Saturday, December 10, 2022

Assessing El Niño ‘flavors’ to unravel past variability, future impact

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA

As with many natural phenomena, scientists look to past climate to understand what may lie ahead as Earth warms. By assessing so-called ‘flavors’ of El Niño events in past climate records and model simulations, researchers have a clearer picture of El Niño patterns over the past 12,000 years and are able to more accurately project future changes and impacts of this powerful force. The study, by scientists at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa and University of Colorado Boulder, was published recently in Nature Communications.

“We used a unique set of climate model simulations that span the Holocene, the past 12,000 years, and accounted for changes in the frequency of El Niño flavors, the three preferred locations in which the peak of warming during different El Niño events occur—eastern Pacific, central Pacific, and coastal,” said Christina Karamperidou, lead author of the study and associate professor of atmospheric sciences at the UH Mānoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST). “Doing this allowed us to reconcile conflicting records of past El Niño behavior.”

El Niño is the primary factor affecting variability in water temperature and trade wind strength in the Pacific. Typically, researchers look for indicators of El Niño events in ancient, preserved material such as coral skeletons, Peruvian mollusk shells or lake sediment from the tropical Andes because locked within are indicators of past temperature and rainfall across Paciﬁc.

“However, depending on where the samples are taken from—eastern Pacific, central Pacific, or near the South American coast—the frequency of El Niño events appears to exhibit different patterns,” said Karamperidou. “Records from the eastern Pacific show an intensification of El Niño activity from early to late Holocene, while records from the central Pacific show highly variable El Niño throughout the Holocene.”

The new set of climate model simulations developed by Karamperidou and co-author Pedro DiNezio, associate professor at the University of Colorado Boulder, are the first to allow the study of changes in the frequency of El Niño flavors during the past 12,000 years. This enabled the researchers to test a hypothesis that Karamperidou and colleagues posed in 2015—that paleoclimate records across the Pacific could be explained by changes in El Niño flavors.

“Indeed, we showed that Eastern Pacific events have increased in frequency from early to late Holocene, while Central Pacific and Coastal events have decreased in frequency, resulting in changes in the hydroclimate in the tropical Pacific,” said Karamperidou. “Importantly, we showed that it is not only their frequency, but also the strength of their impact that changes, which is important for interpreting records of past climate.”

Surprising impact of coastal El Niño

Additionally, this is the first study into the response of coastal El Niño events to climate changes. During these events the sea surface warming is confined off the coast of South America while the conditions in the rest of the Pacific basin are normal or colder than normal.

“These coastal events have supersized impacts with severe flooding and disasters in countries like Peru and Ecuador,” said Karamperidou. “In fact, we showed in another recent paper that even though these events are not felt around the globe like the more widely known Eastern and Central Pacific events, a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive them is essential for understanding the drivers of the other two flavors, as well.”

Freshwater stream in Hilo, Hawai‘i.

CREDIT

Pascal Debrunner via Unsplash.

Connections to Hawai‘i’s rainfall, hazards

El Niño events have significant impacts on Hawai‘i’s rainfall, trade wind strength, the probability of hurricane formation and drought, and the type of El Niño event matters for these impacts.

“This information is important for water resource managers among others to better prepare for Hawai‘i regional climate,” said Karamperidou. “So, it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of these flavors, and also improve their representation in climate models and assess their projected changes under future climate conditions.”

This work offers new knowledge on how El Niño may respond to climate change and thus can help reduce these uncertainties in global climate models and therefore, predictions of El Niño impacts.

JOURNAL

Nature Communications

DOI

10.1038/s41467-022-34880-8

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Computational simulation/modeling

ARTICLE TITLE

Holocene hydroclimatic variability in the tropical Pacific explained by changing ENSO diversity

Strategic reserves in Oregon’s forests to prevent biodiversity losses, protect water, and mitigate climate change

Research provides fine scale maps to guide action towards stated goals

Peer-Reviewed Publication

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY INSTITUTE

Contacts: Dr. Beverly Law, bev.law@oregonstate.edu, Ralph Bloemers, ralph@greenoregon.org

(Corvallis, Oregon) Without substantial and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions and removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by forests and oceans (natural climate solutions), the nation is put at significant risk of abrupt and severe biodiversity losses and transformative impacts to natural systems. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the next 10 to 30 years are a critical window for climate action, when severe ecological disruption is expected to accelerate.

A new paper in the scientific journal Frontiers in Forests and Global Change identifies which forests in Oregon are poised to provide significant benefits to the nation as strategic forest reserves that help prevent biodiversity loss, mitigate climate change, and protect drinking water. Oregon has forests that are among the highest carbon density forests in the world and protecting mature and older forests found here can increase carbon storage and accumulation while protecting wildlife and clean water.

In the eleven western United States, Oregon has the most total forest area and carbon in live tree biomass but the lowest proportion (10%) that is protected at the highest levels, as wilderness areas or strict nature reserves. The study shows that the Coast Range ecoregion has the lowest percentage of its forest lands protected compared to other ecoregions.

The team of experts led by Dr. Beverly Law at Oregon State University developed a framework for identifying the highest priority areas for protection in Oregon and produced detailed maps that can guide immediate action on biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. The framework uses fine resolution spatial data to map high priority forestlands, including a new forest carbon map (30 m resolution). Compared with prior work, this new scientific research provides a finer scale analysis and includes a resilience metric that represents landscape connectivity and topography for wildlife movement and habitat suitability, and identifies areas within each ecoregion that are ranked high priority for carbon density, biodiversity and surface drinking water. Using an ecoregion-based conservation approach ensures there is enough un-fragmented habitat to maintain viable populations of native wildlife.

National and international targets identify how much needs to be protected. Many countries have already pledged to protect 30% of their land and water areas by 2030 for biodiversity conservation, carbon and water. Protecting 50% of land and water by 2050 is widely viewed as critical to protecting global biodiversity.

The authors found that Oregon’s surface drinking water sources and forest habitat for birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles could increase to 50 to 70% protection at the highest levels by 2050. Protected aboveground biomass carbon could increase to 4 to 6 times current protected areas by 2050. Most of high preservation priority areas are on federal lands (67%) followed by private lands (28%). Public lands can more readily ensure permanence of protection through time. Doing so would provide clean drinking water and habitat for wildlife.

JOURNAL

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change

DOI

10.3389/ffgc.2022.1028401

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Computational simulation/modeling

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Strategic reserves in Oregon's forests for biodiversity, water, and carbon to mitigate and adapt to climate change

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

5-Dec-2022

Sr-Nd isotope baseline in Silk Road regions enables archaeological provenance

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF CHINA

Silk Road — IMAGE: SILK ROAD (IMAGE FROM UNSPLASH.COM) view more
CREDIT: /

Recently, Associate Professor LV Qinqin from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), constructed the first largescale, semi-quantitative Sr-Nd isotope baseline for the vast Silk Road regions, and validated its application in plant-ash glass provenance. The study was published in Journal of Archaeological Science.

Archaeologists frequently utilize radiogenic Sr and Nd as isotopic tools where the baseline determination is in indispensable need. In many Silk Road regions, the construction of Sr-Nd baseline is blocked by severe deficiency of available data.

LV and collaborators investigated the bioavailable Sr and detrital Nd signatures along the Silk Road. They divided these regions into several major isotopic zones and proposed the likely isotopic compositional ranges of each zone, which eventually constituted the general Sr-Nd isotope baseline framework.

To validate the benefits of the Sr-Nd isotope baseline, researchers applied it into two provenance cases of plant-ash glass. Using the integrative Sr-Nd isotope approach, they discovered that northern Mesopotamia supplied raw materials for glass-making for a long period. In addition, they found that plant-ash glass has multiple origins including Central Asia and Mesopotamia. The two cases further confirmed the huge potential of Sr-Nd analyses in archaeology.

This progress supplements the lack of reference isotope baseline, and provides guidance for the future refinement. This study reveals the circulation pattern of Islamic plant-ash glass and its raw material sources, thus contributing to the research on cultural communications through ancient glass and ceramics in Silk Road regions.

JOURNAL

Journal of Archaeological Science

DOI

10.1016/j.jas.2022.105695

ARTICLE TITLE

A large-scale Sr and Nd isotope baseline for archaeological provenance in Silk Road regions and its application to plant-ash glass

Dinosaur teeth reveal what they didn’t eat

New analysis of T. rex and other dinosaur teeth gives insight into their eating habits

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO

Run for it. — IMAGE: THIS LYTHRONAX LIVED IN NORTH AMERICA IN THE LATE CRETACEOUS PERIOD. THESE TYRANNOSAURIDS ARE ESTIMATED TO HAVE WEIGHED UP TO 2.5 TONS. view more
CREDIT: 2022 D.E. WINKLER

Scratches on dinosaur teeth could reveal what they really ate. For the first time, dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) has been used to infer the feeding habits of large theropods, including Allosaurus and T. rex. By taking 3D images of individual teeth and analyzing the pattern of marks scratched into them, researchers could reason which dinosaurs may have frequently crunched on hard bone and which may have regularly eaten softer foods and prey. This technique opens up a new avenue of research for paleontology, helping us to better understand not only dinosaurs themselves but also the environment and communities in which they lived.

From Fantasia to Jurassic Park, the T. rex is seen as a terrifying apex predator that would chase down its prey and crunch on it whole. But how much did this iconic dinosaur actually chow down on bones? And what about other predatory dinosaurs that existed long before it?

Researchers from the University of Tokyo, in collaboration with teams from the University of Mainz and the University of Hamburg in Germany, have used dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), a scanning technique to examine topographical dental wear and tear in microscopic detail, on individual dinosaur teeth from more than 100 million years ago to better understand what they may have eaten. “We wanted to test if we could use DMTA to find evidence of different feeding behaviors in tyrannosaurids (from the Cretaceous period, 145 million to 66 million years ago) compared to the older Allosaurus (from the Jurassic period, 201 million to 145 million years ago), which are both types of theropods,” explained postdoctoral fellow Daniela Winkler from the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences. “From other research, we already knew that tyrannosaurids can crack and feed on bones (from studies of their feces and bite marks on bone). But allosaurs are much older and there is not so much information about them.”

DMTA has mainly been used to study mammal teeth, so this is the first time it was used to study theropods. The same research team from the University of Tokyo also recently pioneered a study on DMTA in Japanese sauropod dinosaurs, famous for their long necks and tails. A high-resolution 3D image was taken of the tooth surface at a very small scale of 100 micrometers (one-tenth of a millimeter) by 100 micrometers in size. Up to 50 sets of surface texture parameters were then used to analyze the image, for example, the roughness, depth and complexity of wear marks. If the complexity was high, i.e., there were different-sized marks which overlaid each other, this was associated with hard object feeding, such as on bone. However, if the complexity was low, i.e., the marks were more arranged, of a similar size and not overlapping, this was associated with soft object feeding, like meat.

In total, the team studied 48 teeth, 34 from theropod dinosaurs and 14 from crocodilians (modern crocodiles and alligators), which were used as a comparison. The team was able to study original fossilized teeth and take high-resolution silicon molds, thanks to loans provided by natural history museums in Canada, the U.S., Argentina and Europe. “We actually started dental microwear research of dinosaurs in 2010,” said Lecturer Mugino Kubo from the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences. “My husband, Dr. Tai Kubo, and I had started collecting dental molds of dinosaurs and their contemporaries in North and South Americas, Europe, and of course Asia. Since Daniela joined my lab, we utilized these molds to make a broader comparison among carnivorous dinosaurs.”

“It was especially challenging to carry out this research during the pandemic,” said Winkler “as we rely on being able to gather samples from international institutions. The sample size might not be so large this time, but it is a starting point.”

Winkler says what they found surprising was that they didn’t find evidence of much bone crushing behavior in either Allosaurus or tyrannosaurids, even though they know that tyrannosaurids ate bone. There may be several reasons for this unexpected outcome. It could be that although Tyrannosaurus was able to eat bone, it was less commonly done than previously thought. Also, the team had to use well-preserved teeth, so it might be that extremely damaged teeth that were excluded from this study were in such a condition because those animals fed more on bone.

Something the team did find with both the dinosaurs and crocodilians was a noticeable difference between juveniles and adults. “We studied two juvenile dinosaur specimens (one Allosaurus and one tyrannosaurid) and what we found was a very different feeding niche and behavior for both compared to the adults. We found that there was more wear to juvenile teeth, which might mean that they had to more frequently feed on carcasses because they were eating leftovers,” explained Winkler. “We were also able to detect different feeding behavior in juvenile crocodilians; however, this time it was the opposite. Juvenile crocodilians had less wear on their teeth from eating softer foods, perhaps like insects, while adults had more dental wear from eating harder foods, like larger vertebrates.”

Winkler says that the next step with dinosaurs will probably be to look in more detail at the long-necked sauropods, which the team has also been studying. But for now, she is experimenting with something much, much smaller: crickets. The insects’ mouths may be tiny and don’t have any teeth, but the researchers want to see if they can still find evidence of mouth wear using the same technique. “From what we learn using DMTA, we can possibly reconstruct extinct animals’ diets, and from this make inferences about extinct ecosystems, paleoecology and paleoclimate, and how it differs from today.” said Winkler. “But this research is also about curiosity. We want to form a clearer image of what dinosaurs were really like and how they lived all those millions of years ago.”

###

Paper Title:

Daniela E. Winkler, Tai Kubo, Mugino O. Kubo, Thomas M. Kaiser, Thomas Tütken. First application of dental microwear texture analysis to infer theropod feeding ecology. Palaeontology, 2022, e12632. doi:10.1111/pala.12632

Funding:

This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (ERC CoG grant agreement no. 681450) to T.T. The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science under a Postdoctoral fellowship awarded to D.E.W. (KAKENHI Grant No. 20F20325).

Useful Links:

Graduate School of Frontier Sciences: https://www.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/index.html

Mugino Kubo Lab: https://sites.google.com/edu.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/mugino-kubo-lab/home

About the University of Tokyo
The University of Tokyo is Japan's leading university and one of the world's top research universities. The vast research output of some 6,000 researchers is published in the world's top journals across the arts and sciences. Our vibrant student body of around 15,000 undergraduate and 15,000 graduate students includes over 4,000 international students. Find out more at www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/ or follow us on Twitter at @UTokyo_News_en.

Blue silicon was carefully excreted from a tube onto the teeth and left to dry for a few minutes to create near-perfect replicas, which were removed and taken from the museum in the U.S. city of Salt Lake City, Utah, to Japan for further study.

A 100 micrometer-by-100 micrometer (μm) image of the tip of this tooth shows the tiny scratches which were analyzed for complexity and depth of wear features.

CREDIT

2022 Winkler et al.

JOURNAL

Palaeontology

DOI

10.1111/pala.12632

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Imaging analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

First application of dental microwear texture analysis to infer theropod feeding ecology.

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

9-Dec-2022

CHILDREN OF THE NIGHT

Bat diversity and abundance are highest in old deciduous forest stands on the river banks in Eastern Ukraine

Peer-Reviewed Publication

LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR ZOO AND WILDLIFE RESEARCH (IZW)

Old forests and riverine habitats in Eastern Ukraine — IMAGE: OLD FORESTS AND RIVERINE HABITATS IN EASTERN UKRAINE view more
CREDIT: PHOTO BY YEHOR YATSIUK

European forest-dwelling bats require complex woodland structures at both the micro-habitat and the landscape level for successful breeding in summer. Particularly, the results from Kharkiv region (Eastern Ukraine) demonstrate that large stands of mature forests older than 90 years improved the breeding activity of bats, their abundance and overall species richness. Abundance and species richness increased from upland plots surrounded by agricultural lands to riverine or waterside plots with high forest cover. These are the results of a newly published paper in the scientific journal “Forests” by an international team of authors from the Ukrainian Bat Rehabilitation Center (UBRC) and the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (Leibniz-IZW).

Mature deciduous forests are the most targeted forest type for logging because of the high potential revenues from selling timber on international markets. Biodiversity associated with these forest stands is therefore threatened worldwide. One group of species that is a key conservation target are bats. In their investigation the scientific team around first author Dr Anton Vlaschenko from UBRC and Dr Viktoriia Radchuk from Leibniz-IZW asked how bat diversity is affected by land cover types and the age of forest stands in the Kharkiv region in northeastern Ukraine, in an area on the border between forest-steppe and the steppe zone. The fragmented broadleaved forests typical for this region are common for temperate regions, but the relationships between bat diversity, land cover and forest structure remain largely understudied. Yet, understanding such relationships is of key importance for designing efficient conservation measures.

The results showed that logging intensity in the study region differed between districts and was not related to the amount of mature forests. This allowed the scientists to study how bat assemblages were influenced by the share of clear-cuts and mature forests in the landscape. “The most conspicuous result was a clear increase of bat diversity close to riverine habitats, further enhanced by the presence of mature forests with a mean age more than 90 years”, says co-author Dr Yehor Yatsiuk from the University of Tartu (Estonia). “Although old forests represent 22% of all forests in the Kharkiv region, the combination of mature oak forests and riverine habitats covers much smaller areas, considerably limiting areas suitable for bats.”

First author Anton Vlaschenko, Co-Head of UBRC, says: “The field data used in this study were collected over a long period, in more than ten years of summer field expeditions. It was a continuous effort and hard job. We camped in tents and spent hundreds of sleepless nights near mist-nets. Later on, we also had some challenges when analysing these data. We were close to wrapping up the manuscript at the end of 2021. The collaboration with Leibniz-IZW scientists and, after February 24, 2022, the three-months scholarship for me and our team members offered by Leibniz-IZW meant that we could finish this paper.”

“The first time I participated to the field research studying bats in 2009, as an undergraduate student. The data collected back then contributed to the current paper. Since then, bats have become my big passion and focus group for my current research. By investigating the ecological requirements of such enigmatic animals, we better understand ecological leverages of the natural world”, adds co-author Dr Kseniia Kravchenko from UBRC and Leibniz-IZW. Dr Yehor Yatsiuk continues: “My research is focused on associations between historical distribution of forests and management of animal species in eastern Ukraine. Over recent decades we observed an increase in clear-cutting intensity in this region. Our aim is to ensure protection of forest biodiversity here. Ten years ago, we initiated a series of projects aimed to survey the oldest and the largest forests here with the main focus on several groups of vulnerable species from land snails to birds of prey and bats.”

“Our study shows that old forests and riverine habitats are beneficial for breeding activity of bats, for abundance of single bat species and for the overall community composition. The fact that we see the same response to landscape structure across levels of ecological organisation underlines the importance of preserving mature oak stands and riverine habitats for conservation of bat diversity in the region. I enjoyed working with Kharkiv bat researchers a lot, their enthusiasm and group spirit inspired me”, adds senior author Dr Viktoriia Radchuk, scientist at the Leibniz-IZW Department of Ecological Dynamics.

JOURNAL

Forests

DOI

10.3390/f13101732

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Case study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

Bat Assemblages Are Shaped by Land Cover Types and Forest Age: A Case Study from Eastern Ukraine

Evolution of bat wings and calls through 'foraging syndromes' allows diversity to flourish

Study shows that echolocation frequency and wing shape of bats evolve in unison, which leads to distinct ‘foraging syndromes’ adapted to different environments

Peer-Reviewed Publication

FRONTIERS

Bats are an evolutionary success story. With approximately 1,400 species living today, they thrive in every environment except the polar regions. They come in a remarkable range of sizes, from the golden-crowned flying fox with a mass of 1.2 kg and a wingspan of 171 cm, to Kitti's hog-nosed ‘bumblebee’ bat with a mass of 2 g and a wingspan of 33 cm. The frequencies that all bats emit during echolocation are also highly variable, ranging from 11 kHz to 212 kHz. But what has driven the evolution of this extraordinary diversity?

“Here we show with that among bat species, there is a close correspondence between wing shape and the frequency of their echolocation vocalizations. This pattern wasn’t found in earlier studies because it’s hidden among the variation due to family,” said Dr Bo Luo, a researcher at China West Normal University and a corresponding author on the study, which is published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.

“And importantly, both are tightly linked to foraging ecology – the preferred habitat type of a species and how it catches prey there.”

Evolutionary trade-offs

Scientists already knew that different wing shapes are optimal for bats in certain environments: for example, short, round wings are more maneuverable in confined spaces, while long, pointed wings are best for fast flight over long distances. Echolocation also requires trade-offs: calls with long duration or high frequency are more costly to produce, but are more effective at detecting tiny prey among environmental clutter. So how are these competing demands balanced?

Luo and colleagues gathered published data on 152 species of bats in 15 families: each species’ body mass, the duration and peak frequency of its echolocation calls, the body mass divided by the wing area (‘wing loading’) and the wing ‘aspect ratio’ – the square of the wingspan divided by wing area. As a proxy for ecology, they assigned each species to one of five ‘foraging guilds’. For example, edge-space trawling foragers scoop up insects or small fish from water surfaces with their tail membrane and feet, while open-space aerial foragers catch insects on the wing in the open air.

Strong effect of family

The authors found that echolocation peak frequency and wing morphology are strongly dependent on bat family. This means that any other evolutionary patterns are likely to remain hidden, unless the range of families and species in the sample is large. And it’s the large sample of the present study which revealed that after differences between families are taken into account, peak frequency in echolocation and wing shape tend to be positively associated with each other.

Corresponding author Dr Jiang Feng, a professor at Northeast Normal University, said: “Our results show that peak frequency and wing shape are linked: for example, bat species that hunt in open spaces tend to have long, pointed wings, and to produce long echolocation calls of low frequency.”

“In contrast, species that hunt in edge spaces tend to have short, round wings, and to emit short calls of intermediate frequency. And species that forage in narrow spaces tend to have short, round wings and high-frequency calls.”

Distinct foraging syndromes

The authors concluded that echolocation parameters and wing shape haven’t evolved independently from each other. Rather, they both evolved as dictated by each species’ foraging ecology. For each type of habitat, there is a unique optimal evolutionary solution – a foraging syndrome – that matches wing shape and echolocation traits to foraging mode. These syndromes have evolved repeatedly in each family.

“We demonstrate that foraging ecology drives the correlated evolution of wing morphology and echolocation calls in extant bats. This doesn’t necessarily mean that flight and echolocation evolved simultaneously. To answer the question of which came first, we need research that explores similarities in forelimb shape, the auditory system, and associated traits between extant bats and fossils of bat progenitors,” said Luo.

JOURNAL

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution

DOI

10.3389/fevo.2022.1031548

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

Correlated evolution of wing morphology and echolocation calls in bats

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

9-Dec-2022

How livestock systems act as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria

Study highlights the importance of ecosystem-wide surveillance of AMR

Peer-Reviewed Publication

INTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Scientists from the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the University of Liverpool, the University of Edinburgh and elsewhere have traced how livestock systems act as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria and AMR genetic determinants that may infect or colonize people. This sheds light on the factors influencing AMR at the intersection of multiple species and the One-Health sector. The study, undertaken in Nairobi, Kenya, appears in this week’s BMC Medicine, and helps detail how to avoid and manage the development of drug resistance in bacteria.

Alexander Fleming, who discovered the world's first antibiotic, penicillin, warned that misusing antibiotics could lead to AMR. He showed that bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites evolve when exposed to antibiotic drugs and eventually no longer respond to those medicines. As a result of drug resistance, antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines become ineffective and infections become increasingly difficult or impossible to treat.

Today AMR can be found worldwide and is a serious problem. It has been estimated that unless the issue is tackled now, by 2050 one person will die every three seconds because of AMR.

‘High-income countries can apply resources and large investments against AMR in ways which low-income countries can't’ explained study lead scientist Dishon Muloi, a Research Fellow at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and former PhD student at the University of Edinburgh. ‘But AMR isn't just a high-income problem or a low-income country problem. With the ease at which it can spread around the world, it's everybody's problem. So resistance in a community in Nairobi could actually mean clinical failures in a clinic in Hong Kong in two days or three days. We are not yet treating the problem with the urgency it needs, considering our connected world.’

One path by which AMR is hypothesized to develop is through the large amount of antibiotics used in the livestock industry, where bacteria develop resistance and then spread to people. Quantifiable information addressing this has thus far been insufficient. Today’s study used genomics, epidemiology, and ecology to look into the patterns of AMR gene carriage in an exemplar organism, E. coli.

As part of a controlled epidemiological assessment of 99 households in Nairobi, Kenya, scientists sequenced the whole genomes of bacteria isolated from 311 human, 606 cattle, and 399 wildlife excrement samples. Using statistical models, they looked at the prevalence of AMR carriage and described the diversity and structure of the AMR genes in distinct host populations around the city. They also investigated conditions that could lead to the spread of AMR genes from humans to sympatric animals at the household level.

In animal and human isolates, the team found 13-point mutations and 56 acquired genes that are known to confer resistance to nine different antibiotic classes. They discovered that the makeup of the AMR gene community is not related to the host species, but that AMR genes were frequently co-located, possibly on plasmids, suggesting that multi-drug resistance could be acquired and spread in a single step. The risk for AMR transmission across human-livestock interfaces is greatest when manure is improperly disposed of, and in larger households.

Two policy implications flow from the study. The first is to highlight the importance of ecosystem-wide surveillance of AMR. ‘Doctors should not just be thinking about the rise of AMR in humans, but in livestock and the broader environment, because what we’re seeing is that wildlife collect and move around with what they acquire from the environment’, said Muloi. The study’s findings of widespread carriage of clinically relevant AMR mechanisms in human and animal populations, especially in wildlife that move long-distances, underline the importance of evidence-based surveillance to combat antimicrobial resistance on a worldwide scale.

‘This study shows how easily antimicrobial resistance genes move between humans and livestock in a crowded urban environment, underlining that if we are to beat the resistance problem we will need a coordinated response across the medical and veterinary sectors’ says Mark Woolhouse, professor and Chair of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh.

Second is the issue of manure disposal, which may seem mundane, but is essential. ‘If you drive around Nairobi, you see heaps of manure by the road’, said Muloi. ‘We haven’t traditionally thought of manure as a problem and even if we look at our policies, which are similar to those in many other countries, manure is not seen as a risk. But it’s clear we need to do a much better job of cleaning up the environment, for the sake of good public health.

The study is part of an overall project called the Urban Zoo, or more formally known as the “Epidemiology, ecology and socio-economics of disease emergence in Nairobi.” It is funded by the Medical Research Council (UK)-coordinated programme on the Environmental and Social Ecology of Human Infectious Diseases, itself funded through the UK Government’s Living With Environmental Change Initiative. The objective, says study lead Eric Fèvre, professor of veterinary infectious diseases, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool and jointly appointed principal scientist, ILRI, is to understand the mechanisms leading to the introduction and spread of pathogens into urban populations. “Here, we see that we need to take a holistic approach, which includes humans, animals, their waste and the shared environment” says Fèvre.

JOURNAL

BMC Medicine

DOI

10.5061/dryad.qnk98sfkf

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Randomized controlled/clinical trial

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Genomic epidemiology of Escherichia coli: antimicrobial resistance through a One Health lens in sympatric humans, livestock and peri-domestic wildlife in Nairobi, Kenya

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

8-Dec-2022

First-ever social responsibility report of Chinese enterprises in Saudi Arabia incorporates BGI Genomics projects

Chinese gene test company BGI Genomics fulfils corporate social responsibilities while advancing the Kingdom’s industry development

Reports and Proceedings

BGI GENOMICS

On December 1, 2022, the Social Responsibility Report of Chinese Companies in Saudi Arabia was officially launched, which is the first such report released by the Contact Office of Chinese Companies in Saudi Arabia. BGI Genomics projects in the Kingdom have been incorporated into this report.

This event was attended by around 150 representatives of Chinese and Saudi enterprises, Saudi government officials, experts in the field of sustainable development, CCTV, Xinhua News Agency, Saudi Press Agency, Arab News and other media professionals. This Report presents the key projects and best practices of Chinese enterprises to fulfil their social and environmental responsibilities while advancing the Kingdom's industry development.

Chen Weiqing, the Chinese ambassador to Saudi Arabia, said in his video speech that the Report highlighted Chinese enterprises' best practices in serving the local community, safe production, green and low-carbon development and promoting local employment. The release of the Report helps Chinese enterprises in the Kingdom to strengthen communication with the local community, laying a stronger foundation for future collaboration.

Epidemic control and accelerating post-COVID 19 recovery

BGI Genomics has been fulfilling its corporate social responsibilities and worked with the Saudi people to fight the COVID-19 epidemic.

In March 2020, Saudi Arabia was hit by the pandemic. The Saudi government decided to adopt BGI Genomics' Huo-Yan laboratory solution in April 2020. At the forefront of the fight against the epidemic, the company has built six laboratories in Riyadh, Makkah, Madinah, Dammam and Asir within two months, with a total area of nearly 5,000 square meters and a maximum daily testing throughput of 50,000 samples.

By the end of December 2021, BGI Genomics had sent 14 groups of experts, engineers and laboratory technicians to Saudi Arabia, amounting to over 700 people, and tested more than 16 million virus samples, accounting for more than half of the tests conducted during this period. The company has successfully trained over 400 qualified Saudi technicians, and all laboratories have been transferred to local authorities for the operation.

In the post-epidemic era, the Huo-Yan laboratories can continue to make positive contributions to public health, working with local medical institutions and the public health system to make breakthroughs in areas such as reproductive health, tumour prevention and control, and prevention.

Enhancing genomic technology localization and testing capabilities

In July 2022, BGI Almanahil and Tibbiyah Holdings, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Saudi Faisaliah Group, announced a joint venture (JV) to establish an integrated, trans-omics medical testing company specializing in genetic testing.

This JV company will help improve Saudi Arabia's local clinical and public health testing and manufacturing capabilities, promote the localization of strategic products that have long been imported, contribute to the implementation and realization of the Kingdom's Vision 2030 roadmap, and significantly enhance local capacity for third-party medical testing services as well as local production of critical medical supplies.

BGI Genomics attaches great importance to fulfilling its corporate social responsibility and has released its social responsibility report for four consecutive years since 2017. Since its establishment, the company has always been guided by the goal of enhancing health outcomes for all, relying on its autonomous multi-omics platform to accelerate technological innovation, promote reproductive health, strengthen tumour prevention and control, and accurately cure infections, and is committed to becoming a global leader in precision medicine and covering the entire public health industry chain.

The company will continue to work together with all stakeholders to contribute to the Kingdom's Vision 2030 and the Belt and Road Initiative and looks forward to growing with our partners.

Chen Weiqing, the Chinese ambassador to Saudi Arabia, makes a video speech at this event

CEO of Al Faisaliah Group Mr. Ziad Al Tunisi (left) and Tibbiyah’s CEO Mr. Alaa Ahmed Amee (right) attending the JV signing ceremony
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BGI Genomics

About BGI Genomics

BGI Genomics, headquartered in Shenzhen China, is the world’s leading integrated solutions provider of precision medicine. Our services cover over 100 countries and regions, involving more than 2,300 medical institutions. In July 2017, as a subsidiary of BGI Group, BGI Genomics (300676.SZ) was officially listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.