Monday, December 14, 2020

Fauci praises African American scientist at ‘forefront’ of creating Covid vaccine

Anthony Fauci has praised the work of Kizzmekia Corbett, an African American scientist who the leading US public health expert said was “at the forefront” of the development of a leading coronavirus vaccine.
© Photograph: Leah Millis/Reuters Dr Kizzmekia Corbett, right, a research fellow at the NIH vaccine research center, in Bethesda, Maryland, with Donald Trump in March.



Related: Donald Trump reverses plan to give White House officials Covid vaccine

In a conversation about mistrust of Covid-19 vaccines among Black people in an online forum with the National Urban League, Fauci said Corbett was one of two leaders of the team which created a vaccine found to be 94% effective.

Corbett’s team at the National Institutes of Health worked with pharmaceutical company Moderna to develop the vaccine – one of two found to be more than 90% effective – which is expected to be authorised for emergency use by the US Food and Drug Administration this month.

Asked to talk about the involvement of African American scientists in the vaccination effort, Fauci said: “That [Moderna] vaccine was actually developed in my institute’s vaccine research centre by a team of scientists led by Dr Barney Graham and his close colleague Dr Kizzmekia Corbett, or Kizzy Corbett. Kizzy is an African American scientist who is right at the forefront of the development of the vaccine.

“So, the first thing you might want to say to my African American brothers and sisters is that the vaccine that you’re going to be taking was developed by an African American woman. And that is just a fact.”

Research by the Covid Collaborative, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and UnidosUS found that just 14% of Black Americans trust that a vaccine will be safe and 18% trust it will be effective.

Video: Coronavirus: Oxford vaccine has good safety record and efficacy, new study finds (The Independent)

The study found that many concerns were based on America’s racist history of medical research, including the Tuskegee syphilis experiment between 1932 and 1972, in which more than 100 Black men are estimated to have died.

Fauci said he fully respected scepticism around the vaccine and said it was important to address the historical reasons behind it. He also emphasised that scientists, not politicians, are in charge of approving coronavirus vaccines.

Corbett, 34, who has a doctorate in microbiology and immunology from the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, joined the NIH’s Vaccine Research Centre in 2014 as a postdoctoral fellow.

While at school, she was chosen to take part in Project Seed, a programme for gifted minority students that meant she could study chemistry in labs at UNC, reported the Washington Post. She was awarded a scholarship to study at the University of Maryland Baltimore county and did a summer internship at the National Institutes of Health.

When she started on Fauci’s team six years ago, Corbett told ABC News, she had no idea she would work on developing a vaccine. But amid a pandemic which began with reports of a respiratory outbreak in Wuhan, China, in early January, her team managed to create a vaccine in less than a year.

Corbett, who was part of a group of scientists who met Donald Trump in March, said it was important as a Black scientist to be visible.

“I felt that it was important to do that because the level of visibility that it would have to younger scientists and also to people of colour who have often worked behind the scenes and essentially [who have] done the dirty work for these large efforts toward a vaccine,” she said.

Corbett said it will take time to rebuild trust in Black communities, who have also been disproportionately impacted by the pandemic, a process she said needed to be done in a “brick-by-brick fashion”.

She told CNN: “What I say to people firstly is that I empathise, and then secondly is that I’m going to do my part in laying those bricks. And I think that if everyone on our side, as physicians and scientists, went about it that way, then the trust would start to be rebuilt.”

As of Monday, the pandemic had infected more than 16.2 million people and killed nearly 300,000 in the US, according to Johns Hopkins University figures.


EU rights watchdog warns of pitfalls in use of AI

By Foo Yun Chee
© Reuters/Daniel Becerril FILE PHOTO: A healthcare worker uses a robot to carry out consultations with patients suffering from the coronavirus disease COVID-19, at NOVA hospital in Monterrey

BRUSSELS (Reuters) - The European Union's rights watchdog has warned of the risks of using artificial intelligence in predictive policing, medical diagnoses and targeted advertising as the bloc mulls rules next year to address the challenges posed by the technology.

While AI is widely used by law enforcement agencies, rights groups say it is also abused by authoritarian regimes for mass and discriminatory surveillance. Critics also worry about the violation of people's fundamental rights and data privacy rules.

The Vienna-based EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) urged policymakers in a report issued on Monday to provide more guidance on how existing rules apply to AI and ensure that future AI laws protect fundamental rights.

"AI is not infallible, it is made by people – and humans can make mistakes. That is why people need to be aware when AI is used, how it works and how to challenge automated decisions," FRA Director Michael O'Flaherty said in a statement.

FRA's report comes as the European Commission, the EU executive, considers legislation next year to cover so-called high risk sectors such as healthcare, energy, transport and parts of the public sector.

The agency said AI rules must respect all fundamental rights, with safeguards to ensure this and include a guarantee that people can challenge decisions taken by AI and that companies need to be able to explain how their systems take AI decisions.

It also said there should be more research into the potentially discriminatory effects of AI so Europe can guard against it, and the bloc must further clarify how data protection rules apply to the technology.

FRA's report is based on more than 100 interviews with public and private organisations already using AI, with the analysis based on uses of AI in Estonia, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Spain.



Flying fur prices put fox in focus as mink cull sparks shortage

BUT NOT A FLYING FOX
(IT'S A BAT)FUR


By Silvia Aloisi and Nikolaj Skydsgaard\\  


© Reuters/ANDREW KELLY Labeled mink pelts are seen in storage at Kopenhagen Fur in Glostrup

MILAN/COPENHAGEN (Reuters) - Denmark's coronavirus-driven mink cull has put the fur business in a spin, with industry officials expecting fashion houses such as Louis Vuitton, Dior and Fendi to snap up fox and chinchilla to fill the gap.

The global fur trade, worth more than $22 billion a year, is reeling from Denmark's decision to kill 17 million farmed mink after COVID-19 outbreaks at hundreds of farms led to the discovery of a new strain of coronavirus in the mammals.

Worries of a sudden shortage of slinky mink pelts, of which Denmark was the top exporter, have lifted prices by as much as 30% in Asia, the International Fur Federation (IFF) says.

Now, all eyes are on Finland, where one million mink and 250,000 fox pelts will soon be up for grabs for buyers in Korea, China, the United States and elsewhere next week. Auction house Saga Furs plans to hold the international sale, the first since the Danish cull, via livestream from Dec. 15.

A sales programme offers mink fur from both Europe and North America, such as "Pearl Velvet" and "Silverblue Velvet" mink, in addition to "Silver Fox", "White Finnraccoon" and Russian sable.

Saga Furs, which last year took over its North American rival NAFA, expects to sell all the pelts, compared with a 55% take-up so far in 2020 as a result of the coronavirus crisis.

"The market will strengthen, an increase in prices will help our business in general," Saga Furs CEO Magnus Ljung said of the industry, which has seen years of falling prices.


"We've already had more requests about foxes, if people see that there is a lack of mink, they could consider using something else," Ljung told Reuters.

LVMH's head of sustainability Helene Valade said this week that the French luxury group obtains fur from Finland. The owner of Louis Vuitton, Dior and Fendi, which relies on brokers to bid, says it is using only 100% certified mink, fox and finnraccoon.

Fur demand has been falling since the 1950s, except for a rise between 2000 and 2013 when it was popular on fashion runways and Chinese appetite for luxury pelts boomed, Lise Skov, an academic who researched the Danish fur industry, said.

A typical mink pelt sold for more than $90 at auction in 2013, while last year skins fetched around $30. This was despite a fall in global production to just under 60 million pelts last year, from more than 80 million in 2014.

Euromonitor predicts the value of fur and fur products, both real and faux, will fall by 2.6% this year.


IS FUR FINISHED?

A Danish breeder-owned cooperative that sold 25 million mink hides last year, or 40% of the global total, is considering selling its brand and other assets after announcing that it would gradually shut down operations over the next 2-3 years.

Kopenhagen Fur CEO Jesper Lauge Christensen told Reuters he had received expressions of interest from Chinese customers to take over the auction house's brand, which he said could be valued at up to 1 billion Danish crowns ($163 million).

It still plans to sell some 25 million pelts over the next two years, from Danish farms not infected by the virus, frozen stocks and foreign animals.

Animal activists hope the Danish debacle, which has had political repercussions in the country, will finish off the fur industry and demand for items such as $1,700 fur trinkets, $16,000 fur vests and $60,000 fur coats will disappear.

Countries and states which have already banned fur farms or fur products includes Britain, Austria, the Netherlands, France, Norway, Israel and California.

PJ Smith, director of fashion policy at Humane Society International, says that brands still using real fur will ditch it soon, following Gucci, Prada, Armani and others.

But for now, Kopenhagen Fur's Christensen said fashion brands in Europe had expressed concern they will not be able to find a similar quality to the Danish mink furs.


"One of the biggest challenges from the brand perspective is that the unique Danish qualities will be disappearing from the collection and you cannot source that product elsewhere."

He said he was looking at selling warehouse facilities and equipment such as automated vision machinery to grade the skins.

China, followed by Russia, is the biggest buyer of Danish fur as its own mink are considered of lower quality than those raised in Europe, where breeding standards are generally higher.

"We wouldn't choose Chinese-made fur due to its poor quality," Zhang Changping, owner of China's Fangtai Fur, told Reuters, adding that it had already bought enough fur at least for the first half of 2021.

Fangtai would shift to auctions in Finland if Denmark failed to supply enough mink in the future, he said.

Niccolò Ricci, chief executive of Italian luxury designer label Stefano Ricci which has many clients in Russia and eastern Europe, said he expected mink prices to increase by up to 50% but that high-end labels like his would continue to seek top quality pelts, mainly from U.S. suppliers.

"The real shortage could come from 2022, but by then we are hoping mink farmers in Canada, Poland, America and Greece will increase production to replace Danish output," said IFF head Mark Oaten. Russia and China are also expected to hike output.


"People will also be looking at other types of fur. Fox has been very popular for trimmings, in parkas for example. Wild fur is also becoming more popular, as is chinchilla," Oaten added.

(Reporting by Nikolaj Skydsgaard in Copenhagen and Silvia Aloisi in Milan; additional reporting by Shanghai newsroom and Sarah White in Paris; Editing by Vanessa O'Connell and Alexander Smith)

FORWARD TO THE PAST: THE AUTOMAT
Vending machine pizza and robotic coffee: Pandemic accelerates restaurant automation


When the founders of PizzaForno began rolling out automated, around-the-clock pizza ovens in Canada, they spent months perfecting recipes.
© Provided by The Canadian Press

“We anticipated the No. 1 challenge we were going to have was convincing consumers that they could get a great quality, artisanal pizza out of a machine,” says president and co-founder Les Tomlin.

While it started out slow, he says interest has grown exponentially during the pandemic. The company’s pizza oven in the Ontario tourist town of Tobermory was the most successful pizza machine in the world by sales volume in August, Tomlin says.

As Canadians become accustomed to social-distancing rules, automated food and drink kiosks are gaining appeal.

And with the pandemic accelerating the automation of the restaurant industry, everything from gourmet cappuccino and artisanal pizza to fresh salads and buttercream frosted cake can now be bought from a vending machine.

The vending machine stigma of bad coffee and stale food may linger, but experts say the robotic kiosks and automats of today are challenging the notion that increasing convenience means sacrificing quality.


The new automated restaurants are serving fresh, made-to-order food and beverages that some say rival the quality of conventional food service.


“It’s not just some microwave pizza from a vending machine,” says Dana McCauley, director of new venture creation in the University of Guelph’s Research Innovation Office.

“It’s a freshly prepared pizza.”

Tomlin claims PizzaForno has carved out a whole new segment in the pizza category. “The low-touch economy is here to stay,” he says.

The company now has 22 units in operation and another 85 on order, and is receiving dozens of licensee inquiries a week.

It’s part of a rapid growth in the automation of restaurants and cafes as consumers seek out options that involve little to no human contact.

“Access to food that hasn't been touched by anybody is very appealing in this day and age,” McCauley says. 

The demand is spurring investments in automation and robotics.

“Financially it didn’t make a lot of sense before because the demand just wasn’t there,” says Saibal Ray, a professor in the Bensadoun School of Retail Management at McGill University.

“But the pandemic has changed that. The financial investments in automation are happening much faster than we anticipated.”

For example, the Dark Horse Coffee Automat opened in Toronto’s Yorkville neighbourhood in August, offering contactless, autonomous espresso drinks. 

“It’s the same quality coffee you’d get from a barista at a cafe,” says Brad Ford, general manager of RC Coffee, the tech firm behind the robotic barista.

“The only thing missing is the human element and doing the latte art on top, which we may eventually be able to do with a robotic arm.”

While the automat is an old concept that traces its origins to late 18th century Berlin, today’s automated restaurant infuses technology into nearly every step with customers often ordering and paying from a smartphone.

“The app brought back the automat,” says restaurateur Mohamad Fakih, the president and CEO of Paramount Fine Foods. The company operates multiple restaurants including Box’d, a fully automated restaurant that opened in June using a digital cubby technology.

“We knew the automat was the answer for the bottleneck in our industry. We just had to digitize it.”

The restaurant’s kitchen — staffed with human chefs — prepares the food and places orders in a sanitized box, which customers pick up on the other side, eliminating the need for a server or cashier.

Automation has raised concerns about robots replacing jobs, as machines take over duties once performed by humans.

But Fakih says the Box’d restaurant is able to process more orders, moving front-of-house staff into the kitchen.

“We need more chefs in the kitchen and more people delivering the food,” he says. “We’ve also created a new position called a concierge to greet people when they arrive and help them take an order if they’re not digitally savvy.”

Industry experts say automation could help some restaurants recover from crippling pandemic shutdowns.

More than 10,000 restaurants have closed since the start of the pandemic, a staggering number that increases every day, says Todd Barclay, president and CEO of Restaurants Canada.

“It’s been catastrophic,” he says. “Those who are still open say they’re barely keeping their nose above water."

Barclay says technology will play a role in the restaurants of the future, with increasing automation continuing after the pandemic, especially in more casual dining settings.

But he says there’s also a massive pent up demand for the human connection and social interaction eateries can offer.

“Many people tell me they can’t wait to sit down with their friends and family and enjoy the hustle and bustle and noise of a typical restaurant because we're social creatures,” Barclay says.

Still, McCauley says automated restaurants will likely thrive in high-volume settings, like food courts, as well as places that don’t justify opening a full cafe or restaurant, like a ferry terminal.


It will also help restaurants with the cost of doing business.

Jarrett Vaughan, professor in the Sauder School of Business at the University of British Columbia, says labour is often 30 to 40 per cent of a restaurant’s overhead.

He says automation could help reduce those costs and potentially be more reliable.

“It can be hard to find a labour force in some areas, especially in city centres where it’s more expensive to live,” Vaughan says.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Dec. 12, 2020.

Brett Bundale, The Canadian Press


The Rise and Fall of the Automat - ThoughtCo

https://www.thoughtco.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-automat-4152992

2019-02-10 · The automat is often considered to be an exclusively American phenomenon, but in fact, the world's first restaurant of this kind opened in Berlin, Germany in 1895.




  


POST FORDISM
Tesla teams to visit Indonesia to check on investment in EV components: government

JAKARTA (Reuters) - Tesla, the U.S. automaker, will send delegations to Indonesia next month to discuss potential investment in a supply chain for its electric vehicles, the government said on Saturday in a statement
.
© Reuters/Aly Song FILE PHOTO: Tesla Inc CEO Elon Musk speaks onstage during a delivery event for Tesla China-made Model 3 cars at its factory in Shanghai

President Joko Widodo has touted Indonesia's nickel reserves on a number of occasions, telling Reuters last month that "it’s very important because we have a great plan to make Indonesia the biggest producer of lithium batteries and we have the biggest nickel (reserves)."

The president and Luhut Pandjaitan, the coordinating minister for maritime and investment, were on a call with Tesla CEO Elon Musk on Friday to discuss "investment opportunities from electric vehicles company Tesla in Indonesia," the ministry said.

Tesla did not immediately respond to a Reuters request for comment.

Luhut told Reuters last month that "there is a really good chance" that companies will want to invest in Indonesian nickel processing to cut costs.

Musk has said he is planning to offer a 'giant contract for a long period of time" so long as the nickel is mined “efficiently and in an environmentally sensitive way".

Indonesia is keen to develop a full supply chain for nickel at home, especially for extracting battery chemicals, making batteries and eventually building EVs.


(Reporting by Bernadette Christina Munthe and Stanley Widianto; Editing by Raju Gopalakrishnan)
Siemens Canada workers will get a special $1,550 bonus for extra work during COVID-19

OAKVILLE, Ont. — Siemens Canada says that it will pay out $3.4 million in one-time bonuses to Canadian workers in appreciation of their extra work during the COVID-19 pandemic.
© Provided by The Canadian Press

The company says the payments, which will go to all employees apart from senior managers by the end of this year, work out to about $1,550 per eligible employee.

The engineering firm, which makes energy and electrical systems, medical technology, and equipment for railways, construction and manufacturing in Canada, says it has about 2,500 employees and 24 office and plants across the country.

The announcement is part of the firm's 200-million euro (C$309-million) payout globally, and the company says the payments recognize that employees across Canada have faced additional burdens caused by the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a toll on wages, with the average hourly compensation nationwide down 11.6 per cent in the third quarter, according to Statistics Canada.

But Siemens Canada chief executive Faisal Kazi says the company was able to put on a strong performance this year, despite challenges from COVID-19.

“It has been an extremely difficult year for everyone both in industry and personally … we’re deeply proud of our employees and would like to recognize their contributions in Canada as a huge thank you for their efforts," said Kazi in a statement.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Dec. 11, 2020.

The Canadian Pres
Exxon Mobil to cut 700 jobs in Houston -government notice


(Reuters) - Exxon Mobil Corp will lay off more than 700 workers in the Houston area, according to a notice it sent to the Texas Workforce Commission posted on Friday.
© Reuters/LOREN ELLIOTT FILE PHOTO: An Exxon gas station is seen in Houston

The largest U.S. oil producer had previously said it would cut its global workforce by about 15%, or around 14,000 jobs, including deep cuts in the United States.


Exxon and other oil companies have been slashing costs due to a collapse in oil demand due to the coronavirus pandemic and ill-timed bets on new projects.

The layoff date is Feb. 2, according to the notice. The 700 jobs are part of around 1,900 U.S. cuts anticipated, which the company has said would come mainly from its Houston-area campus, the headquarters for its U.S. oil and gas businesses.

Exxon last month said it would write down the value of natural gas properties by $17 billion to $20 billion, its biggest ever impairment, and slash project spending next year to its lowest level in 15 years.

It had about 88,300 workers, including 13,300 contractors, at the end of last year.

(Reporting by Jennifer Hiller in Houston; Editing by Marguerita Choy)


CRIMINAL CAPITALI$M
Brazilian prosecutors sue Maersk, seek to freeze $200 million


Gram Slattery and Sabrina Valle
© Reuters/AMANDA PEROBELLI 
Maersk containers are seen at the Port of Santos

RIO DE JANEIRO (Reuters) -Federal prosecutors in Brazil filed a civil lawsuit against Danish shipping company Maersk and former executives representing the firm for alleged corruption involving shipping contracts with state-run oil firm Petrobras, they said on Friday.

The lawsuit requests that a judge freeze almost 1 billion reais ($198 million) in assets in order to make sure funds are available to pay for damages resulting from the alleged scheme.

Prosecutors said there was evidence of bribe payments to Petrobras employees in exchange for privileged information that allowed Maersk to secure shipping contracts between 2006 and 2014. Former employees of Petrobras, formally Petroleo Brasileiro SA, were also included in the lawsuit.


"We take these allegations very seriously and remain committed to cooperating with the authorities during the investigation as well as running our business in compliance with anti-corruption laws in all operating locations," Maersk said in an emailed statement.

The company said the investigation is ongoing and that it will not comment further on the case.

Petrobras did not immediately reply to a request for comment.

The civil lawsuit is the latest chapter in the epic Brazilian corruption investigation known as Car Wash. Initiated in 2014, the probe has implicated politicians and businesspersons in Latin America and beyond, who until recent years were thought untouchable.

Recent phases of the probe have taken aim at multinational companies based outside Brazil.

Last week, prosecutors took a similar action against oil trader Trafigura for allegedly bribing Petrobras employees in order to secure fuel shipments.

In August, Brazilian prosecutors pressed criminal charges against two individuals involved in the alleged Maersk bribery scheme.

In Brazil, prosecutors can press criminal charges only against individuals, and companies are subject only to administrative sanctions, which can include fines.

(Reporting by Gram Slattery and Sabrina Valle in Rio de JaneiroEditing by Franklin Paul and Matthew Lewis)

Canadian Household Wealth Soars, Debt Drops
 Amid Pandemic: StatCan

© Provided by HuffPost Canada


Amid the worst economic downturn in decades, Canadian households are seeing wealth hit a record high while debt burdens shrink relative to income.

The total wealth of Canadian households hit $12.3 trillion in the July-September period of this year, up 6.9 per cent from a year earlier, Statistics Canada data released Friday shows.

Meanwhile, the debt Canadians carried has shrunk relative to incomes. Canadian households on average owed $1.71 for every dollar of disposable income, down from $1.81 a year earlier. However, that’s higher than in the second quarter of this year, thanks to increased borrowing as the economy reopened following the spring lockdowns.

The run-up in wealth can be attributed to a combination of things: Soaring stock markets and house prices; generous income supports from the government for people who lost work in the pandemic; and a lack of things to spend money on during lockdowns, which has driven households’ savings to an estimated record of $90 billion (or $170 billion if you include business’ savings).

But what the data doesn’t show is the difference between higher and lower-income households. Those at the lower end of the income ladder took the brunt of job losses this year, and it’s expected the country will end 2020 with some 700,000 fewer jobs than it started with.

Statistics Canada’s quarterly reports don’t break down debt and wealth numbers by income group. But generally, debt as a share of income “tends to be higher for lower income quintiles,” the agency said in its report Friday.

That’s certainly true looking at annual data from previous years, which shows that households in the bottom fifth of earners carry considerably more debt than households at the top of the income ladder.

© Provided by HuffPost Canada


The cash stockpile appears to be a part of the federal government’s recovery plan, with Finance Minister Chrystia Freeland calling it the “economy’s pre-loaded stimulus” in last month’s fiscal update.

Many experts agree, saying this cash will benefit the economy as the vaccine is rolled out and restrictions are lifted.

“All those savings Canadians have been amassing, they’ll start spending some of that on services,” said Dawn Desjardins, chief economist at Royal Bank of Canada, in an interview with the Financial Post.

“Services certainly is the area of the economy that really has been significantly hurt by what we’ve had to do to combat and contain COVID-19.”This article originally appeared on HuffPost Canada.

United Airlines flight attendants raise alarm
on crew quarantine protocols


© Reuters/KAMIL KRZACZYNSKI FILE PHOTO:
 Travelers at O'Hare International Airport ahead of the Thanksgiving holiday in Chicago

CHICAGO (Reuters) - United Airlines is telling some flight attendants whose colleagues test positive for COVID-19 to keep flying and monitor for symptoms, three employees told Reuters, raising concerns among staff about the policy.

"Most of us feel that's unsafe," said one of the employees. Reuters also viewed around a dozen comments in a private online group for United flight attendants, which expressed unease and frustration about loose quarantine and contract tracing protocols by the airline.

United's major rival American Airlines, by contrast, removes all crew from service when they have worked with an infected person, a policy decision American flight attendants and the union representing them affirmed.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has issued COVID-19 policy recommendations but there are no government mandates on the topic. That has created inconsistent safety protocols across the industry, from how an airplane is boarded and blocking middle seats to inflight service and crew quarantines, unions said.

The Association of Flight Attendants-CWA (AFA), which represents crew at 17 airlines including United, said that it has received complaints from members about United not isolating all crew who have worked with an infected colleague.

"We've received concerns about quarantine protocols from flight attendants across the industry from carriers we represent and where we're organizing," said AFA spokeswoman Taylor Garland, who added some complaints were from flight attendants at Delta Air Lines.

Asked about its policy and flight attendants' concerns, United did not dispute that it tells some to self-monitor and continue working after a colleague tests positive for COVID-19, saying it follows Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance on quarantines for "close contacts."

The CDC defines close contact as being within 6 feet (1.83 m) of an infected person for a cumulative total of 15 minutes or more over 24 hours starting from two days before the onset of illness until isolation.

"If a flight attendant or pilot meets the criteria, we ask them to quarantine. If not, they are instructed to self-monitor," United spokeswoman Leslie Scott said. She declined to explain how it determines a close contact.

Delta spokesman Morgan Durrant said: "As we have throughout this pandemic, we follow guidelines from the CDC and other health authorities to ensure that all Delta people quarantine if they have prolonged, close contact with a Covid-19 positive individual."

United and Delta both said the safety and health of their customers and employees is their top priority and noted measures to combat the spread of COVID-19, including requiring masks and deeper cleaning.

Airlines say studies show that airplanes are "uniquely safe" thanks to hospital-grade air filtration systems, assuming people wear masks, and that flight crews have not contracted COVID-19 at higher rates than the rest of the U.S. population.

But as cases spike across the country, they are increasing among airline workers too.

AFA said it saw an average of 50 positive COVID-19 tests a week in November among roughly 25,000 active crew, up from about 10 weekly in the summer.

For an interactive graphic tracking the global spread of COVID-19, open https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/ in an external browser.

POTENTIAL EXPOSURE

The seeming discrepancy in quarantine protocols comes amid strained staffing after mass furloughs and as some airlines resume food and beverage service.

Flight attendants said they work closely even if they are assigned to different galleys and share several legs of a domestic shift and layovers.

Asked for details on its quarantine criteria, United said it follows the FAA's bulletin, the Safety Alert for Operators.

The Nov. 4 bulletin on quarantines says the FAA and CDC recommend that crew members with known exposure to COVID-19 not work until 14 days after the last potential exposure.

It also cites CDC guidance that even if crew members show no symptoms, they should not be allowed to work since they cannot remove themselves if they develop symptoms.

It notes "the challenges involved in effectively isolating a symptomatic person on board an aircraft."

Last week the CDC shortened the quarantine to seven days with a negative test and 10 without a test.

United's Scott said the airline was following the new guidance on the number of days close contacts should quarantine while the FAA works on updating the bulletin.

The union, however, has asked the FAA to maintain or strengthen the recommendation that any flight attendant potentially exposed to the virus quarantine for 14 days.

"With the pandemic worsening as winter approaches, it is unacceptable to backtrack on existing quarantine practices that are critical for limiting infections," AFA's director of air safety, Christopher Witkowski, said in a Dec. 5 letter seen by Reuters.

RISING STRAIN

Flight attendants are also worried about decisions by airlines including United to resume food and beverage service, which they say encourages people to remove masks.

Hot drinks are of particular concern because of blowing.

AFA has asked airlines to minimize onboard service and only serve cold food and drinks on shorter flights.

United encourages passengers to "keep it brief and replace their mask" when they are not eating or drinking, United's Scott said, and noted that United runs its air filtration systems from boarding to deplaning.

Between voluntary and involuntary departures, Chicago-based United has 60% fewer flight attendants than before the pandemic.

Staffing strains were evident last month when United's senior vice president of inflight services, John Slater, mentioned an "excessive" number of late sick calls by flight attendants in a memo to staff seen by Reuters. Slater said the late sick calls caused hundreds of missed connections.

The president of AFA's United chapter, Ken Diaz, hit back, saying: "The headache or aches and pains that we once came to work with are today indicators of a COVID-19 infection. And, try as we might to control when these symptoms appear, we're simply not able to do so."

(Reporting by Tracy Rucinski in Chicago; Editing by Tim Hepher and Matthew Lewis)