building codes promulgated in 1918 by the Alexandria City Engineer, William McLean, brought to Jerusalem by Storrs. Building in the Old City was severely restricted, with new building encouraged only in the new city beyond. Even there, regulations meant buildings had to be low (so as not to obscure the Old City and Mount of Olives). There were to be no industrial buildings, and new buildings had to be faced in stone or other “approved material” matching the character of the Old City. It is hard to exaggerate the importance this last point. Storrs (who viewed the local stone as imbued with “a hallowed and immemorial tradition”) and McLean had set the character of modern Jerusalem, stretching far beyond the walls of the Old City. The “ancient” sandy stone was turned into Jerusalem’s visual language, one which the British permeated with religious and historical meaning, while other local building practices, not in keeping with the British view of the city, were banned.

Ahead of this May’s now cancelled Palestinian legislative elections, the competing parties revised, polished and released their logos. That of Hamas shows the Dome of the Rock at the centre, flanked by other parts of the Old City’s architecture. A banner in Arabic above states “Jerusalem is our promise.” Jerusalem is just over 75 kilometers (46 miles) away from Gaza, yet few residents or Hamas members will ever have visited it. But even for Hamas, besides the religious significance represented by the Dome of the Rock, it is the visual imagery of an “ancient,” sandy stoned city that they conjure in their mind’s eye when they think of Jerusalem.

Meanwhile, far-right Israeli desires to “reclaim” the city and expel Arab residents from the Old City and eastern part of the new city, have no basis in Jerusalem’s recent history. Muslims, Jews and Christians mixed, made business deals, lived and socialized together less than 100 years ago in the very streets which far-right extremists now claim exclusive right to.

The stylised image for both sides is a Jerusalem that was created, carefully moulded and “preserved” by the orientalist imaginations of British officials and administrative apparatchiks. The fight to be the “defenders of Jerusalem” is the fight over a sanitized, stylised image of a city which has been largely invented and whose divisions, cemented by years of British, Jordanian and Israeli rule, date back to 1917.

There is a glimmer of hope though. Although right-wing parties now control the majority of seats in the Knesset, Israel’s parliament, grass roots peace activists have long been fighting to bring Jews and Arabs, Israelis and Palestinians together in Jerusalem and to find ways, if not to solve the thorny issues surrounding Jerusalem’s future, then at least to learn to coexist and work together for a more peaceful future. Recent events have galvanized them and led others to come out and support their efforts. If divisions, mental and physical, can ever be dismantled, it will be through the work of ordinary people like these.

The British government may require National Health Service workers to be inoculated against COVID-19 _ a controversial proposal that was immediately criticized by opposition leaders as counterproductive

By DANICA KIRKA Associated Press

30 May 2021, 

LONDON -- The British government may require National Health Service workers to be inoculated against COVID-19 — a contentious proposal that was immediately criticized by opposition leaders as counterproductive.

The U.K. government's vaccine minister, Nadhim Zahawi, told Sky News on Sunday that officials were considering the move in hopes of preventing medical workers from spreading COVID-19 to their patients. The government has already asked the public to comment on a similar requirement for care home employees.

“It’s absolutely the right thing and would be incumbent on any responsible government to have the debate, to do the thinking as to how we go about protecting the most vulnerable by making sure that those who look after them are vaccinated,’’ Zahawi said. “There is precedent for this. Obviously, surgeons get vaccinated for hepatitis B, so it is something that we are absolutely thinking about.’’

British authorities are scrambling to protect their plans to lift all COVID-19 restrictions on June 21, allowing people to enjoy their summer holidays, amid concern about a fast-spreading variant that was first discovered in India. New infections and coronavirus-related deaths have risen over the past week, though the current figures are still a fraction of the levels reported during the January peak.

While Britain has Europe’s highest coronavirus death toll, at over 128,000 people, public health officials say the situation has improved since last winter because of the rapid rollout of vaccines. More than 74% of British adults have received at least one dose of vaccine.

The opposition Labour Party was quick to condemn the proposal for compulsory vaccinations, saying it would be better to work with staff to address their concerns than to force them to get the shot.

“Given we have got a recruitment crisis in parts of the NHS, I think it’s far more important we try and work with staff rather than against them,’’ said lawmaker Thangam Debbonaire, a party spokesperson on such issues. “Threatening staff, I don’t think, is a good idea.”

Does Hospital’s Order for All Employees to get COVID-19 Vaccination with Emergency Authorized Product Violate Nuremberg Code? Employees vs. Houston Methodist

TrialSite Staff May 30, 2021

Does a healthcare employer have the right to force employees to be vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine that has yet to be formally approved and registered by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)? The current COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized for emergency use, but not formally registered and this underpins a legal argument from 100 employees in a lawsuit in response to Houston Methodist hospital’s declaration that all 26,000 of their workers must be vaccinated against COVID-19 by June 7th. Those that don’t follow the orders may be terminated, according to the lawsuit. Specifically, 117 employees came together and filed suit in Montgomery County alleging that Houston Methodist is “illegally requiring its employees to be injected with an experimental vaccine as a condition of employment.” Because the vaccine products are not formally registered with the FDA (meaning approved), they are still deemed “experimental” and hence goes the argument that forcing them to get the jab actually violates the medical ethics code strictly precluding medical experimentation without voluntary consent as understood in the Nuremberg Code and in the Declaration of Helsinki.

While the hospital is a private employer, the legality of the claim is up for debate. Apparently, Houston Methodist CEO Dr. Marc Bloom had a letter sent to employees declaring that everyone needed to be vaccinated by June 7, noting that no compliance could lead to suspension and ultimately termination.
‘Human Guinea Pigs’

According to ABC News, Jared Woodfill serves as the plaintiffs’ counsel who suggested to that news network that the hospital was seeking to have all of the employees vaccinated to ultimately boost profits, that is tout to the market the benefit of a hospital where there’s ubiquitous vaccination. The attorney declared of the edict “It is a severe and blatant violation of the Nuremberg Code and the public policy of the state of Texas.” He noted that the “Defendants’ employees are being forced to serve as human ‘guinea pigs.’
Request Injunction

The plaintiffs’ attorney suggests that the violative nature of policy necessitates a temporary injunction, preventing the healthcare center from essentially firing employees who for whatever reason won’t or cannot accept the shots.
Defendant’s Point of View

Just recently, new federal guidance seems to favor the employer’s position here. A federal agency known as the Equal Opportunity Employment Commission offered new guidance recently that allows employers to require vaccination of employees re-entering the workplace but they must offer alternative arrangements for those who cannot adhere to the policy for health or religious reasons. See the guidance.

Call to Action: See the new federal guidance on this subject here.

WIDESPREAD FAILURES —
Texas’ “failsafe” generators failed, risking weeks-long catastrophe

Black start generators—and their backups—failed en masse during deep freeze.

TIM DE CHANT - 5/28/2021

Enlarge / A worker repairs a power line in Austin, Texas, on Thursday, Feb. 18, 2021.

Texas’ days-long power outages during last February’s deep freeze almost stretched into weeks or even months thanks to a string of failures at “black start” generators.

More than half of the state’s 28 black start generators, which are crucial for bringing a collapsed grid back to life, experienced outages themselves, according to a new report by The Wall Street Journal. Of the 13 primary generators, nine encountered trouble, as did six of 15 secondary generators acting as backups in case the primary backups failed. Some had trouble getting enough fuel to run, while others were damaged by the cold weather.

“Having had experience for almost two decades with utilities, it’s genuinely inconceivable to me—even in today’s massively deregulated environment—I cannot imagine how any regulatory oversight got itself into this position,” said Evan Wilner, who served as Delaware’s first public advocate representing utility customers.

While one black start generator is theoretically enough to bring a grid back to life, the process would take an exceptionally long time, which is why grids have many such generators standing by.

Five minutes from catastrophe

Early on the morning of February 15, Texas came within five minutes of needing its troubled black start generators. Fossil fuel generators began tripping offline and wind turbines were freezing, eventually causing more than 35 GW of capacity to become unavailable. Cold temperatures were driving demand higher, and the grid’s frequency began dropping dangerously.

FURTHER READINGTexas gov knew of natural gas shortages days before blackout, blamed wind anyway

Just before 2 am, as the frequency dropped to 59.4 Hz and then to 59.3 Hz, grid operators began “shedding load,” a technical term for cutting off power to portions of the grid. That action reduced demand, which brought the frequency back closer to the target of 60 Hz.

If grid operators had been unable to bring the frequency back up, the power plants that had been generating would have been forced offline to avoid damage to their equipment. Already widespread outages would have spread even further, plunging more of Texas into darkness.

If the grid had collapsed, Texas would have needed to turn to its black start generators to slowly bring each power plant back online. But when the state would have needed them most, many generators were unable to fulfill their duties. The black start generator at the massive 3.65 GW coal- and gas-fired W.A. Parish power plant was down for 17 hours on February 15, the day the outages began. Black start at another large generator, the 1 GW T.H. Wharton plant, was down for 84 hours that week because its air intake was frozen. The average length of outages across all black start generators in Texas during the deep freeze was 40 hours.

Black start power

Without working black start generators, power plants cut off from the grid have no way of getting back online. All power plants, including nuclear and hydroelectric, require electricity to jump-start their operations. Without power, pumps can’t feed water to boilers, and spillways can’t open to allow water to course through their turbines. Even the generators themselves require a small amount of electricity to excite the electromagnetic fields in their rotors. Larger power plants generally require larger black start generators, and those units may require smaller generators to get cranking.

Some power plants that provide black start services are finding the economics challenging, according to the WSJ report. One small hydroelectric plant in West Virginia says it spends $65,000 to comply with black start regulations but earns only $51,000 a year for the service.

Every North American grid has black start generators, but there’s no nationwide standard regulating them. Each state or grid operator decides how to operate the generators. Some use a mix of fossil fuel generators and hydroelectric dams. Hydro is particularly attractive because the fuel source is often more reliable—as long as there’s water behind the dam, the generators require just a small amount of power, either from a generator or a battery, to ramp up to full capacity.Advertisement

But Texas no longer has any hydroelectric black start facilities. All of its black start generators use natural gas as a primary fuel, and only 13 generators at six sites can use fuel oil as a backup. When natural gas supplies run short, generators without an alternate fuel source are unable to provide vital services to the grid. Plant operators are required to maintain a reserve supply of fuel, but it wasn’t clear during the February freeze that they were all fulfilling this obligation. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas, or ERCOT, which manages most of the state’s electrical grid, is reportedly in the process of trying to recover some of the payments made to black start facilities that failed during the outage.

Myriad costs

Utilities in Texas may not have trouble recouping their costs, though. Texas lawmakers are on the verge of passing bills that would allow gas and electric utilities and cooperatives to issue state-approved bonds that would be backed by additional charges on customers’ bills, according to the Texas Tribune.

FURTHER READING Texas’ power grid crumples under the cold

Utilities and cooperatives ran up massive debts when ERCOT set the maximum wholesale rate at $9,000 per MWh, and natural gas prices spiked as supplies tanked. If the bills pass, natural gas utilities could issue $4.5 billion in ratepayer-backed bonds, and electric cooperatives could issue $2 billion in bonds. Retail electric providers could finance $2.1 billion for power bought but never received, and ERCOT would receive an $800 million loan from the rainy day fund to pay companies that are still owed money.

The financial toll is just a sideshow to the human costs of the disaster, though. While 151 deaths have been officially attributed to the outages, a new BuzzFeed News report suggests that the tally is likely closer to 700.

SWING AND A MISS —
CDC loosened mask guidance to encourage vaccination—it failed spectacularly
FDA approval and paid time off would make people more likely to get a shot, poll finds.

BETH MOLE - 5/28/2021, 

Enlarge / A thrown-away surgical mask lays on the ground.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stunned health officials and experts on May 13 with the abrupt announcement that people fully vaccinated against COVID-19 could forgo masking in most settings—indoor, outdoor, uncrowded, and crowded alike. The guidance was a stark reversal from the health agency’s previous stance, issued just two weeks earlier, that still recommended vaccinated people wear masks among crowds and in many indoor, uncrowded settings.

The CDC said at the time that it was merely following the science for masking. The agency and its director, Rochelle Walensky, highlighted fresh, real-world studies demonstrating COVID-19 vaccines’ high efficacy and ability to lower transmission risks. But the update was also part of an overt effort to encourage vaccination among the vaccine hesitant by emphasizing the perks of being vaccinated—like not needing to wear masks anymore and reclaiming other bits of normal life.

That messaging shift came as states across the country started to see their pace of vaccination slow despite a glut of vaccine doses. Numerous polls have indicated that most of the people eager to get vaccinated already have. Now, with just 62 percent of the US adult population vaccinated, much of the remaining unvaccinated portion is either hesitant or resistant to being vaccinated. It’s that group of people the CDC was trying to reach with the new mask guidance.

“The science is also very clear about unvaccinated people,” Walensky said during the May 13 press briefing, in which she announced the mask guidance update. “[Unvaccinated people] remain at risk of mild or severe illness, of death, or spreading the disease to others. You should still mask, and you should get vaccinated right away… Your health and how soon you return to normal life before the pandemic are in your very capable hands.”Advertisement

Mask blunder

The mask update immediately generated confusion and controversy given the reversal and its abruptness. And according to fresh polling data, the guidance failed spectacularly at convincing unvaccinated people to get vaccinated.


FURTHER READING

CDC defends its abrupt reversal on masks after backlash from expertsIn new results 

from the Kaiser Family Foundation’s ongoing COVID-19 vaccine monitoring poll, 85 percent of unvaccinated people said the CDC’s loosened mask guidance for fully vaccinated people made “no difference” to their vaccination plans. Only 10 percent said the change made them “more likely” to get vaccinated and a final 4 percent or so said the change made them “less likely” to get a shot.

It gets worse. The poll broke unvaccinated people into three groups: people who said they would “definitely not” get vaccinated, people who would get vaccinated “only if required,” or people who would “wait and see.” Those most resistant to getting vaccinated were the least likely to be swayed by the CDC’s latest guidance. Among the “definitely not” group, 98 percent said the change made no difference to them and the remaining 2 percent said they were less likely to get vaccinated—zero percent said they were more likely to get a vaccine. For the “only if required” group, 89 percent said the CDC change made no difference.

Overall in the poll—which collects data on a nationally representative sampling of adults—62 percent said they had already gotten their vaccine (which tracks with CDC vaccination data), 12 percent said they would wait and see about vaccination, 7 percent said they would only get vaccinated if they were required, and 13 percent said they would “definitely not” get vaccinated. That “definitely not” portion has largely remained the same throughout the polling, which stretches back to December.

While the CDC’s loosened masking guidance was clearly not persuasive to the unvaccinated, the poll explored other tactics that could boost vaccination. The two ideas that seemed to have the most sway were: 1) if the Food and Drug Administration grants a vaccine full approval, rather than the current Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA); and 2) if employers provided paid time off to get vaccinated and recover from any side effects, like feeling under the weather the day after a dose.

FDA approval and PTO

A total of 32 percent of unvaccinated people said a full FDA approval (a Biologics License Application [BLA] approval) would make them more likely to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Currently, all three vaccines available in the US have been granted an EUA. The FDA grants EUAs only during public health emergencies, like the COVID-19 pandemic, through a process that is fast-tracked compared with a full BLA approval.

Importantly, both tracks require efficacy and safety data from massive Phase III clinical trials. The main difference between an EUA and full approval is the amount of time that people in the clinical trials are followed after full vaccination. Typically, the FDA likes to have at least six months of follow-up data from a vaccine trail. This allows the trial runners and the FDA to look at how well vaccine protection holds up over that time and if any rare side effects crop up. For an EUA, the follow-up period may only be around two months.

However, the difference is largely moot at this point. With nearly 167 million people in the US alone already given at least one shot, regulators have a wealth of post-market safety data. Also, Pfizer and BioNTech announced in April that they had six-months of trial follow-up data that confirmed the vaccine’s high efficacy and found no safety concerns. Earlier this month, Pfizer and BioNTech, as well as Moderna, announced that they have started a rolling data-submission process for a BLA.

Still, a full approval would seem to go a long way for swaying vaccine holdouts. Forty-four percent of the unvaccinated people in the “wait and see” group said a full FDA approval would make them more likely to get a vaccine, and 29 percent of the “only if required” group said the same.

That’s a far larger effect than those seen with some of the other vaccination boosters mentioned in the poll, such as free Uber rides to vaccine sites or $100 cash for getting a shot. The only thing that came close was paid time off for getting vaccinated and recovering. Twenty-one percent of employed unvaccinated poll respondents said the paid time off would make them more likely to get a vaccine.

Tens of thousands protest in Brazil

Crowds demand Bolsonaro's impeachment and better vaccine access

SAO PAULO, BRAZIL – MAY 29: A demonstrator holds a sign against Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro that reads ‘Genocidal out’ during a protest against his government at Paulista avenue on May 29, 2021 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Demonstrations against Jair Bolsonaro take place today in over 100 cities of Brazil. Brazilian president faces a probe carried by the Congress over his response to the pandemic. Protestors have a wide range of demands, including impeachment for Bolsonaro, increase of emergency economic aid, end of violence against black population and urgent arrival of vaccines to speed up inoculation. Brazil is being hit hard by the third wave of the coronavirus pandemic and has reported over 457,000 deaths as cases continue to surge. (Photo by Miguel Schincariol/Getty Images)
By CNN.COM

PUBLISHED: May 30, 2021 

By Marcia Reverdosa and Rodrigo Pedroso | CNN

Tens of thousands of Brazilians took to the streets Saturday to voice their frustrations with President Jair Bolsonaro’s handling of the Covid-19 crisis, in what appeared to be the largest protests the country has seen since the pandemic began last year.

Demonstrators in some of the country’s largest cities, including Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Brasilia, called for the president’s impeachment and better access to Covid-19 vaccines. Many protesters did not appear to be practicing social distancing, although most wore masks.

Brazil is facing a possible third wave of Covid-19, with the Health Ministry reporting 79,670 new Covid-19 cases and 2,012 coronavirus-related deaths on Saturday. The country has recorded more than 460,000 deaths from Covid-19 and 16 million infections.

Of its population of more than 210 million, around 19 million — or fewer than 9.4% — have been fully vaccinated.

Bolsonaro repeatedly downplayed the pandemic in its initial stages. He previously called Covid-19 a “little flu” and sabotaged efforts to implement social distancing or lockdowns. Signs referring to Bolsonaro’s actions amounting to a “genocide” were seen at the demonstrations.

Brazil’s Senate is conducting an inquiry into the Bolsonaro government’s handling of the pandemic.
On GPS: Latin America's Covid crisis

In Sao Paulo, protesters expressed frustration with Bolsonaro’s policies.

Nurse Patricia Ferreira said Bolsonaro was “worse than the virus at the moment.”

“We are exhausted, with our healthcare system on the verge of collapse,” she said. “There is no solution to the pandemic with him (Bolsonaro) in power.”

Student Beatriz Fernanda Silva said she was demonstrating to honor her uncle, who she said was killed by Covid-19 at age 42.

“I came here to fight for the vaccine that he was unable to get and could have saved him. He died at the end of February and left two children and a wife,” the student said.

She said she recognized the risk she was taking by “being on the street in the middle of a pandemic,” but thought it was important to speak out.

“A lot of people are dying. Bolsonaro should do something about it, but from the start, he treated it with total neglect,” Silva told CNN.

The protests were largely peaceful, except for Pernambuco state capital Recife, where the police used rubber bullets, gas bombs, and pepper spray to disperse the crowd. Videos circulating on social media appeared to show one protester was shot in the eye by a rubber bullet and police were seen using pepper spray on Liana Cisne, a local councilwoman from the Worker´s Party.

Pernambuco state vice-governor Luciana Santos said the order to disperse the protesters did not come from the government and an investigation has been launched into police tactics. Governor Paulo Camara has suspended the police commander and officers involved, until the end of the inquiry.

The protests came a week after a motorbike rally President Bolsonaro organized in Rio de Janeiro. There, he advocated against restrictive measures while his supporters called for the overthrow of Brazil’s Supreme Court, which has given local governors and mayors the ability to enforce measures to prevent the spread of the virus.

Brazilian protesters call for Bolsonaro's impeachment
MAY 29, 2021 /

A protester holds a placard during protest against his Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro's government during a demonstration in Brasilia, Brazil Saturday. Photo by Joédson Alves/EPA-EFE

May 29 (UPI) -- Tens of thousands of protesters have taken to the streets in Brazilian cities to demand President Jair Bolsonaro be impeached over his response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which has killed nearly half a million people in the country.

The demonstrations are estimated to be the largest anti-Bolsonaro actions since the first cases of the virus were reported in the country, The Guardian reported.

As of Saturday, the novel coronavirus has killed 461,057 Brazilians and sickened 16.5 million people in the country, according to Johns Hopkins University's COVID-19 tracker, giving the country the second highest official death toll after the United States.

Many demonstrators in Rio carried homemade placards to commemorate loved ones they have lost to the virus.

Luiz Dantas, 18, who marched carrying a photo of his deceased 75-year-old grandfather, told The Guardian, "The culprit has a first and a second name," in reference to Bolsonaro's response to the virus.

A Brazilian Senate commission is investigating Bolsonaro's coronavirus policies, including allegations that his administration promoted unproven remedies, failed to secure vaccines and pressured local leaders who wanted to impose stricter health restrictions, Al Jazeera reported.

"Today is a decisive milestone in the battle to defeat Bolsonaro's genocidal administration," said Silvia de Mendonça, 55, a civil rights activist from Brazil's Unified Black Movement as she led protesters through Rio's city center.

Thousands of people protested against Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro on Saturday in Rio de Janeiro, calling for his impeachment and criticizing his handling of the pandemic.(May 29)

UK

Two-thirds of retailers face legal action in July over unpaid rents
BY TOM BOTTOMLEY
-30TH MAY 2021

© TheIndustry.fashion

On 30 June 2021 the moratorium on aggressive debt collection from commercial landlords will end, opening up thousands of retailers to legal action, according to a new survey by the British Retail Consortium (BRC).

With many retailers closed for large periods during the last fifteen months, many have accrued huge debts that they are only just beginning to be able to pay. Total rent debt is estimated to be £2.9bn.

Almost one third (30%) of retailers say they have already faced County Court Judgements (CCJs) from commercial landlords. Furthermore, 80% of tenants said some landlords have given them less than a year to pay back rent arrears accrued during the pandemic.

Already, one in seven shops lie empty (according to the BRC-LDC Vacancy Monitor, Q1, 2021), with that number expected to rise. The BRC says that without action the end of the moratorium could result in “a tsunami of closures.”

The government introduced a Code of Practice last year to address the outstanding debt issues. Unfortunately, the BRC says two thirds of those surveyed described the code as ‘ineffective’ due to its voluntary nature.

The BRC is urging the government to give the code greater weight and take other measures to support tenants and landlords, including:

Ringfencing the rent arrears built up during the pandemic and extend the moratorium on repayment of these debts to the end of the year

Extending the protections on these debts to include County Court Judgements (CCJs)
Introducing compulsory arbitration from 1 January, 2022, using the Code of Practice, to give teeth to this otherwise weak process

Retailers are running out of time to save their businesses. Where agreement cannot be reached by 1 July, 2021, between retailers and landlords, many shops will find themselves unable to maintain their presence on high streets, shopping centres and retail parks.

Helen Dickinson, Chief Executive of the BRC, said: “Many retailers have taken a battering over the pandemic, but they are now getting back on their feet and playing their part in reinvigorating the economy. The unpaid rents accrued during the pandemic, when most shops were shut, are a £2.9 billion ball and chain that hold back growth and investment and could result in a tsunami of closures.

“The government must ringfence the rent debts built up during the pandemic, giving retailers breathing space as they wait for footfall and cash flows to return. With this in place, all parties can work on a sustainable long-term solution, one that shares the pain wrought by the pandemic more equally between landlords and tenants. Without action, it will be our city centres, our high streets and our shopping centres that suffer the consequences, holding back the wider economic recovery.”

The BRC survey was conducted in April and May, 2021, and respondents account for over £12bn in turnover and 5,000 stores.

UK companies face pressure over links to Belarus regime
Ben Quinn
THE GUARDIAN

30/5/2021

The role of UK companies in allegedly helping to prop up Europe’s so-called “last dictatorship” is coming under unprecedented pressure amid signs that lobbying by Belarusian exiles and others is paying off.

© Provided by The Guardian Photograph: Niall Carson/PA Belarusian exiles have stepped up lobbying in the wake of the arrest of the journalist Raman Pratasevich and his partner.

Rolls-Royce and British American Tobacco are among the firms that have responded to lobbying by the Belarusian diaspora and indicated they were willing to take action.

In the wake of the “hijacking” last Sunday of a Ryanair plane and the arrest of two passengers onboard, the Belarusian journalist Raman Pratasevich and his Russian girlfriend, activists in the UK have stepped up lobbying of the holders of Belarus bonds listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE).

But among the UK-based companies to have responded are some which have been alerted to alleged severe violations of workers’ rights to assemble, strike and form independent trade unions at Belarusian state-owned enterprises.

They include Rolls-Royce, which is a supplier of BelAZ, a Belarusian vehicle factory and one of the world’s largest manufacturers of large dump trucks. Rolls-Royce confirmed to the Guardian that it was investigating concerns raised about the relationship between its Power Systems business, based in Germany, and BelAZ.

“Depending on the outcome, we may choose to take action in relation to our existing and any future business relationship,” the company said. “We are guided by our values when considering such matters and, of course, we comply in full with any applicable sanctions.”

Protests have continued outside the offices of British American Tobacco over its connections with the state-owned Grodno Tobacco Factory (GTF) Neman. The largest cigarette factory in Belarus makes cigarettes under licence for BAT.

“Britain is a window to the world. It is a high financial centre. It has an important role in trade despite Brexit. So we are stepping up our campaign,” said a spokesperson for the Professional Union of Belarusians in Britain. “BAT has been an important example, but we have also, for example, become aware of indications that some British companies are actually buying wood from Belarus and the figures there have been quite significant. We are going to investigate that as well.

“In terms of British business, their attitude so far has been pretty much along the lines of ‘as long as we can make money we do’. Many big companies have codes of conduct with pleasant-sounding wording, but there are questions about how they are employed in practice when it comes to Belarus.”

A BAT spokesperson said the company was committed to complying with all the applicable local and international legislative requirements as well as its own standards.

“In line with our commitment to respect human rights, this year we will undertake additional actions: BAT Belarus will be subject to an enhanced human rights due-diligence process; and the GTF Neman factory, as a supplier to the BAT Group, will be subject to an onsite workplace conditions assessment by our third-party audit provider.”

Dominic Raab, the foreign secretary, was urged by his Labour shadow, Lisa Nandy, to impose sanctions against state-owned enterprises in Belarus – some of which continue to have UK subsidiaries, such as BNK (UK).

Raab has castigated what he described as a “reckless, cynical and dangerous hijacking of the Ryanair flight by the Belarus government” and said further sanctions were being considered against Belarus. The operating permit for Belavia, the country’s state-owned airline, has been suspended in the UK.

In June 2020 the Belarus finance ministry issued two sovereign eurobonds on the London Stock Exchange for a total of $1.25bn (£880m). In a posting on the LSE’s website, Ayuna Nechaeva, the LSE’s head of Europe, described the listing as “testament to the high level of investor demand in the Belarusian story”. The LSE declined to comment when approached by the Guardian.

Belarusian editor arrested amid crackdown on journalists


KYIV, Ukraine (AP) — The chief editor of a popular Internet news site in one of Belarus’ largest cities was detained Sunday amid a crackdown on independent journalists and opponents of authoritarian President Alexander Lukashenko.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

Police said they were investigating Hrodna. life editor Aliaksei Shota on suspicion of extremism.

The publication focuses on Belarus’ fifth-largest city, Grodno. City police said the website “posted information products that were duly recognized as extremist,” but didn't give details. It wasn't immediately clear if Shota had been formally charged with extremism, which can carry a prison sentence of up to 10 years.

Shota had collaborated with the country’s most popular internet portal Tut.by, which authorities closed this month after arresting 15 employees.

Belarus’ crackdown escalated a week ago with the arrest of dissident journalist Raman Pratasevich jand his girlfriend who were aboard a commercial flight that was diverted to the Minsk airport because of an alleged bomb threat. The flight was flying over Belarus en route from Athens, Greece, to Vilnius, Lithuania.

The move sparked wide denunciation in the West as an act of hijacking and demands for Pratasevich's release. The European Union banned flights from Belarus.

Pratasevich is charged with organizing riots, a charge that carries a potential sentence of 15 years.

The day after his arrest, authorities released a brief video in which Pratasevich said he was confessing, but observers said the statement appeared to be forced.

The Belarusian human rights group Viasna said Sunday that Pratasevich had received a package from his sister but that an unspecified book had been taken from it.

Large protests broke out last August after a presidential election that officials said overwhelmingly gave a sixth term in office to Lukashenko, who has consistently repressed opposition since coming to power in 1994.

Police detained more than 30,000 people in the course of the protests, which persisted for months. Although protests died down during the winter, authorities have continued strong actions against opposition supporters and independent journalists.

The Associated Press