Engaging with the legacies of British slave-ownership

Submitting Institution University College London

Unit of Assessment History

Summary Impact Type Cultural

Research Subject Area(s)

Language, Communication and Culture: Cultural Studies, Literary Studies

History and Archaeology: Historical Studies

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Summary of the impact

Professor Catherine Hall and her team have instigated a high-profile public debate about British slave-ownership and its long-term influence on British society, economy, politics and culture. The team's research results have been shared with a wide audience through an intense programme of public engagement, including a number of exhibitions, and extensive media coverage in the UK and abroad, as well as indirectly through an acclaimed work of popular fiction. Above all, their research has been made publicly available via an online Encyclopaedia of British Slave-ownership which has encouraged non-academic users to pursue their own research and make active contributions to the project.

Underpinning research

Catherine Hall, Professor of Modern British Social and Cultural History at UCL since 1998, has been a prime mover in the establishment of the `New Imperial History', which argues for the centrality of Empire in the formation of modern Britain and for the necessity of considering metropole and colony in a single analytical frame [a]. Within this context, Professor Hall and her research associates, Dr Nicholas Draper and Dr Keith McClelland, conducted the ESRC-funded project Legacies of British Slave-ownership (1/6/2009-31/5/2012) which established a wider empirical base for research on colonial slave-ownership and substantiated its economic, political and cultural impact on metropolitan Britain.

Legacies of British Slave-ownership has used the records of the £20m paid in compensation to slave-owners in 1833 for the loss of their `property' as a starting-point for documenting the c.46,000 individual claims and awards made to those who either owned slaves or benefitted indirectly from ownership. The result is an online Encyclopaedia of British Slave-ownership [b], launched in February 2013, which gives the amounts of compensation awarded to each of the named claimants and establishes the life-trajectories of the c. 3,000 absentee slave-owners in Britain. The legacies of these beneficiaries and their descendants are traced through six strands — commercial and financial continuities (e.g. the compensation money that went into banking, insurance and railways); cultural and institutional legacies (e.g. philanthropic endeavours and collections of artefacts); political affiliations and associational networks created by recipients of slave compensation; historical lineages and memories of slavery (e.g. the national, familial and local histories produced); imperial legacies across the wider circuits of Empire; physical legacies in the built environment (from country houses to urban development).

The project's overall finding is that British colonial slave-ownership was of far greater significance to metropolitan Britain's economy, society, polity and culture than has previously been recognised, and that its importance continued beyond the period of Emancipation. A comprehensive approach and the construction of a major new dataset allowed the team to move beyond the case-study approach to provide a systematic account of slave-ownership which strongly supports the view that empire was constitutive of modern Britain, a thesis which has remained highly contested [c, d]. As part of the project, Draper has significantly modified the `decline' thesis of the decay of the West Indian slave-economy after the abolition of the slave-trade in 1807 by identifying the rise of a new planter class in Britain connected with British Guiana [e]. Among other major research contributions, the team has traced the continuing importance of slave-owners in the development of new sectors of the City of London, especially in the development of the financial structures of the settler colonies and in a commercial `swing east' by former slave-owners; they have demonstrated the role of slave-owners and their immediate families in the rewriting of slavery after Emancipation to re-denominate the slave-owners as the victims of Emancipation; and they have shown the re-incorporation of the slave-owners into the mainstream of British politics of the 1850s and 1860s, both developments contributing to the `racial turn' in British thinking in the third quarter of the nineteenth century [f].

References to the research

[a] Catherine Hall, Civilising subjects: metropole and colony in the English imagination (Cambridge, 2002). Winner of the American Historical Association's Forkosch Prize for British History and the Reece Prize for imperial history. Available on request.

[b] Legacies of British Slave-ownership (2013) www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs. Website.

[c] Catherine Hall and Keith McClelland (eds.), Race, nation and empire: making histories 1750 to the present (Manchester, 2010).

Published by prominent academic publisher, with contributions from many distinguished scholars. Available on request.

[d] Nicholas Draper, The price of Emancipation: slave-ownership, compensation and British society at the end of slavery (Cambridge, 2010).

Winner of the Whitfield Prize. Available on request.

[e] Nicholas Draper, `The rise of a new planter class? : some countercurrents from British Guiana and Trinidad, 1807-33', Atlantic Studies 9.1 (January 2012), 65-83.

Peer-reviewed journal. DOI: 10.1080/14788810.2012.636996.

[f] Catherine Hall, `Troubling memories: nineteenth-century histories of the slave trade and slavery', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 21 (December 2011), 147-69.

Peer-reviewed journal. Submitted to REF 2.

Details of the impact

Legacies of British Slave-ownership (LBS) had an immediate and highly visible impact on public debate. A dramatic example was the response to its findings about the extent to which the prosperity of the City of London, including some of its most distinguished firms, was built on money awarded as compensation to slave-owners. From the moment the project was launched in 2009, this discovery attracted much media attention, including a front-page story in the Financial Times which drew largely on research underpinning Draper's book [d]. The media coverage elicited public statements from merchant bank N. M. Rothschild and law-firm Freshfields acknowledging the findings of the project and expressing regret for their past associations with slavery. Draper was invited to meet with senior managers at Freshfields to talk about the project's discoveries and their implications for the firm's view of its own history and McClelland was invited to address the Black and Asian employee group of BP. As a further result of this research, the Royal Bank of Scotland changed their Historical Research Report, `Predecessor Institutions Research Regarding Slavery and the Slave Trade' to include directors of the bank and its British predecessors who were awarded slave compensation but had previously not been identified as connected to slavery [1].

The project also attracted the interest of acclaimed author Andrea Levy, whose novel The Long Song makes extensive and fully acknowledged use of Hall's research [a]. The novel — shortlisted for the 2010 Booker Prize, longlisted for the 2010 Orange Prize for Fiction, a finalist for the 2011 Commonwealth Writers Prize and named as a 2010 New York Times Most Notable book — aimed `to instil pride in anyone with slave ancestors' and has been widely lauded for its ability to evoke the plight of slaves and their relationships with slave-owners. Levy further acknowledged the importance of the LBS project to her work by giving a public reading and speaking at the Neale conference organised by members of the team in March 2012 [2].

To enhance the reach and significance of the project's impact on public awareness and debate, members of the team have spoken to very many diverse organisations and groups about the project and its work. Most importantly, the team organised workshops (6 in 2010, 2 in 2012) in London, Glasgow, Newcastle, Liverpool, Birmingham and Bristol which ensured that members of the public could participate in the research process, sharing ideas and findings. Around 220 people attended, mostly local and family historians from outside academia, librarians, school teachers, museum professionals and community activists. These workshops outlined the findings of the LBS project, focusing on the relevant region or city, and then gave independent researchers the opportunity to talk about their work before opening up the sessions to collective discussion. The feedback forms distributed after each workshop revealed an overwhelmingly positive response. Participants wrote that what they learned was useful to understanding their own family history: `Good to have input that makes me think'; `Will add a new dimension to my local history research'. School teachers commented on the benefit to their work: `As a teacher it is always useful to know or learn of different approaches to teaching Black History... the topics, relevant, very enlightening'; `As a school teacher, this information is vital — knowledge of oneself + history of surroundings helps to promote self-value & sense of worth'. Many feedback forms stressed the events' inclusivity and diversity (22 of 97) and their usefulness in helping participants network and make new contacts (23 of 97) [3].

The LBS team created two exhibitions based on research towards the Encyclopaedia [b]. `The Slavers of Harley Street' at the Museum of London in Docklands in 2008-9 was widely reviewed in the local press with all commentators noting that the exhibition enabled them to view the history of the area in a new light: `new research reveals a sinister side to the noble street that will send shockwaves through consulting rooms and operating theatres across Marylebone' (West End Extra); `lifts the lid on London's middle class investments in slavery, dispelling the myth that the archetypal slave-owner was sitting on a porch in the Caribbean surveying his plantations' (Ethnic Now). The Museum of London in Docklands received nearly 159,000 visitors during this year, one-third more than expected. A group of emerging film-makers produced a film inspired by the exhibition: according to a Museum of London Docklands Inclusion Officer, `it was a subject they knew very little about and their inspiration came from the Museum and gallery space enabling them to produce a touching and informed film'. Draper was invited to give a public lecture on the exhibition at the Museum of London Docklands, which also led to an invitation for him to give a talk to the Marylebone Local History Society in April 2010; the findings presented in his lecture were described as `quite astonishing' in their newsletter [4].

A second exhibition, `The Slave-owners of Bloomsbury', was created at UCL to commemorate Black History Month in 2011. An updated version was on display at the Archives Centre in Holborn Library in 2012; after receiving positive feedback from members of the public, library staff transferred the exhibition to the public lending section, ensuring a higher public footfall [5].

The LBS team are also active members of the Facebook groups Jamaican Colonial Heritage Society and Coming to the Table which have a combined membership of over 2,500 people. The project has its own blog and produces a monthly newsletter with over 200 subscribers [6].

Finally, a very substantial impact in terms of both reach and significance is achieved by the online Encyclopaedia of Slave-ownership [b], launched on 28 February 2013. Crucial to its success is its accessibility and usability for the general public. Visitors to the site can search for individuals by surname, forename, age, address, religion, occupation, by level of wealth, by size of slave-ownership, by colony and estate name for each holding or by an open search of the freeform notes — and therefore easily access the data according to the users' wide variety of interests. The team organised a major publicity drive so that a wide audience would become aware of the Encyclopaedia and its possible relevance to them. All members gave interviews to the press and the launch of the website was discussed in over 60 broadcasts and publications with a reach of 20 million people, including national and international media — e.g. the Today programme on BBC Radio 4 or the Jamaican Voice newspaper — but also regional media focusing on the relevance of the project for specific areas. For example, Hall gave an interview to Radio Solent and This is Plymouth published a piece on Devon's links to slavery [7].

The Encyclopaedia had 137,998 visits from 108,022 unique visitors between the launch in February and 31 July 2013 [8]. The news spread quickly through online shares, likes and tweets. For example, the Independent on Sunday article of 28/2 was shared 26,000 times and received over 1,000 comments. Bloggers reported on the broad scope of the project — for example the British GENES blog (which first picked up a tweet about the project from Dianne Abbott MP) — but also used our search functions to report on specific interests — for example, a blog on the Ekklesia website which discussed slave-owning clergymen [8]. Between February and July 2013, the LBS project received and replied to over 500 emails from members of the public, the great majority from descendants of slave-owners and the enslaved. Some e-mails reported personal reactions, many contributed additional information on individuals in the database, and many led to a long correspondence [9]. On numerous occasions the team was able to provide information on ways in which people can pursue their own research beyond the Encyclopaedia. Conversely, the Encyclopaedia was enriched by their input: over 330 entries in the database [10] now present information contributed by members of the public, and 30 to 40 links to other people's websites have been added as a way of providing access to more detailed information.

In sum, the LBS project has not only made its research available to large numbers of people through a wide range of media but helped thousands of non-academics to conduct their own historical investigations. In doing so, it has succeeded in making the legacies of slave-ownership a topic of engaged and informed public debate.

Sources to corroborate the impact

[1] Impact on City firms: Financial Times 27/28 June 2009 pp. 1, 3 (and www.ft.com/slavery), and 1 July 2009, p. 4 for Freshfields and Rothschild statements. Royal Bank of Scotland, Historical Research Report, Predecessor Institutions Research Regarding Slavery and the Slave Trade (May 2006, updated May 2009): http://bit.ly/1b412iL [PDF]; Glasgow Sunday Herald, 19 December 2010, p. 13 (http://bit.ly/eqyhZl ) and p. 11 in `Opinion' supplement (http://bit.ly/hcPIMe). Indicative list of media coverage at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/project/media.

[2] Acknowledgement of Catherine Hall in Andrea Levy, The Long Song (London, 2010), p. 310; available on request.

Reviews of The Long Song: Sunday Telegraph, 20/01/2010: http://bit.ly/bKyKEZ; Guardian, 07/02/2010: http://bit.ly/aHXLNx; evidence of impact on the public in reviews on Amazon: http://amzn.to/17gyvm1.

Programme of the Neale colloquium including Levy's attendance available on request.

[3] Details of workshops on the LBS events page: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/project/events. Discussion of one workshop in North East Slavery & Abolition Group ENewsletter No. 9, September 2010: http://bit.ly/19ac5aJ [PDF]. Other talks, e.g. UCL Lunch Hour Lecture. `What does London owe to slavery?', 26 October 2010 (http://bit.ly/GRfaSI). Feedback dossier from workshops available on request.

[4] Examples of local press coverage: `"Street of Shame": Harley Street's links to the slave trade are examined in a surprising new exhibition', Marylebone Journal, 1 February 2009; available on request. `Slavers of Harley Street' exhibit at Museum of London in Docklands, Ethnic Now, November 2008: http://bit.ly/17gzdzM. `Before doctors, Harley Street was floating on "slave money"`, Camden New Journal, 14 November 2008, p. 5: http://bit.ly/1e4hnFU. Museum visitor figures http://bit.ly/1e8evrx [PDF] (p. 2). Film makers: Museum of London Docklands Inclusion Officer's personal testimony available at http://bit.ly/1er77rz. Draper's lecture: `Marylebone's connections to slavery', St Marylebone Society's Newsletter, No. 329, Summer 2010; available on request.

[5] Corroborating statement from the Archives Officer at Holborn Library available on request.

[6] Blog: http://lbsatucl.wordpress.com/. Newsletter subscriber list available on request.

[7] Examples of national media coverage: Independent on Sunday, 24 February 2013, pp. 22-23, `Britain's colonial shame: slave-owners given huge payouts after Abolition' http://ind.pn/YMtAGQ. Today, BBC Radio 4, 27 February 2013, Catherine Hall interviewed by James Naughty, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21598782 . The Voice, 25 February 2013, `David Cameron's ancestors received slavery compensation', http://bit.ly/XcHVgy. The Plymouth Herald, 28 February 2013, `How Plymouth turned its back on slavery in 1833', http://bit.ly/Wr10yX.

[8] Google Analytics report available on request. British GENES, 27 February 2013, `Legacies of British Slave-ownership', http://bit.ly/1fdlItz. Ekklesia, 27 February 2013, `New research reveals how clergy claimed compensation for slave ownership', http://bit.ly/V8Nb6f.

[9] Selected e-mail correspondence available on request.

[10] E.g. http://bit.ly/17nmonf (slave-owner, and former slave, Laurencine Whiteman identified by a correspondent); another correspondent provided new information about six of her ancestors including Susanna Fletcher Ingram (http://bit.ly/1e8SpVU) and Benjamin Travers (http://bit.ly/16RDv7f), and in the process corrected a mistake in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

The truth is out there: The Milky Way could be home to

 36 alien civilisations, say scientists

By Euronews • last updated: 16/06/2020

Christopher Conselice, professor of astrophysics at the University of Nottingham and co-author of the research, speaking to Euronews on Monday, June 15, 2020 - Copyright Euronews

It's a cosmic question that has stumped humanity for generations: is there intelligent life beyond our planet?

There's still no conclusive proof that aliens are actually out there, but new research says that our galaxy could be home to 36 civilizations on other planets.

The study says that if life can evolve on other Earth-like planets, three dozen "intelligent civilizations" could exist across the Milky Way. They should also be capable of broadcasting signals into space in the same way that humans do.

"The way we define it is something, an intelligence, which communicates through technology like radio waves, sending lasers into space, optical light going into space, like from our cities, that kind of thing," said Christopher Conselice, a professor of astrophysics at the University of Nottingham and a co-author of the research paper, published in the Astrophysical Journal.

The findings hinge on a number of assumptions.

"The main calculation involves knowing how many stars in our galaxy could be old enough to host life," Conselice said in an interview on Euronews Tonight.

"We know how life forms on Earth and our own solar system. We know how long it took. We know what kind of metallicity – that is the kind of metals we have. And if you look at what other stars in our galaxy have those properties, you're able to come up with this number," he explained.

So, why haven’t we heard from any other life yet? That’s a decades-old question, also known as the Fermi paradox.

Conselice suspects that it’s because these types of communicating civilisations are "very rare" and their lifetimes not very long.

"So we just haven't been able to detect them yet. And they haven't been able to detect us because we've only been emitting light, like radio waves into the galaxy for about 100 years – and 100 light years is how far that could have traveled, but that's not very far," he said.

"It’s just that they’re so far away," he added, predicting it would take "thousands of years" for radio emissions from Earth to reach them.

Watch highlights from the interview in the video player

Lloyd's of London and Greene King apologise over slavery links

A spokesperson for Lloyd’s said on Thursday the company was “sorry for the role played by the Lloyd’s market in the 18th and 19th century slave trade.”

LLOYDS IS TOO COY BY FAR
THEY WERE FOUNDED TO PROTECT BRITISH SLAVERS FROM PIRATES AND PRIVATEERS WHO INCLUDED FREED BLACK SAILORS IN THEIR GUILDS

It came after the company was asked by news outlets about several of the company’s founder subscribers’ inclusion on a University College London (UCL) database on slave-owners and their legacy.

Founder subscriber Simon Fraser is reported to have benefited from compensation worth the equivalent of £400,000 ($502,248) today after slaves were released from his family’s plantations.

Lloyd's of London - UCL SIMON FRASER BIO

www.ucl.ac.uk › lbs › firm › view

Lloyd's of London. Firm Details. Founder Subscriber. Simon Fraser of Ness Castle. Founder ...

Tom Belger Finance and policy reporter Yahoo Finance UK18 June 2020

Lloyds of London's building in central London. (PA)

Lloyds of London and Greene King have both apologised over their links to Britain’s historic slave trade.

The insurance giant and pub chain both also vowed to do more to tackle challenges facing ethnic minorities, including funding external organisations and internal diversity and inclusion measures.

It marks the latest development in the fallout from the toppling of a slave trader’s statue in Bristol during a Black Lives Matter protest, triggered by the deaths of George Floyd and other black Americans at the hands of the police.

Several companies have pledged their support for the Black Lives Matter movement, but many face increasing scrutiny over their own records, past and present.

A spokesperson for Lloyd’s said on Thursday the company was “sorry for the role played by the Lloyd’s market in the 18th and 19th century slave trade.”

It came after the company was asked by news outlets about several of the company’s founder subscribers’ inclusion on a University College London (UCL) database on slave-owners and their legacy.

Founder subscriber Simon Fraser is reported to have benefited from compensation worth the equivalent of £400,000 ($502,248) today after slaves were released from his family’s plantations.

“Lloyds has a long and rich history dating back over 330 years, but there are some aspects of our history that we are not proud of,” said the spokesperson.

“This was an appalling and shameful period of English history, as well as our own, and we condemn the indefensible wrongdoing that occurred during this period.”

He added that an inclusive culture was one of Lloyd’s “top strategic priorities,” admitting not enough progress had been made.

The company adopted a range of measures earlier this month to “help improve the experience of black and minority ethnic talent in the Lloyd’s market.”

They include investment in programmes to recruit, retain and promote ethnic minority staff, a review of company policies, a review of its artefacts and “how Lloyd’s presents its history,” and financial support for charities promoting “opportunity and inclusion” for ethnic minorities.

The company also said it was grateful to ethnic minority colleagues who had helped “shape our conversations” and create an environment “free from injustice.”

Greene King’s chief executive officer Nick Mackenzie also released a statement after facing questions about the company’s founder Benjamin Greene.

Greene is also included on UCL’s database, receiving compensation worth £500,000 today for surrendering three plantations in the West Indies, according to PA. A total of 47,000 people are reported to have received compensation as slave owners when slavery was officially abolished in 1833.

READ MORE: Employees speak out as firms back Black Lives Matter

Mackenzie said: “It is inexcusable that one of our founders profited from slavery and argued against its abolition in the 1800s. While that is a part of our history, we are now focused on the present and the future.”

He said staff were “from all backgrounds” and that racism and discrimination had “no place at Greene King.”

“We don’t have all the answers so that is why we are taking time to listen and learn from all the voices, including our team members and charity partners as we strengthen our diversity and inclusion work,” he added.

The company also announced new investment in both its own diversity and inclusion policies and its work with charity partners. “We plan to make a substantial investment to benefit the BAME community and support our race diversity in the business as we increase our focus on targeted work in this area,” said Mackenzie.

Enslaved African man's grave in Bristol smashed in 'retaliation attack' over Colston statue

David Mercer, news reporter Sky News18 June 2020

The grave of an enslaved African man has been vandalised in an apparent "retaliation attack" after the statue of slave trader Edward Colston was torn down in Bristol.

The Grade II-listed headstone in memory of Scipio Africanus, who lived in the city in the 18th century, has been smashed and a message scrawled in chalk on flagstones nearby.

The message warned: "Put Colston's statue back or things will really heat up."

The memorial to Scipio Africanus, who died aged 18 in 1720, is located in St Mary's churchyard in Henbury, Bristol.

Local councillor Mark Weston said the vandalism "looks like a retaliation attack for the recent events involving the Colston statue" and asked: "Where will this end?"

He told Sky News: "I'm absolutely gutted.

"The listed grave is part of the community's history.

"To see it has been wantonly damaged has caused a lot of upset among residents."

Cllr Weston added that work to repair the headstone was already under way.

The vicar of Henbury, David Lloyd, said there had been plans to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Scipio Africanus' death this year before the coronavirus outbreak

He told Sky News: "People visit from all over the world to pay their respects and look at the monument."

Avon and Somerset Police said it was investigating a report of criminal damage, which is believed to have happened between midday on Tuesday and 8am on Wednesday.

A force spokesman said: "Our investigation into what happened is at an early stage. Officers have been at the scene and have carried out house-to-house and CCTV inquiries."

Police have urged anyone with information about the vandalism to contact them.

The tomb is an early example of a memorial to a man born into slavery and who ended his life as a servant in an English aristocratic household, Historic England states on its website.

Most of the available information about Scipio Africanus is "inscribed on his tomb", it says.

During his life, Scipio Africanus was servant to Charles Howard, the 7th Earl of Suffolk.

The headstone, which features black cherubs, states he was born in about 1702 and died on 12 December 1720.

Scipio Africanus was given his name by the Earl or by a previous "owner" - names of Roman origin were frequently chosen for enslaved people, Historic England states.

Marvin Rees, the mayor of Bristol, described the memorial as an "iconic piece of Bristol's history".

Earlier this month protesters used ropes to pull down the Colston statue, which was erected in 1895, from its plinth in Bristol city centre.

It was then dragged to the harbourside, where it was thrown into the water near Pero's Bridge - named in honour of enslaved man Pero Jones who lived and died in the city.

Bristol City Council retrieved the statue, which will be displayed in a museum along with placards from the Black Lives Matter protest, from the water on 11 June.

All the power to Jagmeet Singh': Canadians defend NDP Leader who called Bloc MP 'racist'

NDP leader Jagmeet Singh booted from Commons for calling MP racist

QUEBEC NATIONALISM IS RACISM AND EXCLUSION
CATHOLIC NUNS HELD SLAVES, ONE SUCH A SLAVE HOLDER WAS MADE A SAINT

Bryan Meler·Associate Editor, Yahoo News Canada June 17, 2020

Canadians have taken to Twitter to defend NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh, after he was asked to leave the House of Commons for choosing not to apologize to a Bloc Quebecois MP, who he called “a racist.”

Singh directed the words at Bloc member Alain Therrien on Wednesday, after the House of Commons failed to receive unanimous consent to pass a New Democrat motion on Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) discrimination.

The NDP leader had asked the House of Commons to recognize that systemic racism exists in the RCMP. Singh also asked all parties to join him in calling for a review of the force’s budget, while ensuring the federal police force is held accountable, since “several Indigenous people have died at the hands of the RCMP in recent months.”

It was unclear who in the Commons decided against the move, but Bloc MP Claude DeBellefeuille spoke out in Therrien's defence, saying Singh’s words were unacceptable. Singh then doubled-down on his comments, and also refused to apologize after being asked to by the Speaker, which resulted in his dismissal.

"It's true, I called him a racist, and I believe that's so," Singh said.

Parliament kicking out Jagmeet Singh is the perfect microcosm of a country where the most offensive thing you can do in polite company is tell a racist they are racist. #cdnpoli
— Derrick O'Keefe (@derrickokeefe) June 17, 2020

This is a good time to reflect on the fact that Jagmeet Singh is the first leader of a Canadian federal party who is racialized. The experience of racism is personal to him; he has lived and lives with it. I respect his perspective and applaud his courage. https://t.co/wvH4Uo3iXF
— Don Davies MP (@DonDavies) June 17, 2020

The way that Jagmeet Singh is demonized and dunked on by Canadians is a reflection of the white supremacy that runs rampant in this nation

Only in a racist country does a brown man get ejected from parliament for insisting that the denial of systemic racism is racist.#cdnpoli
— michael (@_queerio) June 17, 2020

HE SAID WHAT HE SAID FOR A REASON. Apparently, Jagmeet Singh is one of the only people in that chamber willing to speak up and call a racist exactly what they are... a racist. https://t.co/cHTNCkKLrS

— kelsey: ACAB for Cutie (@iKelseyL) June 17, 2020

The RCMP has come under increased scrutiny in the past few weeks, especially after the release of a dashcam video showing Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation Chief Allan Adam being punched and choked by officers.

RCMP Commissioner Brenda Lucki initially didn’t want to admit that systemic racism existed in the police force, but she corrected herself late last week.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has acknowledged that systemic racism exists in Canada, including in the RCMP, but not all leaders nationwide have come to the same conclusio

'Why can't we do something to save people's lives?': Singh reacts to incident calling Bloc MP racist in House of Commons

Following his dismissal from the House of Commons, Singh spoke about what happened between himself and Therrien, which caused him to react in the manner that he did.

Singh said the Speaker was about to move forward with the motion, until hearing Therrien repeatedly say “no.” When the two MPs made contact, Singh said “that MP” proceeded to “brush his hand, dismiss it.”

“In that moment I got angry, but I am sad now, because why can’t we act?” said Singh at a press conference shortly after, while trying to hold back his emotions. “Why can’t we do something to save peoples’ lives? We can do something, and why would someone say no to that?”

You mean the BQ leader who told Quebec voters that they shouldn’t vote for Jagmeet Singh because he didn’t look like them?
How could anyone think that guy was racist? https://t.co/k6k7CSZOlS
— senwung (@fysl) June 17, 2020

I don’t always agree with Jagmeet Singh, but withholding unanimous consent to even debate a motion on systemic racism is an overtly racist act. The fact that it happened in the HoC makes it, in itself, systemically racist. Alain Therrien is a racist, House rules be damned.
— Kyle Sheppard (@Maqaiti) June 17, 2020

So this is where we’re at eh Canada? At the height of racist awareness taking place around us- the ‘r’ word is bad.
All the power to Jagmeet Singh for calling it is what it is. How are we going to change the systems if we can’t name them?! https://t.co/7DUjjRt2Vv
— Sharn! (NOT Sharon) Kaur (@SharnFTC) June 17, 2020

jagmeet said “did i stutter”😩👌🏽 https://t.co/pMcND2mzDW
— tiyana (@tiyana_m_) June 17, 2020

Amid Canadians standing up for Singh, others also took to Twitter to condemn his word choice and his recent actions.

Finally a little justice today in the House. The speaker just ruled that Jagmeet Singh calling a Bloc member a racist, violated the rules of the house. He then ejected Singh.
— terry l. (@dubsndoo) June 17, 2020

Why does Jagmeet Singh keep lamenting that Parliament can't do stuff?
Bro, you literally voted to keep Parliament shut over the summer.
— Spencer Fernando 🇨🇦 (@SpencerFernando) June 17, 2020

From Damascus to Berlin: A Reuters journalist's quest for family reunion

Ghada Zitouni, Isam Alkousaa pose for a picture at Alhambra Palace

Riham Alkousaa June 18, 2020



By Riham Alkousaa

BERLIN (Reuters) - It was still dark in Damascus as I walked down the stairs, my new life contained in a red suitcase. My mother stood next to the taxi door praying for my safety. My father was silent, certain that he would never see me again.

I lowered the taxi window and waved to my parents until they disappeared, grieving over the separation but at the same time grateful to my exhausted old city, which had finally let me go.

I had become one of the 700,000 refugees who have fled Syria and its war without end to Germany, which offered shelter under a grey but generous sky.

Since that morning in September 2014, I've told many stories of refugees' attempts to make Germany more like a home by reuniting with their families here. As a journalist covering the biggest refugee crisis of the 21st century, I've reported about the waiting, the loneliness, the maze of the paperwork that torments the family reunification process.

This time, I am telling my story.

A year after I left Syria for Germany at age 23, my parents and I tried in vain to meet in Lebanon, Algeria, Sudan, Iran and Malaysia – some of the countries that still offer visas to Syrians. But as descendants of Palestinian refugees in Syria with no formal Syrian or Palestinian citizenship or national passport, our chances to meet were very slim.

Since the moment I left Syria behind, my life has been a litany of moments meant to be shared: I missed my parents at my graduation from my postgraduate program at Columbia University in New York after President Trump imposed a travel ban on visitors from Syria. I missed them at my engagement party; when I moved to my first apartment in Berlin; and on every Ramadan, Eid, Christmas and New Year's Eve.

WhatsApp helped to create an illusion of contact and closeness. At the beginning, the first thing I saw on my phone in the morning were missed calls from my mother. Then she learned that she could send me voice messages through the app, and they became our morning routine. She would record them while she was having morning coffee with my father, and I would listen to them on my way to German-language school or to work.

We also cherished our video calls, even though the slow internet in Syria would cut them short. But when the ones you love are seen only on the screens of your laptop or phone, they slowly become unreal, like your favorite childhood TV character: very familiar, but imaginary.

In Arabic, we call it "ghurba," which has an unsatisfying translation of "being a stranger in a foreign land." It's trying to cook all your favorite dishes at once, just to reassure yourself that you can bring home back; it's the long Netflix evening where tea is made in a cup, not the big pot your mother used to keep ready for you; it's dreading weekends with their empty hours slowly sneaking in on quiet Friday evenings.

Then I heard about a special resettlement program offered by Berlin's local government that offers a chance – a minuscule one, but a chance nonetheless – for Syrian and Iraqi families to reunite.

Migration has been one of the most divisive topics in Germany and Europe since Chancellor Angela Merkel decided in 2015 to open borders to more than 1 million people escaping war and persecution in the Middle East and beyond. Concerns about migration have fueled far-right parties across the continent and pushed European governments to shut their borders and seal a controversial deal with Turkey to control illegal migration. The number of asylum- seekers in Germany fell 72.5% between 2016, the year the deal was signed, and 2017.

For Syrians, even obtaining a visitor visa to Germany today is difficult because immigration authorities are skeptical that the travelers will return to the war-torn country. There are no government statistics on how many Syrians have been granted a short-stay visa in recent years because the German Foreign Ministry doesn't record the citizenship of applicants. But in 2019, the German Embassy in Beirut granted only 7,913 short-term visas, which would include all Lebanese applicants in addition to Syrians.

Only minors with "recognized refugee" status have the right to bring their parents and minor siblings to Germany. I was an adult when I applied for asylum five years ago and didn't qualify for a regular family reunification process.

But if an adult Syrian refugee – or an employed European Union citizen – promises to take care of all financial expenses of a family member, they can reunite in Germany through a special program for Syrian and Iraqi refugees. The resettlement scheme offers two years' residence, with a work permit and public health insurance for family members.

The program was introduced in 2013 by many German states to resettle families of Syrian refugees whose asylum applications have been approved and already have recognized refugee status in Germany. It's renewed on an annual basis, and the decision to extend it is made by states' governments; out of 15 states that offered the program in 2014, only five of them have extended it for 2020.

To be eligible for the program, I had to have a stable job in Germany with long-term employment prospects and a minimum salary to demonstrate that the family member wouldn't end up being a drain on the system.

With language and skills barriers, meeting those conditions is challenging. In the six years ending in October 2019, only 1,098 people had benefited from the program in the state of Berlin, government data showed. Out of 459 applications submitted in 2019, 173 were approved.

Having a wage of at least of 2,300 euros a month after taxes is among the most challenging conditions.

"It's is not that easy to earn this amount when one has immigrated here recently," said Engelhard Mazanke, the head of Berlin's migration office.

At the beginning of my time in Berlin as an Arabic speaker in a country facing a wave of Arab refugees, I worked with American and German freelance journalists to tell the stories of the newcomers. While translating and talking to people at Berlin's asylum reception center, I thought that I could tell these stories on my own. But moving from being a "fixer" to a real journalist in a new language and a new country needed much more than I had expected.

It took four years, countless German classes, a master's degree from an Ivy League school, a few internships and a year-and-half training program until I got a job contract at Reuters and met the program's conditions.



But one condition was the hardest for me: A choice had to be made.

The Berlin migration official responsible for my case was clear that I must choose between my parents or one of my four siblings for the application. My brothers are still in school in the Syrian city of Homs, so waiting few more years to bring them here made sense. That meant either denying my sisters an opportunity to build a future in Germany or pushing my five-year separation with my parents longer, with no end in sight.

Weeks passed because I couldn't decide. Then a German friend of mine astounded me with an offer to help.

Pascale Mueller and I had met few years earlier when she needed help translating for a Syrian refugee family for a story for Tagesspiegel newspaper during the 2015 wave of migration. We hadn't seen each other for more than a year when she said she would act as a guarantor for one of my sisters.

I asked her to take some time before deciding, because the guarantor is financially responsible for the new arrival. If my sister claimed welfare or unemployment benefits, the government would send a bill to Pascale.

"Everyone I spoke with said, 'I wouldn't do it,' but I have a good feeling about this," Pascale said. A few weeks later we were at Berlin's migration office signing the papers.

When life decides to give you a break, it makes you feel that the doors that seemed shut might have not been closed in the first place. When another friend of mine, a Briton, heard of Pascale's unexpected help, he stepped in to guarantee my other sister. We needed to rush through the paperwork before Brexit happened and he was no longer a European Union citizen, but we also had to wait on the pay raise he had been promised. Each delay in Britain's parliament that pushed its parting from the EU further away gave my sister and me a bigger chance to reunite.

Finally, he was able to sign the papers.

Within weeks, I received an email from the German Embassy in Beirut asking my family for an interview. Because Germany pulled its diplomatic representation in Syria shortly after the uprising there in 2011, Syrians who apply for a German visa must be interviewed in one of the German embassies or consulates in Syria's neighboring countries. Lebanon was the closest and, theoretically, at least, the easiest to get in.

But like the complicated German sentence structure I have come to know so well, nothing was easy in this process. A simple appointment became a metaphor for the struggles, both bureaucratic and emotional, that the displaced face the world over.

First, my family had to leave Damascus before midnight for an 8:30 a.m. appointment in Beirut, although the trip only takes 3½ hours by road, because of a complicated entry process for Palestinian-Syrians to Lebanon. Then, at the appointment, they tried to hand over a document they'd been told to bring, but the employee said it wasn't required.

A few weeks later, the embassy called, asking for that same document. We could either pay a driver a fee that was half my father's monthly salary as a professor to take it to Lebanon or find someone to take it. We got lucky – the parents of a friend of mine were traveling to the consulate in Lebanon the next day for a visa interview through the same program.

But then our luck ran out again. After waiting a month for word of our application, we were asked to send the passports so "an answer" of yes or no could be stamped on the applications. This time we happily paid for a courier to take them to Beirut.

Then came the next delay: We were told there was a problem with my father's travel document, but the authorities didn't say what the problem was, exactly.

We called the embassy more than 100 times, with either no answer or a busy line. I tried a different emergency number dedicated for German citizens and was finally forwarded to someone who could answer my question. It turned out that the problem was my father's passport photo: The glasses he wore made his face unrecognizable. I understood the argument. But why wasn't this issue flagged when I had applied for the program with copies of the travel documents, or when my father was interviewed and his documents were checked at the embassy six weeks earlier? Why didn't the embassy simply phone us, asking for a new travel document?

"Due to the very high number of applications in some cases, not all details relevant for any specific applications may stand out at first glance when first filing the application," the German Foreign Ministry told me in an email.

We hired a driver, Abu Hisham, to take the passports to the embassy again after my mother received a second call few weeks later. But even that trip was fraught with potential disaster. With an empty car on the way back, he stopped to pick a man on the road, thinking that he needed a ride to Damascus. The man asked to stop for two friends of his, and they robbed Abu Hisham of all his money. But they left a brown envelope in the glove compartment that held the stamped passports.

Finally, more than six months after I applied for their resettlement, my parents were ready to fly to Germany. On a winter evening, I was at Berlin Tegel airport waiting for them to arrive. During normal times, a flight from Beirut to Berlin lands there every other evening, and Syrians are easily recognized at the arrivals' gate: reunions with excessively arranged bouquets, cute boys dressed in black suits and old men openly crying. Even security guards tear up and smile, although they must have seen the reunion scenes many times.

I cried and cried at my father's shoulder as he walked off the first flight he had ever taken, at age 59. I cried for all my lonely nights in Berlin, for the years that made him an old man while I became stronger, for our family home that had been pounded to ruins, for the life moments we hadn't spent together. After five years, we were a family once more.




(Reporting by Riham Alkousaa, editing by Kari Howard)



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Syrian Kurdish region increases salaries amid currency crash
BASSEM MROUE Associated Press June 18, 2020

In this Jan. 7, 2020, file photo, Syrian President Bashar Assad listens to Russian President Vladimir Putin during their meeting in Damascus, Syria. The Trump administration is ramping up pressure on Syrian President Bashar Assad and his inner circle with a raft of new economic and travel sanctions for human rights abuses. (Alexei Nikolsky, Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP)

BEIRUT (AP) — As Syria's economy plummeted further, the local Kurdish-led authority controlled by U.S.-backed fighters in the country's north said Thursday it was more than doubling the salaries of its employees to make up for the loss of the value of the Syrian pound.

The announcement came a day after Washington imposed a new wave of sanctions, ramping up pressure on Syrian President Bashar Assad and his inner circle with a raft of new economic and travel sanctions for human rights abuses in the country's nine-year civil war.

The Syrian Kurdish administration — which calls itself the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria — said the 150% salary raise, starting June 1, would apply to every employee working for the local government. It gave no numbers but the local authority is believed to employee thousands of civil servants.

The authority gave no further details other than saying the move is in “the interest of the public.”

On Wednesday, the U.S. State Department said it had designated 39 Syrian individuals, including Assad, his wife and members of their extended family, military leaders and business executives. Many were already subject to U.S. sanctions, but the penalties also target non-Syrians who do business with them.

The sanctions only hit areas under Assad’s control but since the local currency is also used in the Kurdish-led autonomous region, the salary hikes appear aimed at preserving the local population's purchasing power as the Syrian pound crumbles.

Meanwhile, in the northwestern province of Idlib, the last remaining Syrian rebel stronghold, some people have started using the Turkish Lira instead of the Syrian pound.

At the start of Syria's conflict in March 2011, the dollar was worth 47 pounds. In recent weeks, the pound has dropped to more than 3,000 to the dollar.

The American sanctions are the result of legislation known as the Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act, named after the pseudonym of a Syrian policeman who turned over photographs of thousands of victims of torture by the Assad government.

Shortly before the announcements of the new U.S. sanctions on Wednesday, Syria devalued its currency by 44% and announced a new official exchange rate for the pound.

Syria’s troubled economy has sharply deteriorated, prices have soared and the pound had collapsed in recent weeks, partly because of fears that the sanctions would further isolate the country.

Trump spoke of executing U.S. journalists who didn’t reveal sources for stories

According to excerpts provided to the Washington Post, Bolton detailed a July 2019 meeting with the president during which Trump complained bitterly about the media coverage he had received. Specifically, Trump railed against journalists who refused to reveal the sources for their stories, Bolton said. “These people should be executed,” Trump said in the meeting, according to Bolton. “They are scumbags.”

https://news.yahoo.com/five-bombshells-about-trump-from-boltons-book-201739765.html

UK Government told to extend furlough scheme into 2021 to prevent 'tsunami of job losses'

Oscar Williams-Grut
Senior City Correspondent, Yahoo Finance UK 18 June 2020

A Job Centre Plus in London. (PA)
Union's bosses have warned that the UK faces a “tsunami of job losses” unless the government extends its job retention scheme and provides targeted support to the most vulnerable industries.

“I really, really am fearful about a tsunami of job losses as we start to introduce changes to the job retention scheme and employer contributions,” Steve Turner, assistant general secretary of Unite, told parliament’s Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy select committee on Thursday.

Turner said he was already seeing companies start consultations on thousands of redundancies in sectors like car manufacturing, ahead of changes to the job retention scheme in August. Bentley, Aston Martin, McLaren, and Jaguar Land Rover have all announced job cuts in recent weeks.

Read more: UK employers have slashed 600,000 staff since March

9.1m people are furloughed under the government’s job retention scheme, almost a third of the UK’s workforce. Under the scheme, which was announced in March, the state pays 80% of idled staffs’ pay to a maximum of £2,500 per month.

Unite's Steve Turner speaking during a rally at the Harland and Wolff shipyard, Belfast, Northern Ireland. (PA)

The programme has so far cost the Treasury over £20bn ($25bn) and employers using the scheme will be asked to start contributing to its cost from August.

Turner and other union bosses warned the gradual tapering of the scheme would likely provoke thousands of job losses, with many industries in no position to contribute to costs.

Read more: 9 million workers furloughed as cost of scheme hits £20bn

“When the changes in the JRS [job retention scheme] happen in August, even though they’re only moderate in August, that will stimulate job losses and they are already building up,” said Mike Clancy, general secretary of Prospect.

“This is not posturing. It is a genuine reaction from employers who do not have the cash to fund even moderate changes in the JRS.”

Clancy was specifically referencing the theatre and performing arts industry. His warning came hours after legendary West End theatre producer Sir Cameron Mackintosh started redundancies on his productions, saying he could not hold out for a safe reopening of theatres.

Read more: Culture secretary hints at theatre bailouts as job cuts bite

“The creative industries are facing a huge and real crisis now,” Christine Payne, general secretary of actors union Equity, told MPs.

She estimated 400,000 jobs could be lost across the sector without more support from government. Payne said the job retention scheme should be extended “until at least March, April next year.” The programme is currently due to finish in October.

Christine Payne, general secretary, Equity. (PA)

Clancy added that any changes or extension must be announced urgently to avoid widespread job losses.

“This needs to be sorted within three or four weeks,” he said. “It’s an absolute crisis that needs to be addressed now.”

Read more: MPs warn over a million workers 'locked out' of job schemes

All the union bosses who gave evidence to the select committee called for more targeted intervention to help specific sectors that may struggle to bounce back quickly as the UK economy begins to reopen.

“We need an economic plan for key sectors of our economy,” said Gary Smith, secretary for GMB Scotland.

“Our recovery is not going to fall from the sky and it can’t happen when we’re continuing to export jobs that could and should be done here.”

Sectors singled out for targeted support included retail, hospitality, leisure, aviation, and manufacturing, as well as the creative arts.

Read more: Call for Treasury to take £15bn stake in British firms — then sell shares to public

“What we need is the government to take an equity stake in some of these foundation industries to give real long-term security,” Turner said.

“We’ve intervened in the past, and I think we’ll have to intervene in the future a bit like they’re doing in Germany, France, Spain, and even the US.

“I think this will be devastating without direct government intervention at this point. That does require this sectoral arrangement.”

Tory MP Bim Afolami MP earlier this week called for the Treasury to establish a £15bn ($19bn) “Recovery Fund” for British businesses that would see the government take direct stakes in businesses.

The government is reportedly considering such a project — codenamed Project Birch — although no formal announcements have been made.

US Jobless claims dip to 1.51 million in mid-June, but layoffs remain stubbornly high

Slow drop in continuing jobless claims signals fresh wave of layoffs

Published: June 18, 2020 By Jeffry Bartash

Unemployed workers line up in their cars to file applications for jobless benefits in the age of the coronavirus. GETTY IMAGES

The numbers: About 1.5 million people applied for traditional jobless benefits in mid-June, but the high number of people still seeking or receiving financial aid suggests a fresh wave of layoffs may be crashing over the economy and stunting an embryonic recovery.

Initial jobless claims filed the traditional way through state unemployment offices fell slightly in the seven days ended June 13 from 1.57 million in the prior week, the Labor Department said Thursday. It was the 10th decline in a row.

Economists polled by MarketWatch had forecast a seasonally adjusted 1.35 million new claims

If people who applied for unemployment benefits through a temporary federal program are included, new claims totaled an unadjusted 2.19 million in mid-June.


Read:U.S. entered recession in February after end of longest expansion in history

Yet the number of people who are actually receiving traditional jobless benefits barely fell to 20.54 million in the week ended May 30. These so-called continuing claims, reported with a one-week lag, had peaked in the middle of May at nearly 23 million, but are declining at an agonizingly slow pace.

What happened: New jobless claims have fallen steadily from a peak of almost 7 million in late March, but the decline has been much slower than economists had expected. They worry a second wave of layoffs is keeping the numbers elevated, posing a potential threat to an economic recovery that’s now in the early stages.

The grudging decline in continuing jobless claims appears to offer proof. They give a better idea of how many people are still out of work, whereas new claims only reveal how many people may have lost their jobs at some point during the crisis. At least several million people have since returned to their jobs as the economy has reopened.

Digging into the details of the latest claims report, 760,526 applications were submitted in the week of June 13 under a temporary federal-relief program put in place after the pandemic began. Forty-six states reported figures for federal claims under the Pandemic Unemployment Assistance program.

If all eight state and federal assistance programs are included, continuing claims totaled an unadjusted 29.1 million in the seven days ended May 30, the most recent data available. That marks a small drop from 29.5 million in the prior week.

MarketWatch is also reporting select jobless claims data using actual, or unadjusted, figures to give a clearer picture of unemployment. The seasonally adjusted estimates typically expected by Wall Street have inflated jobless claims during the pandemic and become less accurate.

Read: Consumer prices drop again as pandemic cuts rate of inflation to near zero

Big picture: Almost 50 million new jobless claims have been filed since the pandemic began, but shocking as those numbers are, they don’t reveal much about how quickly the labor market is recovering.

The more important figure to watch is continuing claims, and while they’ve begun to subside, they are not declining at a pace that points to a rapid recovery in lost jobs. Unless they fall more quickly, and soon, the nascent recovery could be stunted.

The latest claims report took place during the same week in which the government surveyed businesses and households for in preparation for the employment report for June. The small decline in new claims suggests that net employment gains in June might not be as strong as expected. The government said the economy regained 2.7 million jobs in May.

Read: Revisiting that funky drop in unemployment to 13.3%: Nobody really believes it