Friday, May 19, 2023

New research finds mechanism that regulates PTSD in the female brain

“For it to be doing this function in the context of PTSD in females is very surprising” said Tim Jarome, an associate professor in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences’ School of Animal Sciences.

Peer-Reviewed Publication

VIRGINIA TECH

Kayla Farrell, 

IMAGE: KAYLA FARRELL, PH.D CANDIDATE IN THE SCHOOL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES, WORKS IN TIM JAROME'S LAB. PHOTO BY LUKE HAYES FOR VIRGINIA TECH. view more 

CREDIT: VIRGINIA TECH

From humans to plants to single-cell organisms, there’s a protein that rules them all.

This protein does general housekeeping of the cells, regulating them through normal daily functions.

Virginia Tech researchers found that one specific form of this ubiquitous protein has a different function in the female brains – it helps regulate events in the memory that cause post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Watch video: https://video.vt.edu/media/1_lnhr71n4

“The protein is primarily thought of as a protein that marks other proteins to be destroyed,” said Tim Jarome, an associate professor in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences’ School of Animal Sciences. “For it to be doing this function in the context of PTSD in females is very surprising.”

This protein, ubiquitin, even has its name originating from ubiquitous because of its presence across all walks of life. The form of this protein that the researchers could manipulate, called K-63, was selective in forming fear memories in the female brain.

“Oftentimes, molecules are found in the brain that are involved in forming these fear-based memories in both sexes, and this is the first time that we found one that's selectively involved in one sex,” Jarome said. “In particular, this was found in the sex that seems to be more likely to have PTSD. It's rare to find these mechanisms that are specific to one sex in terms of regulating the underlying factors that cause PTSD.”

The discovery could lead to the development of better therapeutic treatments. Kayla Farrell, a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Animal Sciences, was the project lead.

The research was published recently in Molecular Psychiatry in the Nature Portfolio of Journals. The research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health.

PTSD is a complex disorder with a variety of therapeutic treatment options that include pharmacological approaches. By having a specific molecule to target, pharmacological approaches could be considered.

“Right now, treatment options are not very effective and the success rate isn’t very good,” Jarome said. “PTSD is not created equal among patients, and we know females are more likely to have it. The therapeutic approaches that we take to treat it might have to differ between males and females. This may be a mechanism in which we could specifically target treatment in females as a way to treat PTSD.”

 

Novel gene-editing strategy leverages unusual genetic alteration to block HIV spread in cells

Peer-Reviewed Publication

TEMPLE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SYSTEM

Novel Gene-Editing Strategy Leverages Unusual Genetic Alteration to Block HIV Spread in Cells 

IMAGE: DR. KAMEL KHALILI, DR. TRICIA BURDO, DR. RAFAL KAMINSKI AND TEMPLE HIV RESEARCHERS AND COLLABORATORS view more 

CREDIT: LEWIS KATZ SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT TEMPLE UNIVERSITY

(Philadelphia, PA) – Genetic alterations that give rise to a rare, fatal disorder known as MOGS-CDG paradoxically also protect cells against infection by viruses. Now, scientists at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University have harnessed this unusual protective ability in a novel gene-editing strategy aimed at eliminating HIV-1 infection with no adverse effects on cell mortality.

The new approach, described online April 28 in the journal Molecular Therapy – Nucleic Acids, is based on a combination of two gene-editing constructs, one that targets HIV-1 DNA and one that targets a gene called MOGS – defects in which cause MOGS-CDG. In cells from persons infected with HIV-1, the Temple researchers show that disrupting the virus’s DNA while also deliberately altering MOGS blocks the production of infectious HIV-1 particles. The discovery opens up new avenues in the development of a cure for HIV/AIDS.

Proper MOGS function is essential for glycosylation, a process by which some cellular proteins synthesized in the body are modified to make them stable and functional. Glycosylation, however, is leveraged by certain kinds of infectious viruses. In particular, viruses like HIV, influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and hepatitis C, which are surrounded by a viral envelope, rely on glycosylated proteins to enter host cells.

In the new study, lead investigators Kamel Khalili, PhD, Laura H. Carnell Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Director of the Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, and Director of the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine, and Rafal Kaminski, PhD, Assistant Professor at the Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine designed a genetic approach to exclusively turn on CRISPR to impede MOGS gene expression through DNA editing within immune cells that harbor replication competent, HIV-1. Their novel approach is expected to avoid any impact on the health of uninfected cells that retain normal MOGS gene function. Stimulation of the apparatus in HIV-1 infected cells disrupted the glycan structure of the HIV-1 envelope protein, culminating in the production of non-infectious virus particles.

“This approach is conceptually very interesting,” said Dr. Khalili, who is also senior investigator on the new study. “By mitigating the ability of the virus to enter cells, which requires glycosylation, MOGS may offer another target, in addition to the integrated viral DNA for developing the next generation of CRISPR gene-editing technology for HIV elimination.”

Dr. Kaminski, Dr. Khalili, and Tricia H. Burdo, PhD, Professor and Vice Chair in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation and the Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing at Temple and an expert in the use of non-human primate models for HIV-1, have been working together to further assess the efficacy and safety of CRISPR-MOGS strategy in preclinical studies. In previous work, the team demonstrated that CRISPR-based technology can successfully remove viral DNA from the cells of infected non-human primates.

Other researchers who contributed to the study include Hong LiuChen ChenShuren Liao, and Shohreh Amini, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University; Danielle K. SohaiiConrad R.Y. Cruz, and Catherine M. Bollard, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, The George Washington University; Thomas J. Cradick and Jennifer Gordon, Excision Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, CA;  Anand MehtaStephane Grauzam, and James Dressman, Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina; and Carlos Barrero and Magda Florez, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Temple University.

The research was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the W.W. Smith Charitable Trust.

Editor’s Note:

Kamel Khalili is Co-Founder and Chief Scientific Consultant and holds equity in Excision BioTherapeutics, which has licensed the viral gene-editing technology from Temple University. Kamel Khalili and Rafal Kaminski are named inventors on patents that cover the viral gene-editing technology. Tricia Burdo serves on the Scientific Advisory Board and holds equity in Excision BioTherapeutics. These named researchers are employed by Temple University and conduct research activities sponsored by the company. Questions regarding their affiliations with Temple University may be directed to coisom@temple.edu.

Dr. Khalili has not received financial compensation from any other third parties for any aspects of this published work. Shohreh Amini is the spouse of Kamel Khalili.  

In addition to owning the viral gene-editing technology that Excision is licensing, Temple University also holds an equity interest in Excision. As a result of these interests, Temple University could ultimately potentially benefit financially from the outcome of this research. These interests have been reviewed and approved by Temple University in accordance with its Institutional Conflict of Interest policy. Questions about this can be directed to coitemple@temple.edu.

About the Lewis Katz School of Medicine

Founded in 1901, the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University attracts students and faculty committed to advancing individual and population health through culturally competent patient care, research, education, and service. The School confers the MD degree; MS and PhD degrees in Biomedical Science; the MA in Urban Bioethics; the MS in Physician Assistant studies; a certificate in Narrative Medicine; a non-degree post-baccalaureate program; several dual degree programs with other Temple University schools; continuing medical education programs; and in partnership with Temple University Hospital, 40 residency and fellowship programs for physicians. The School also manages a robust portfolio of publicly and privately funded transdisciplinary studies aimed at advancing the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease -- with specialized research centers focused on heart disease, cancer, substance use disorder, metabolic disease, and other regional and national health priorities. To learn more about the Lewis Katz School of Medicine, please visit: medicine.temple.edu.

Evolutionary reinforcement learning promises further advances in machine learning

Peer-Reviewed Publication

INTELLIGENT COMPUTING

Key research areas in evolutionary reinforcement learning 

IMAGE: KEY RESEARCH AREAS IN EVOLUTIONARY REINFORCEMENT LEARNING. view more 

CREDIT: HUI BAI ET AL.

Evolutionary reinforcement learning is an exciting frontier in machine learning, combining the strengths of two distinct approaches: reinforcement learning and evolutionary computation. In evolutionary reinforcement learning, an intelligent agent learns optimal strategies by actively exploring different approaches and receiving rewards for successful performance. This innovative paradigm combines reinforcement learning's trial-and-error learning with evolutionary algorithms' ability to mimic natural selection, resulting in a powerful methodology for artificial intelligence development that promises breakthroughs in various domains.

A groundbreaking review article on evolutionary reinforcement learning was published Apr. 21 in Intelligent Computing, a Science Partner Journal. It sheds light on the latest advancements in the integration of evolutionary computation with reinforcement learning and presents a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art methods.

Reinforcement learning, a subfield of machine learning, focuses on developing algorithms that learn to make decisions based on feedback from the environment. Remarkable examples of successful reinforcement learning include AlphaGo and, more recently, Google DeepMind robots that play soccer. However, reinforcement learning still faces several challenges, including the exploration and exploitation trade-off, reward design, generalization and credit assignment.

Evolutionary computation, which emulates the process of natural evolution to solve problems, offers a potential solution to the problems of reinforcement learning. By combining these two approaches, researchers created the field of evolutionary reinforcement learning.

Evolutionary reinforcement learning encompasses six key research areas:

  • Hyperparameter optimization: Evolutionary computing methods can be used for hyperparameter optimization. That is, they can automatically determine the best settings for reinforcement learning systems. Discovering the best settings manually can be challenging due to the multitude of factors involved, such as the learning speed of the algorithm and its inclination towards future rewards. Furthermore, the performance of reinforcement learning relies heavily on the architecture of the neural network employed, including factors like the number and size of its layers.
  • Policy search: Policy search entails finding the best approach to a task by experimenting with different strategies, aided by neural networks. These networks, akin to powerful calculators, approximate task execution and make use of advancements in deep learning. Since there are numerous task execution possibilities, the search process resembles navigating a vast maze. Stochastic gradient descent is a common method for training neural networks and navigating this maze. Evolutionary computing offers alternative “neuroevolution” methods based on evolution strategies, genetic algorithms and genetic programming. These methods can determine the best weights and other properties of neural networks for reinforcement learning.
  • Exploration: Reinforcement learning agents improve by interacting with their environment. Too little exploration can lead to poor decisions, while too much exploration is costly. Thus there is a trade-off between an agent’s exploration to discover good behaviors and an agent’s exploitation of the discovered good behaviors. Agents explore by adding randomness to their actions. Efficient exploration faces challenges: a large number of possible actions, rare and delayed rewards, unpredictable environments and complex multi-agent scenarios. Evolutionary computation methods address these challenges by promoting competition, cooperation and parallelization. They encourage exploration through diversity and guided evolution.
  • Reward shaping: Rewards are important in reinforcement learning, but they are often rare and hard for agents to learn from. Reward shaping adds extra fine-grained rewards to help agents learn better. However, these rewards can alter agents’ behavior in undesired ways, and figuring out exactly what these extra rewards should be, how to balance them and how to assign credit among multiple agents typically requires specific knowledge of the task at hand. To tackle the challenge of reward design, researchers have used evolutionary computation to adjust the extra rewards and their settings in both single-agent and multi-agent reinforcement learning.
  • Meta-reinforcement learning: Meta-reinforcement learning aims to develop a general learning algorithm that adapts to different tasks using knowledge from previous ones. This approach addresses the issue of requiring a large number of samples to learn each task from scratch in traditional reinforcement learning. However, the number and complexity of tasks that can be solved using meta-reinforcement learning are still limited, and the computational cost associated with it is high. Therefore, exploiting the model-agnostic and highly parallel properties of evolutionary computation is a promising direction to unlock the full potential of meta-reinforcement learning, enabling it to learn, generalize and be more computationally efficient in real-world scenarios.
  • Multi-objective reinforcement learning: In some real-world problems, there are multiple goals that conflict with each other. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm can balance these goals and suggest a compromise when no solution seems better than the others. Multi-objective reinforcement learning methods can be grouped into two types: those that combine multiple goals into one to find a single best solution and those that find a range of good solutions. Conversely, some single-goal problems can be usefully broken down into multiple goals to make problem-solving easier.

Evolutionary reinforcement learning can solve complex reinforcement learning tasks, even in scenarios with rare or misleading rewards. However, it requires significant computational resources, making it computationally expensive. There is a growing need for more efficient methods, including improvements in encoding, sampling, search operators, algorithmic frameworks and evaluation.

While evolutionary reinforcement learning has shown promising results in addressing challenging reinforcement learning problems, further advancements are still possible. By enhancing its computational efficiency and exploring new benchmarks, platforms and applications, researchers in the field of evolutionary reinforcement learning can make evolutionary methods even more effective and useful for solving complex reinforcement learning tasks.

More than half of English patients with NSCLC in areas with low socio-economic levels do not receive new anti-cancer therapies

Peer-Reviewed Publication

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF LUNG CANCER

(Denver, May 19, 2023) --Novel anti-cancer therapies were not accessible to more than half of the patients in England who were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer, according to a new study published in the Journal of Thoracic Oncology, the official journal of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer.

In England, all cancer patients are entitled to care, free at the point of delivery within the universal, publicly funded, National Health Service (NHS) including treatment with guideline approved targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Private healthcare, especially for conditions like cancer, is uncommon.

Novel anti-cancer therapies include molecular targeted therapies targeting either oncogene addiction or synthetic lethality with activity restricted to tumors with appropriate biomarker status (e.g., simertinib); biological treatments with no predictive biomarker included in the license (e.g., bevacizumab); and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) which use the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells (e.g. pembrolizumab).

Studies in many countries show that lung cancer survival rates are lower in people from lower socio-economic backgrounds. One reason for this might be socio-economic differences in access to treatment.  Previous research has demonstrated socio-economic inequalities in the utilization of conventional NSCLC treatments such as chemotherapy, but it is not known if these inequalities are also observed with novel anti-cancer therapies.

To assess this, researchers from the Population Health Sciences Institute at Newcastle University and Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust conducted a retrospective analysis of all 90,785 patients diagnosed with histologically confirmed stage IV NSCLC between 2012 and 2017, using data from the English national population-based cancer registry and linked Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy (SACT) database.

The researchers examined receipt of novel anti-cancer treatments by patients’ deprivation category of the area of residence at diagnosis measured using quintile rank of the income domain of the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD - a widely used proxy for socio-economic status).  They accounted for differences between patients in other factors that can determine suitability for treatment, such as stage at diagnosis, tumor morphology, comorbidities, and age.

“Patients residing in the most deprived areas were 55% less likely to utilize any of these novel anti-cancer therapies compared to those residents in the least deprived areas,” according to lead author Linda Sharp, Ph.D., Professor of Cancer Epidemiology from the Population Health Sciences Institute at Newcastle University. “Overall, these findings suggest that despite significant improvements in NSCLC treatment and prognosis, socioeconomic status is an important factor in access to novel treatment, even within the context of England’s NHS, where treatment is free at the point of delivery.”

Co-author Adam Todd, PhD, Professor of Pharmaceutical Public Health added “There is an urgent need to investigate the reasons for these inequalities so we can take steps to eliminate them. This is essential if we want to realize the full potential of these therapies for NSCLC patients.

About the IASLC:

The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) is the only global organization dedicated solely to the study of lung cancer and other thoracic malignancies. Founded in 1974, the association's membership includes 10,000 lung cancer specialists across all disciplines in over 100 countries, forming a global network working together to conquer lung and thoracic cancers worldwide. The association also publishes the Journal of Thoracic Oncology, the primary educational and informational publication for topics relevant to the prevention, detection, diagnosis, and treatment of all thoracic malignancies. Visit www.iaslc.org for more information.

Physical chemists develop photochromic active colloids shedding light on the development of new smart active materials

Peer-Reviewed Publication

THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

Novel ink 

IMAGE: NOVEL INK COMPOSED OF COLOURFUL MICROBEADS ADAPTS TO THE APPEARANCE OF RECEIVED LIGHT BY LIGHT-DRIVEN SEPARATION. view more 

CREDIT: THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG

In nature, the skin of cephalopods (animals with tentacles attached to the head) exhibits unparalleled camouflage ability. Their skin contains pigment groups that can sense changes in environmental light conditions and adjust their appearance through the action of pigment cells. Although intricate in nature, this colour-changing ability is fundamentally based on a mechanical mechanism in which pigment particles are folded or unfolded under the control of radial muscles.

Inspired by this natural process, a research team led by Dr Jinyao TANG from the Department of Chemistry at The University of Hong Kong (HKU), develops a novel wavelength-selective intelligent colloid system to achieve light-controlled multi-dimensional phase segregation in collaboration with scientists from Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and Xiamen University. The team forms dynamic photochromic nanoclusters by mixing cyan, magenta and yellow microbeads, achieving photochromism on a macro scale. This macroscopic photochromism relies on light-induced vertical phase stratification in the active microbeads mixture, resulting in the enrichment of coloured microbeads corresponding to the incident spectrum.

Unlike existing colour-changing materials, this new photochromic colloidal swarm relies on rearranging existing pigments rather than generating new chromophores in situ and is, therefore, more reliable and programmable. Their findings provide a simple method for applications such as electronic ink, displays, and active optical camouflage, representing a major breakthrough in the field of active matter. The research result is recently published in the prestigious academic journal Nature.

Self-actuated active particles are micro/nanoparticles that mimic the directional swimming of microorganisms in liquid. Recently, they have attracted significant attention in nanoscience and non-equilibrium physics and is being developed for potential biomedical applications. One of the main research objectives of active particles are to develop medical micro/nanorobots based on these particles for drug delivery and non-invasive surgery. However, the structure of active particles is very simple, and their driving mechanism and environment perception are significantly limited. In particular, the size and relatively simple structure of the individual micro/nano active particles restrict the complexity of implementing functions on their body. The challenge and key to realising the future application is how to make active particles with intelligent characteristics despite their simple structure.

Light-powered microswimmers, a type of self-actuated active particles, have been recently developed for the purpose of creating controllable nanorobot, which offers potential for biomedical application and functional novel materials as the swimmer activity, alignment direction, and interparticle interaction can be readily modulated with incident light. On the other hand, light not only induces photosensitive motion in microswimmers but also changes the effective interaction between particles. For example, photocatalytic reactions can change the local chemical gradient field, which in turn affects the movement trajectory of neighboring particles through diffusion swimming effect, resulting in long-range attraction or repulsion.

In this work, Tang’s team designed a simple wavelength-selective TiO2 active microbeads system based on their previous research on light-powered microswimmers. Upon photoexcitation, the redox reaction on TiO2 particles generates a chemical gradient, which tunes the effective particle-particle interaction. That is, the particle-particle interaction can be controlled by combining incident light of different wavelengths and intensities. TiO2 microbead with different photosensitive activities can be formed by selecting dye sensitisation codes with different spectral characteristics. By mixing several otherwise identical TiO2 microbeads species loaded with dyes of different absorption spectra and adjusting the incident light spectra, the on-demand particle segregation is realised.

The purpose of realising particle phase segregation is to control the particle aggregation and dispersion in liquid at both micro and macro levels. Effectively, this resulted in a novel photoresponsive ink by mixing microbeads with different photo-sensitivity that maybe applied to electronic paper. The principle is similar to the pigment clusters in the skin of cephalopods that can sense the light condition of the environment and change the appearance of surrounding pigment cells through their corresponding actions.

‘The research findings have contributed significantly to advancing our knowledge of swarm intelligence in artificial active materials and have paved the way for designing innovative active smart materials. With this breakthrough, we anticipate the development of programmable photochromic ink that could be utilised in various applications such as e-ink, display ink, and even active optical camouflage ink,’ Dr Jinyao Tang concluded.

Journal paper: ‘Photochromism from wavelength-selective colloidal phase segregation’ , Nature
Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05873-4

View the research video: https://youtu.be/3Ylodxllwvo

Images download and captions: https://www.scifac.hku.hk/press

More information about Dr Jinyao Tang: https://tanglab.hku.hk

For media enquiries, please contact Ms Cindy Chan, Assistant Communications Director of Faculty of Science (Tel: 3917-5286; email: cindycst@hku.hk).


Three-dimensional phase segregation and photochromic colloidal swarm. a, The Illustration of spectral sensitive layered segregation in the ternary colloidal system, where different illumination spectra resulted in distinctive vertical stratification. b, The 3D distribution of ternary colloidal particles as imaged by confocal microscope after red, green, and blue light illumination. The SQ2, LEG4, and L0 sensitized TiO2 colloids are represented in cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively. Scale bar: 50 mm. c, Modified projector is used to project designed colour images. d, Six colour blocks emerged on the surface of photochromic ink after 2 min exposure. Inset: the projected pattern. Scale bar: 2 mm. e, The university logo emerged on the surface of photochromic ink after 2 min exposure. Scale bar: 2 mm. f, Sequential patterning of the photochromic ink with different colour paintings with 2 min exposure. Inset: the original projected patterns. Scale bar: 2 mm.

CREDIT

The University of Hong Kong

Our brain prefers positive vocal sounds that come from our left

Auditory cortex is less sensitive to human vocalizations from the right and non-vocalizations

Peer-Reviewed Publication

FRONTIERS

Sounds that we hear around us are defined physically by their frequency and amplitude. But for us, sounds have a meaning beyond those parameters: we may perceive them as pleasant or unpleasant, ominous or reassuring, and interesting and rich in information, or just noise.

One aspect that affects the emotional ‘valence’ of sounds – that is, whether we perceive them as positive, neutral, or negative – is where they come from. Most people rate looming sounds, which move towards them, as more unpleasant, potent, arousing, and intense than receding sounds, and especially if they come from behind rather than from the front. This bias might have a plausible evolutionary advantage: to our ancestors on the African savannah, a sound approaching from behind their vulnerable back might have signaled a predator stalking them.

Now, neuroscientists from Switzerland have shown another effect of direction on emotional valence: we respond more strongly to positive human sounds, like laughter or pleasant vocalizations, when these come from the left.

“Here we show that human vocalizations that elicit positive emotional experiences, yield strong activity in the brain’s auditory cortex when they come from the listener’s left side. This does not occur when positive vocalizations come from the front or right,” said first author Dr Sandra da Costa, a research staff scientist at the EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland.

“We also show that vocalizations with neutral or negative emotional valence, for example meaningles vowels or frightened screams, and sounds other than human vocalizations do not have this association with the left side.”

From erotic vocalizations to a ticking bomb

Da Costa and colleagues used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare how strongly the brain of 13 volunteers responded to sounds coming from the left, front, or right. These were women and men in their mid-twenties, all right-handed, and none were trained in music. The researchers compared the brain’s response between six categories of sounds: besides positive human vocalizations like erotic sounds, they played back neutral and negative vocalizations, like meaningless vowels and a frightened scream; and positive, neutral, and negative non-vocalizations, like applause, wind, and a ticking bomb.

Da Costa et al. focused on brain regions known to be important for the early stages of sound processing, the primary auditory areas A1 and R, the surrounding other early-stage auditory areas, and the ‘voice area’ (VA). Each of these areas occurs in the left and right hemisphere of the brain.

The results showed that A1 and R in both hemispheres became maximally active when listening to positive vocalizations coming from the left, and much less when listening to positive vocalizations coming from the front or right, to neutral or negative vocalizations, or to non-vocalizations.

Auditory cortex discriminates in favor of positive vocalizations from left

“The strong activation by vocalizations with positive emotional valence coming from the left takes place in the primary auditory cortex of either hemisphere: the first areas in the brain cortex to receive auditory information. Our findings suggest that the nature of a sound, its emotional valence, and its spatial origin are first identified and processed there,” said co-author Dr Tiffany Grisendi.

In addition, area L3 in the right hemisphere, but not its twin in the left hemisphere, also responded more strongly to positive vocalizations coming from the left or right compared to those coming from the front. In contrast, the spatial origin of the sound didn’t impact the response to non-vocalizations.

The evolutionary significance of our brain’s bias in favor of positive vocalizations coming from the left is still unclear.

Senior author Prof Stephanie Clarke, at the Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Clinic at the Lausanne University Hospital said: “It is currently unknown when the preference of the primary auditory cortex for positive human vocalizations from the left appears during human development, and whether this is a uniquely human characteristic. Once we understand this, we may speculate whether it is linked to hand preference or the asymmetric arrangements of the internal organs."

Cidrani and Deep Longevity collaborate to build personalized care tools for longevity and well-being

Business Announcement

DEEP LONGEVITY LTD

Cidrani to leverage Deep Longevity's aging clocks for tracking benefits of personalized micro drinks 

IMAGE: BLOODAGE + MINDAGE IS YOUR GUT HEALTH THE KEY TO A LONGER LIFE? view more 

CREDIT: DEEP LONGEVITY

Cidrani, a pioneering company in probiotics and micro drink supplements, announces its partnership with Deep Longevity, a leading provider of aging clocks and longevity solutions. The collaboration will leverage Deep Longevity's Blood Age and Mind Age clock APIs to develop gut health-management tools that will help drive longevity and avoid diseases  and manage stress. 

Stanford scientists have already demonstrated how fermented diets can boost our health on the molecular level. Cidrani's solution exploits this phenomenon to improve our immunity and longevity, using microbiota-targeted micro drinks based on our current health profile. 

Deep Longevity's Blood Age is a revolutionary aging clock that utilizes artificial intelligence to analyze simple blood test data  to accurately measure an individual's biological age and recommend improving health and longevity. This aging clock technology will complement Cidrani’s fermented products and longevity app for consumers perfectly.  

Mind Age is a psychological assessment framework. Also developed by Deep Longevity, this aging clock relies on a proprietary questionnaire to calculate the psychological age of an individual. Measuring and improving Mind Age, proactively handling mental health will improve motivation, productivity and eventually lifespan.  

Elevated levels of both blood age and psychological age have been linked to accelerated aging, leading to increased risks of chronic diseases, morbidity, and a shorter lifespan. Cidrani aims to mitigate these health risks through its groundbreaking research on probiotics and micro drink supplements. The collaboration with Deep Longevity will provide Cidrani with a data-driven and evidence-backed technology ,  to further its goal of improving longevity . 

Deep Longevity's recent launch of SenoClock, providing easy access to their aging clocks, reflects their commitment to advancing longevity care and research. By also making their aging clocks available through APIs, Deep Longevity empowers researchers and healthcare providers like Cidrani to develop applications tailored to specific use cases, benefiting patients and end users. 

The personalized care tools developed by Cidrani, utilizing Deep Longevity's aging clocks, will provide users with accurate and up-to-date information about their physical and mental health. Armed with this knowledge, individuals can make informed decisions regarding their lifestyle choices, leading to improved metabolism, gut health, and microbe diversity. Ultimately, this partnership will contribute to healthier and longer lives. 

This collaboration between Cidrani and Deep Longevity represents a significant milestone in longevity research within the global health and wellness industry. Expect more good news and exciting announcements from both partners in the near future. 

About Cidrani --  

Cidrani is a pioneering company in the field of probiotics and micro drink supplements. With a commitment to research and innovation, Cidrani aims to enhance longevity and well-being through cutting-edge solutions. For more information, please visit https://cidrani.com/  

About Deep Longevity --  

Deep Longevity is a leading provider of aging clocks and longevity solutions. By utilizing artificial intelligence and advanced data analysis, Deep Longevity offers accurate and actionable insights into biological and psychological aging. Their mission is to extend human lifespan as well as healthspan and revolutionize the field of longevity . For more information, please visit https://www.deeplongevity.com/  

Boys need ‘lessons in bromance’ to tackle mental health crisis in schools

School lessons in anger, friendships, and listening needed to combat male suicide, teacher warns

Book Announcement

TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP

Teenage boys are twice as likely as girls to die by suicide, and, when boys become men, they are three times more likely than women to die by suicide.  

After years on the frontline of teaching and observing, first-hand, a decline in teenage mental health, a teacher has warned that we need to deal better with male anger, friendships, and attitudes towards sex in order to combat the male suicide crisis.  

Official statistics for England, Scotland, and Wales show that in 2020, 264 people aged 10–19 died by suicide – 72% of these were boys. In England, suicide is the single biggest killer of men under the age of 45. They are three times more likely than women to die by suicide.  

While statistics surrounding male suicide paint a bleak picture of the future of boys in our schools, teacher Matt Pinkett thinks all is not lost.  

What can be done?  

Pinkett has gathered evidence from teachers and school staff, wellbeing experts and therapists to create a powerful guide to helping boys, in Boys Do Cry, released next month.  

The practical and engaging guide, backed up by the latest research from the fields of psychology and education, suggests that teachers must stop stigmatising anger and instead help angry boys understand the neurological and physiological reasons for their feelings.  

Pinkett says: “Anger isn’t an inherently bad thing and telling boys it is just leads to shame and hiding away. Instead, how about we teach them that anger is a feeling as natural as joy or sadness, and give them ways to manage it and the words to talk about it?”  

He also suggests that teachers need to make loving, male relationships the norm, and to assume that every social interaction that takes place in a classroom is being watched and internalised. 

He advises male teachers to compliment male colleagues openly, to talk lovingly about other people, and praise and salute male emotional vulnerability wherever and whenever possible.  

“I am not suggesting that we should ever try to be therapists – that would never work,” Pinkett explains, “but the fact is that we are in front of these children for massive chunks of their life. If we can speak positively about male emotions and demonstrate ways of dealing with problematic feelings, that would be a powerful thing.”  

Talking isn’t enough  

In Boys Do Cry, Pinkett advocates the benefits of the ‘bromance’, suggesting that teachers and schools harness this relatively recent phenomenon of male-to-male relationships. He argues that in teaching boys about bromances, teachers can equip young men with the skills to actively listen and display compassion and affection towards each other.  

He suggests teachers can help facilitate emotional connection between boys and help build friendships that are supportive.  

He explains: “The problem isn’t encouraging young men to talk – it’s teaching their peers to listen. Research suggests boys don’t listen as well as girls.  There is so much conversation about encouraging boys and men to speak up, but are we teaching them how to support each other through listening effectively?”  

Demonstrated through research and case studies, Pinkett argues that boys crave emotional intimacy and the freedom to express themselves without being mocked, but that toxic ideas about masculinity are preventing these fruitful peer relationships.  

“We need to teach boys to be kind, and that it is OK to be vulnerable and emotionally articulate,” he says.  

Benefit to society  

With his research-backed tools and tips, Pinkett hopes the book will give teachers confidence to engage with really difficult topics – to the benefit of all.  

“This isn’t just a problem for teenage boys. If we can teach these boys to get rid of those harmful and outdated expectations of what it means to be a man, all of society will be better off,” Pinkett says. “It is only through education of young people that the scourge of male-on-female sexual abuse, assault, and harassment can be eradicated.”  

Boys Do Cry examines key research on factors impacting boys’ mental health, including topics such as body image, pornography and self-harm, and provides teachers with practical strategies to start enacting positive change.  

With his extensive research, he has created advice on intervening when a child may be in danger, to tips on how to set up group working so friendships can be made while learning.  

“This isn’t about turning teachers into therapists,” Pinkett adds, “It’s just about being brave enough to intervene and give boys a chance to learn another way of being.”  

Further information:  

Boys Do Cry: Improving Boys’ Mental Health and Wellbeing in Schools 
By Matt Pinkett   
Published 17 May 2023  
180 Pages    
Paperback: 9781032168692 | $22.95 USD | £16.99   
Hardback: 9781032168685 | $155 USD | £120  
 

About the author:  
Matt Pinkett is an English teacher in Surrey with a personal and professional interest in gender and masculinity in schools. He is co-author of the bestselling book Boys Don’t Try? Matt has also blogged and written for several publications, and delivers regular CPD sessions on the topic of teaching and masculinity.  

     

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