STAR FISH / SEA STARS
New study uncovers taxonomic breakthrough in the common ophiuroid Ophiothrix angulata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)
IMAGE: INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY COLLECTION, FLORIDA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, AND Y. QUETZALLI HERNÁNDEZ-DÍAZ. view more
CREDIT: FLORIDA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY & UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
Ophiothrix angulata, a widely recognized and prevalent ophiuroid species in the Western Atlantic, has long been the subject of taxonomic debate due to its remarkable morphological diversity. A new study just published in PeerJ Life & Environment has shed light on the species' taxonomy, revealing a significant scientific breakthrough.
Led by a team of researchers from Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Universidad Católica del Maule and Florida Natural History Museum, the comprehensive study aimed to assess species delimitation and geographic differentiation within O. angulata. Quetzalli Hernández, co-author of the study, emphasizes the need for an integrative approach: "We tried to unravel the genetic relationship between the various shapes and colorations of the arm in the ophiuroid species Ophiothrix angulata. This species is widely distributed across different latitudes and depths, and its classification has caused confusion since its description almost 200 years ago, due to the great variety of colorations and subtle differences observed, which have confused alpha taxonomists who have relied solely on morphological characteristics. So, to address this taxonomic challenge, we adopted an integrative approach, conducting separate analyses on multiple types of genetic and morphological data before combining them. By compiling extensive evidence and adhering to species definition criteria, we have determined that Ophiothrix angulata represents a species complex with cryptic diversity more or less delimited within large geographic regions. Undertaking this task was undeniably challenging, yet equally exhilarating."
The study revealed significant discoveries regarding Ophiothrix angulata, which has traditionally been recognized as a single species. Hernández explained the findings, stating, "In the northwestern Atlantic distribution, we have identified two distinct genetic clades using the COI (mitochondrial) and ITS2 (nuclear) genetic markers. Notably, this genetic differentiation aligns with the variations observed in the shape of the ventral and dorsal arm plates. By combining genetic and morphometric data through integrative analyses, we have gathered substantial evidence to support the existence of more than one species within the cryptic complex of Ophiothrix angulata. One of these genetic clades reveals that a group previously classified as O. angulata belongs to a newly ophiuroid species. Additionally, an exhaustive analysis of the arm coloration patterns has provided scientific evidence indicating that coloration alone is not a reliable morphological characteristic for distinguishing the different genetic clades within our study. This finding holds great significance for the O. angulata species complex, as it challenges the validity of subspecies that were described solely based on coloration patterns in the 19th century, which remain relevant today."
The identification of multiple species within the Ophiothrix angulata complex demonstrates the importance of integrating various data types in taxonomic studies. This breakthrough not only enhances our understanding of the species' evolutionary history but also has implications for conservation efforts and management strategies.
The study serves as a milestone in the field of ophiuroid research and highlights the value of interdisciplinary approaches. It paves the way for further exploration into the ecology, behavior, and distribution patterns of these newly identified species within Ophiothrix angulata.
Collecting Ophiuroid Ophiothrix angulata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) (IMAGE)
Yoalli Quetzalli Hernández-Díaz
CREDIT
Yoalli Quetzalli Hernández-Díaz
JOURNAL
PeerJ
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Observational study
ARTICLE TITLE
Integrative species delimitation in the common ophiuroid Ophiothrix angulata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): insights from COI, ITS2, arm coloration, and geometric morphometrics
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
17-Jul-2023
A deep dive into the evolution of clownfish
IMAGE: THE CLOWNFISH AMPHIPRION PERIDERAION IN THE SEA ANEMONE HETERACTIS MAGNIFICA. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN BY SARA HEIM IN NEW CALEDONIA. view more
CREDIT: SARA HEIM, OUP
Clownfish, renowned for their vibrant colors and unusual symbiotic relationship with sea anemones, have long captivated the imagination of scientists and nature enthusiasts alike. They also serve as a promising model organism for studying adaptive radiations, as their interactions with sea anemones appears to have triggered their rapid diversification into 28 species. Despite the clownfish’s popularity, however, the genetic basis and evolutionary mechanisms behind their extraordinary radiation have remained largely unexplored until now. A new study published in Genome Biology and Evolution, titled “Insights into the Genomics of Clownfish Adaptive Radiation: the Genomic Substrate of the Diversification”, provides new insights into the genomic architecture and evolutionary mechanisms that have allowed clownfish to diversify and thrive in various ecological niches.
The study, conducted by Anna Marcionetti and Nicolas Salamin from the University of Lausanne, compared the genome sequences of ten clownfish species grouped into five pairs based on phylogenetic relatedness. Each pair included one generalist clownfish species, which may associate with several different sea anemone hosts, and one specialist species, which inhabit just a single species of anemone. Thus, there was ecological and phenotypic divergence within pairs in terms of host usage, as well as patterns of ecological and phenotypic convergence across pairs. This unique design allowed the researchers to investigate the roles of parallel and convergent evolution following the clownfish radiation.
"Adaptive radiations have always interested me because they can help us understand the mechanisms behind the origin of species,” stated Salamin. “Being able to combine new genomic resources to study in detail the genetic mechanisms of the clownfish radiation is exciting because it can help us understand how this iconic group has evolved and how species have adapted to sea anemones, which is such an intriguing mutualistic interaction.”
The study’s findings indicate that hybridization between clownfish lineages has played a significant role in their evolutionary trajectories. Moreover, the study revealed a genome-wide acceleration in evolution among clownfish, with over 5% of all genes found to be under positive selection. This includes several genes that may be linked to the size-based hierarchical social structure unique to clownfish. In clownfish social groups, the breeding female and male are the largest and second-largest individuals, respectively, with non-breeders becoming gradually smaller as the hierarchy is descended. Genes under positive selection in clownfish included somatostatin, which may control growth related to this size-based social structure; the gene NPFFR2, which may influence growth by regulating food intake and appetite; and the receptor for isotocin, which modulates social behavior.
Positively selected genes also included those involved in adaptation to different ecological niches, such as rhodopsin, a gene that allows for fine-tuning of the visual system at different depths, and the duox gene, which regulates the formation of the white stripes that give clownfish their distinct appearance. These findings suggest that the accelerated evolutionary rates observed in clownfish may be associated with the emergence of their unique social and ecological adaptations.
Intriguingly, the study also revealed that generalist clownfish species, which may associate with up to ten different anemone hosts, exhibit faster evolutionary rates than specialist species, which inhabit just a single species of anemone. This may reflect the more diverse or dynamic environments to which the generalists must adapt. Furthermore, the researchers detected genes with parallel patterns of relaxation or intensification of purifying selection in specialist or generalist species, indicating parallel evolution of generalists and specialists to similar ecological niches.
While these results are intriguing, the authors acknowledge the challenges of linking these findings to clownfish phenotypes and the need for future research to fully characterize clownfish ecology and functional traits. "To obtain a full understanding of the radiation of clownfish, it will be essential to achieve a comprehensive characterization of their ecology and functional traits. Nevertheless, this study suggests candidate genes and pathways that may be involved in diversification of the group, providing valuable hints for future functional research.”
In addition, the results of this study can be used to inform future marine conservation and management efforts as they relate to clownfish populations. Understanding the genetic adaptations of clownfish to their environment, including their social structures and interactions with sea anemones, can aid in the development of targeted conservation interventions to mitigate the impacts of environmental stressors and promote the long-term survival of clownfish populations. This study highlights the importance of considering the genetic aspects of a species' biology when formulating conservation plans and underscores the need for continued research and conservation efforts to safeguard these iconic marine species.
JOURNAL
Genome Biology and Evolution
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Observational study
SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
Animals
ARTICLE TITLE
Insights into the Genomics of Clownfish Adaptive Radiation: The Genomic Substrate of the Diversification
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
17-Jul-2023
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