Monday, August 03, 2020

UK  
The Kent areas under threat of disappearing underwater due to climate change

A report from Climate Central has revealed the severity of the crisis facing the county


By Stela Gineva Will Rider Multimedia Journalist
2 AUG 2020
An aerial view of the Kent coast (Image: Geograph/Thomas Nugent)

As the entire world battles to cope with COVID-19, it is important not to lose sight of other pressing global challenges.

While 2019 brought unprecedented focus on climate change, 2020 marks another year of insufficient action to adequately confront the crisis.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said that human activity has caused around one degree Celsius of global warming above pre-industrial levels.

The Paris Agreement resulted in countries signing on to limit global warming to two degrees Celsius but, as evidenced in the IPCC’s 2018 report, this is just not enough.

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Kent's climate emergency and what the county will really look like in 2050

In order to curb the worst impacts of climate change, the IPCC has said warming must be limited to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

To achieve that goal, we must reduce global net carbon emissions by 45 per cent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching net zero by 2050.
A report from Climate Central, a non-profit news organisation focused on climate science, has revealed the severity of the impending crisis locally.



In the UK, should average global temperatures rise by the two degrees targeted in the Paris Agreement, anywhere between four to six million people could find their homes submerged.

And Kent will be one of the worst affected counties due to its coastal location.

Worldwide, more than 130 million people could be displaced, with that figure rising to half a billion, if temperatures rise by four degrees.
Which Kent areas will be affected?

An interactive map published by Climate Central reveals that a temperature rise of two degrees could see Thanet becoming its own island once again, as Margate, Broadstairs, and Ramsgate are cut off by the sea and surrounding towns and villages submerged.

The flooding could extend to as far as Canterbury.

(Image: Climate Central)

Large chunks of Herne Bay could be engulfed as well, with much of Faversham, Sittingbourne and Sheerness underwater.

Hoo and Chatham could also be affected in parts.

Folkestone and Dover beach front properties are similarly at risk, as the coastal lines will be swallowed by the sea.


Further west, the entirety of Dymchurch, Stone, and parts of Tenterden could be flooded.

The interactive map below shows how rising sea levels will affect Kent's towns.


There are three main reasons why the sea rises in hotter temperatures.


Huge ice sheets at the poles melt faster than they form from snowfall loading more water around the earth, ice at high altitude melts at higher points and as with all things, heat makes the oceans expand.

Experts say causes of global warming by humans include burning fossil fuels - coal, gas and oil - factory farming and increasing livestock production and deforestation.

Press here to read more on how Kent will be impacted by climate change.

The Economics of Military Spending A Marxist Perspective

Published 2019
590 Views62 Pages
The Economics of Military Spending offers a comprehensive analysis of the effect of military expenditures on the economy. It is the first book to provide both a theoretical and an empirical investigation of how military spending affects the profit rate, a key indicator of the health of a capitalist economy. The book presents a general discussion on the economic models of the nexus of military spending and economic growth, as well as military Keynesianism and the military-industrial complex. Including an account of the Marxist crisis theories, it focuses on military spending as a counteracting factor to the tendency of rate of profit to fall. Using a range of econometric methods and adopting a Marxist perspective, this book provides comprehensive evidence on the effects of military spending on the rate of profit for more than thirty countries. The findings of the book shed light on the complex linkages between military spending and the profit rate by considering the role of countries in the arms trade. Offering a Marxist perspective and an emphasis on quantitative analysis, The Economics of Military Spending will be of great interest to students and scholars of defence and peace economics, as well as Marxist economics.





The Effect of Military Expenditure on Profit Rates: Evidence from Major Countries

Published 2018
97 Views20 Pages
This article provides evidence of the effect of military expenditures on the rate of profits by focusing on 32 major countries for the period of 1963–2008 by using data from the Extended Penn World Tables, the University of Texas Inequality Project Estimated Household Income Inequality, the World Development Indicator, and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. The article employs a Generalized Method of Moment model within a Marxist framework. Findings show that military expenditures have positive effect on the rate of profits. It is also showed that increasing income inequality increases the rate of profits. Finally, the findings suggest that while military expenditures have a positive effect on the profit rates in the case of both arms-exporting countries and net-arms exporters, the relationship is not that significant in the case of arms-importing countries.


PERMANENT ARMS ECONOMY

The Labour Debate. An investigation into the theory and reality of capitalist work

2002, The Labour Debate. An investigation into the theory and reality of capitalist work
2,249 ViewsPaperRank: 1.0256 Pages
In a world dominated by capitalist work (labour), working for a wage is the central unavoidable reality of modern social life. And yet, the category of labour remains underdeveloped in social sciences. While waged labour in all its forms, including unemployment and mass poverty, has now invaded all aspects of social life, labour appears to have disappeared as a practice that constitutes modern society. This book revitalises labour as the fundamental constitutive principle of the social world, through a radical reinterpretation of Marx’s social theory. Each chapter develops a central Marxist theme: the continuing centrality of work; class and classification; commodity fetishism and primitive accumulation; labour movements and the way in which labour moves; unemployment, subjectivity and class consciousness, and the new forms of resistance developed in Europe, Latin America and East Asia. In conclusion, the editors give an account of what they consider to be the main critical and practical problems and possibilities confronting the concept and reality of labour in the 21st century. Contents Acknowledgements ix From Here to Utopia: Finding Inspiration for the Labour Debate Ana C. Dinerstein and Michael Neary 1 1 What Labour Debate? 1.1 Class and Classification: Against, In and Beyond Labour John Holloway p.27 1.2 Class Struggle and the Working Class: The Problem of Commodity Fetishism Simon Clarke p.41 1.3 The Narrowing of Marxism: A Comment on Simon Clarke’s Comments John Holloway p.61 2 Capital, Labour and Primitive Accumulation: On Class and Constitution Werner Bonefeld p.65 3 Labour and Subjectivity: Rethinking the Limits of Working Class Consciousness Graham Taylor p. 89 4 Hayek, Bentham and the Global Work Machine: The Emergence of the Fractal-Panopticon Massimo De Angelis p. 108 5 Work is Still the Central Issue! New Words for New Worlds Harry Cleaver p. 135 6 Labour Moves: A Critique of the Concept of Social Movement Unionism Michael Neary p . 149 7 Fuel for the Living Fire: Labour-Power! Glenn Rikowski p. 179 8 Regaining Materiality: Unemployment and the Invisible Subjectivity of Labour Ana C. Dinerstein p. 203 9 Anti-Value-in-Motion: Labour, Real Subsumption and the Struggles against Capitalism Ana C. Dinerstein and Michael Neary v … View full abstract

Historical Materialism as Hermeneutics in Herbert Marcuse

30 Views16 Pages
Herbert Marcuse's critical theory of capitalist society is perhaps not the first we tend to associate with the project of hermeneutics. Arguably, however, a hermeneutical dimension consistently inflects Marcuse's concern with articulating historical materialism on a renewed basis-one that would account for the transformation of subjectivity a revolutionary politics ​ not only requires as an outcome​ , ​ but indeed presupposes as a necessary condition​. This necessity, I shall argue, forms the ground of Marcuse's understanding of hermeneutics as simultaneously a gesture of reactivating ​ historical memory and as ​ critique​. In this sense, Marcuse's historical materialist hermeneutics offers us a way to engage in a critique of the capitalist present and its fetishistic logic of dehistoricization, the reification of historically specific social relations as immutable, thingly laws. Indeed, for Marcuse the articulation of a revolutionary subjectivity concerns the development of radical needs, critical consciousness, and aesthetic sensibilities that would undermine and begin the process of interrupting the hold of capitalist society over our libidinal and bodily, as well as over our conscious and unconscious, life. The problem here, then, will be to clarify the mediations between the development of such radical needs and the kind of historical memory hermeneutical reflection itself occasions.

ephemera special issue: The politics of workers' inquiry

310 Views277 Pages
This issue brings together a series of commentaries, interventions and projects centred on the theme of workers’ inquiry. Workers’ inquiry is a practice of knowledge production that seeks to understand the changing composition of labour and its potential for revolutionary social transformation. It is a practice of turning the tools of the social sciences into weapons of class struggle. It also seeks to map the continuing imposition of the class relation, not as a disinterested investigation, but rather to deepen and intensify social and political antagonisms



BOOK: Reconsidering value and labour in the digital age

2,029 ViewsPaperRank: 1.7280 Pages

All labour produces value for capital and we all struggle against value (or: all labour is productive and unproductive)


40 Pages

Fetishism and Revolution in the Critique of Political Economy. Critical Reflections on some Contemporary Readings of Marx’s Capital - Continental Thought and Theory, Volume 1, Issue 4, pp. 365-398, 2017

2017, CONTINENTAL THOUGHT & THEORY: A JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM
944 ViewsPaperRank: 1.534 Pages
The aim of this article is to examine a series of recent contributions to the reading of Marx's Capital that stress its specific determination as a dialectical investigation of objectified or fetishised forms of social mediation in capitalist society: on the one hand, the so-called Neue Marx-Lektüre originated in Germany towards the end of the 1960s and, on the other, the more widely circulated work of authors associated with so-called Open Marxism. The interesting aspect of these works is that they draw the implications of Marx's critique of political economy not only for the comprehension of the fetishised forms of social objectivity in capitalism, but also for the comprehension of the forms of subjectivity of the modern individual. More specifically, all these contributions broadly share the insightful view that the content of the simplest determination of human individuality in the capitalist mode of production is its alienated existence as 'personification of economic categories'. However, this article argues that the limits of these perspectives become apparent when it comes to uncovering the grounds of the revolutionary form of subjectivity which carries the potentiality to transcend capitalist alienation. For these perspectives fail to ground the revolutionary form of subjectivity in the immanent unfolding of capitalist forms of social mediation. In the case of the Neue Marx-Lektüre, it quite simply leaves the problematique of the revolutionary subject outside the scope of the critique of political economy. In the case of Open Marxism, despite valiant attempts at overcoming all exteriority in their conceptualisation of the relationship between human subjectivity and capital, they end up grounding the revolutionary transformative powers of the working class outside the latter’s alienated existence as personification of economic categories; more specifically, in an abstract humanity lacking in social determinations. In contrast to these perspectives, this paper develops an alternative approach to the Marxian critique of political economy which provides an account of the revolutionary potentialities of the working class as immanent in its full determination as an attribute of the alienated or fetishised movement of the capital-form.

Fetishism and Social Domination In Marx, Lukacs, Adorno and Lefebvre.

2,758 Views235 Pages
This thesis presents a comparative account of the theory of fetishism and its role in the social constitution and constituent properties of Marx’s, Lukács’, Adorno’s and Lefebvre’s theories of social domination. It aims to bring this unduly neglected aspect of fetishism to the fore and to stress its relevance for contemporary critical theory. The thesis begins with an introductory chapter that highlights the lack of a satisfactory theory of fetishism and social domination in contemporary critical theory. It also demonstrates how this notion of fetishism has been neglected in contemporary critical theory and in studies of Marxian theory. This frames the ensuing comparative, historical and theoretical study in the substantive chapters of my thesis, which differentiates, reconstructs and critically evaluates how Marx, Lukács, Adorno and Lefebvre utilize the theory of fetishism to articulate their theories of the composition and characteristics of social domination. Chapter 1 examines Marx’s theory of fetish-characteristic forms of value as a theory of domination socially embedded in his account of the Trinity Formula. It also evaluates the theoretical and sociological shortcomings of Capital. Chapter 2 focuses on how Lukács’ double-faceted account of fetishism as reification articulates his Hegelian, Marxian, Simmelian and Weberian account of dominating social mystification. Chapter 3 turns to Adorno’s theory of the fetish form of the exchange abstraction and unpacks how it serves as a basis for his dialectical critical social theory of domination. Chapter 4 provides an account of how Lefebvre’s theory of fetishism as concrete abstraction serves as the basis for a number of theories that attempt to socially embody an account of domination that is not overly deterministic. The critical evaluations in chapters 2-4 interrogate each thinker’s conception of fetishism and its role in their accounts of the genesis and pervasiveness of social domination. The conclusion of the thesis consists of three parts. In the first part, I bring together and compare my analysis of Marx, Lukács, Adorno and Lefebvre. In part two, I consider whether their respective theories provide a coherent and cohesive critical social theory of fetishism and of the mode of constitution and the constituents of social domination. In part three, I move toward a contemporary critical theory of fetishism and social domination … View full abstract


Capital, the State, and Economic Policy: Bringing Open Marxist Critical Political Economy Back into Contemporary Heterodox Economics

2020, Review of Radical Political Economics
9 Pages
This Intervention brings the Open Marxist critical political economy perspective from the Conference of Socialist Economists into contemporary heterodox economics by critically contrasting what I term the predominant contemporary heterodox economics discourse withe Simon's Clarke conceptions of the state and economic policy. I conclude by comparing these perspectives and drawing out points that I hope ignite a debate on these issues in heterodox economics.

https://www.academia.edu/43773784/Capital_the_State_and_Economic_Policy_Bringing_Open_Marxist_Critical_Political_Economy_Back_into_Contemporary_Heterodox_Economics?auto=download&email_work_card=download-paper