Sunday, May 30, 2021

Dangerously trending: driverless Tesla videos on social media

Issued on: 30/05/2021 - 
Tesla has faced questions over its driver-assistance technologies following a number of crashes in which the devices are suspected of having been misused 
SPENCER PLATT GETTY IMAGES NORTH AMERICA/AFP/File

New York (AFP)

It was a boozy joyride captured for TikTok with a soundtrack provided by Justin Bieber and with a Tesla serving as the "Designated Driver" for the night.

In the short video, three young men are shown dancing in their seats, beers nearby, as the vehicle moves down the highway near other cars at 65 miles per hour (105 kilometers per hour), as shown on the speedometer.

Nobody is behind the steering wheel.

The video clip, which has been "liked" by nearly two million people and shared 105,000 times, is just one of many similar ones on social media reviewed by AFP.

Such behavior is completely illegal and flouts the instructions of the automaker, which says on its website that Tesla's driver-assistance system is "intended for use with a fully attentive driver, who has their hands on the wheel and is prepared to take over at any moment."

Besides Tesla's "Autopilot" system, which matches a vehicle's speed to that of surrounding traffic and assists in steering within a clearly marked lane, Tesla offers what it calls "full self-driving capability."

That program's capabilities include helping park a car, maneuver a vehicle in and out of a tight parking space and guide a car from a highway on-ramp to an off-ramp.

Tesla will alert the driver and ultimately disengage the self-driving system if the driver's seatbelt is not buckled, or if the hands of the driver are not detected on the steering wheel.

- Fooling the system -

However, these protections have proved little match for Tesla motorists determined to misuse their vehicles. The magazine Consumer Reports released a video in which an incredulous tester easily duped a Tesla into driving with no one at the wheel.

"Idiots will be idiots, they will find a way to trick the system and that's not Tesla's fault, they can put a bunch of other things here people will just defeat it," a poster calling himself "Dirty Tesla" said in a video on his YouTube page, which has 55,000 subscribers.

("Dirty Tesla" has described himself as the president of a Tesla owner's club in Michigan but declined to give his name.)

But Tesla itself has been less than clear, directing users to follow the rules even as it employs confusing terminology for its driver-assistance programs, and as its leader, Elon Musk, makes sweeping statements about the technology.

Musk early this year predicted the company's vehicles would achieve Level 5 autonomy, or full self-driving, in 2021. Yet in 2015, the billionaire had said that goal would be reached within two years.

"Some companies are more careful than others in how they advertise," said Andrew Kun, an expert in human-computer interactions at the University of New Hampshire.

"The problem is overtrust, thinking that the system can do more than it is really able to do," Kun said. "Of course, that's the issue with calling it 'Autopilot' when it really isn't."

- Deadly accidents -

Adding gravity to the matter, a series of fatal crashes have raised suspicions that Tesla's technology may have been misused.

On April 17, two people were killed near Houston after a Tesla smashed into a tree.

A preliminary report from the National Transportation Safety Board did not weigh in on whether anyone was behind the wheel. Local police had said nobody was in the driver's seat.

In a fatal crash in May near Los Angeles also under investigation, the driver had posted images on social media of himself driving his Tesla without his hands on the wheel.

In spite of billions of dollars spent thus far, automakers have yet to produce a vehicle with full autonomy.

Tesla's system has reached Level 2 autonomy under the scale of the Society of Automotive Engineers, still a ways from full autonomy and requiring a person in the driver's seat who can take control if necessary.

California regulators have said they are reviewing whether Tesla's marketing misleads consumers -- specifically, whether it has violated a regulation that "prohibits a company from advertising vehicles for sale or lease as autonomous unless the vehicle meets the statutory and regulatory definition of an autonomous vehicle," the Department of Motor Vehicles told AFP.

    
SPENDING OUR COMMONWEALTH
World's rich floor it in post-pandemic luxury car rush

Issued on: 30/05/2021 - 

Annual sales last year at Volkswagen-owned Lamborghini sped past their 2019 record to 7,430 vehicles. Hector RETAMAL AFP/File

Paris (AFP)

The global rebound from the coronavirus pandemic is revving luxury carmakers' sales to never-before-seen heights, as order books at the likes of Lamborghini, Ferrari and Rolls-Royce burst with demand from the world's wealthy.

Just like regular earners around the world, the richest cut back on consumption during 2020, with "double-digit" falls in sales for makers of the most coveted cars, says Felipe Munoz of market research firm Jato Dynamics.

But "customers for these cars were not as exposed as others" to the crisis' financial fallout, he adds.

For the wealthy, "most of the problem was that they couldn't get out of their houses," Munoz says. "They postponed their purchases."

The rebound for exclusive cars was already underway in the final quarter of 2020 as they reached for their platinum credit cards again, cushioning the pandemic blow by comparison to mass-market manufacturers.

Annual sales last year at Volkswagen-owned Lamborghini sped past their 2019 record to 7,430 vehicles, driven by the Italian manufacturer's hefty Urus SUV clocking in at around 200,000 euros ($220,000 in the US).

Closed factories meant sales at Ferrari tumbled 10 percent last year, to 9,119.

But bosses say the black-horse brand now has an "order book at record levels", powered by the 450,000-euro SF90 Stradale -- the carmaker's first plug-in hybrid -- as well as the windscreen-free two-seater Monza, believed to cost around 1.7 million euros.

Ferrari hopes to top the 10,000-unit mark next year, when it becomes the final luxury producer to offer an SUV with the "Purosangue".

- 'Time to enjoy life' -

"The luxury market still has very specific rules and customers," Deloitte car industry analyst Guillaume Crunelle says.

"Behaviour is much more linked to personal situations, how their wealth is developing, rather than market trends."

After a year with less consumption, "there is quite some money around to be spent," Rolls-Royce chief executive Torsten Muller-Otvos tells AFP.

Nevertheless, the BMW subsidiary's boss also sees the aftereffects of the pandemic in people's buying patterns.#photo1

"Quite a lot of our clients said that Covid taught them that life can end easily tomorrow and now is time to enjoy your life."

This week the historic British brand launched a yacht-inspired model, the "Boat Tail", of which it has so far built just three units -- and won't reveal the price.

Muller-Otvos says that the new car is "much more refined" than its last custom build, the Sweptail, which cost in the region of $13 million.

- Going to China -


Rolls-Royce's one-offs notwithstanding, most even among the priciest manufacturers swept along in trends like the unstoppable march of the SUV -- and an environment-conscious turn to electrification, Deloitte's Crunelle points out.

Jato Dynamics' analysis showed that sports cars made up just five percent of luxury sales last year, while SUVs' market share outpaced coupes for the first time.

In Britain, Bentley and McLaren laid off thousands of workers as the virus outbreak began -- only for Bentley to book record sales of 11,000 units driven by the 200,000-euro Bentayga SUV.#photo2

Rolls-Royce saw its best-ever quarter in early 2021, powered by its New Ghost coupe and 2.6-tonne, 350,000-euro Cullinan SUV -- the most expensive on the market.

And James Bond favourite Aston Martin has returned from the brink of bankruptcy with its almost equally chunky DBX.

Looking ahead, "production for this year is fully booked," Rolls-Royce's Muller-Otvos says.

Europe and North American remain solid markets for luxury brands, but China is where most of the growth can be found.

"It's the world's top region for wealth building, and cars are still a very potent mark of status," Crunelle says.

Munoz predicts that "with more and more millionaires and billionaires (in China) each year, the trend is likely to continue".
Pro-Palestinian rally in Washington seeks end to US aid to Israel

More than 1,000 people rallied in Washington to protest continuing US aid to Israel and call for freedom for Palestinians following a deadly Israeli assault on the Gaza Strip.


More than 1,000 people rallied at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington [Getty]

More than 1,000 people rallied in Washington on Saturday to support Palestinians and call for an end to US aid to Israel.

The demonstration on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial came as a ceasefire that ended a deadly 11-day Israeli assault on the Gaza Strip has so far held.

"We are hoping to send a clear message to the United States government that the days of supporting the Israeli state without repercussions are over," one of the demonstrators, 39-year-old Washington lawyer Sharif Silmi, said as he stood in the crowd where many protesters held red, white, green and black Palestinian flags.

"We will stand against any politician that continues to fund weapons to Israel. We will oppose them, we will vote against them, we will fund their opponents, until we vote them out of office," said Silmi.

Lama Al-Ahmad, a resident of neighbouring Virginia who is of Palestinian origin, said US public opinion is turning in favour of the Palestinian cause.

"There is a huge change" going on in the US with regard to Palestinians seeking a sovereign homeland, said Al-Ahmad.

"We just want the world to recognize that we are human beings. We are not terrorists," said Al-Ahmad, a 43-year-old stay at home mother who grew up in the United Arab Emirates before moving to the US around 20 years ago.

Silmi added that there was now broad opposition in the US to how Israel treats the Palestinians, which he likened to apartheid in South Africa.

"People have now woken up, and we're resisting. Whether young Jews, young Muslims, young Blacks, young whites, there is a generational shift. And people are working across ethnic groups, racial groups, to work for change and freedom and liberation for Palestinian people," Silmi said.


Free Palestine protestors climb on to BBC building to demonstrate anger over coverage

Hundreds gathered to protest against BBC coverage of the Israel-Palestine conflict.


By Louisa Gregson
MANCHESTER EVENING NEWS
 29 MAY 2021
Free Palestine protestors climb on to BBC building at Media City (Image: Manchester Evening News)


Protestors climbed on to the BBC building at Media City today and let off flares as hundreds gathered to protest against its coverage of the Israel-Palestine conflict.

Chanting "BBC shame on you" protestors gathered outside the BBC in Salford before marching en-masse around Media City.

Speakers labelled the BBC the "Biased Broadcasting Corporation" and claimed the organisation has barely allowed Palestinians a voice when reporting on the conflict.

"In an oppression, why not speak to the oppressed?" one speaker said.

The BBC launched a separate complaints page over its coverage of the Israel-Palestine violence after viewers complained about its reporting with many people taking to social media to slam ‘biased’ coverage of the situation.
Free Palestine protest at Media City in Salford (Image: Manchester Evening News)

The protestors, waving Palestinian flags and brandishing placards declared: "We are not going to stop until Palestine is free."


Chanting "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free, one, two, three, four - occupation no more," they let off colourful flares and took the knee to show solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.

The youngest speaker, a seven-year-old boy read out a poem saying: "I see you Palestine, I know you are not fine. What is happening is so wrong, why has this been going on so long?"

Jaudhan Khan, 19, from Oldham was among the protestors. He said: "I am here to help give Palestine a voice because they are being silenced.

"The BBC are complicit by being biased.

"They are siding with the oppressor when they should be siding with the oppressed."

Free Palestine protestors march over bridge at Media City in Salford (Image: Manchester Evening News)

Another protestor Abeda Parveen, 44, from Oldham said: "I have come here today because I feel so strongly.

"The UK is complicit in funding the war.

"It is not about religion or politics it is about humanity and that is what we are fighting for."

The four hour protest finished with protestors giving a round of applause to Palestinians "Around the world."

About 250 people have been killed since fighting began between Israel and Palestinian militants in Gaza.

Students stage 'Free Palestine' protest at the University of Manchester

Protesters marched from the university's Oxford University building to the National Graphene Institute on Friday

By 
Charlotte Dobson
28 MAY 2021

Students protest at the University of Manchester (Image: Adam Vaughan)

Students held a 'Free Palestine' demo at the University of Manchester.

The protest took place outside the university's main campus on Oxford Road followed by a procession to the National Graphene Institute.

More than 30 protesters, some carrying Palestinian flags, attended the demo today (Friday).

It follows a number of 'Free Palestine' protests held across the city after renewed violence in Israel and Palestine in the last month.

(Image: Adam Vaughan)

Thousands of Palestinians have been forced to flee their homes after more than a week of sustained conflict.

An Israel-Gaza ceasefire was declared on Friday.

The ceasefire came after an 11-day military offensive in the Gaza Strip considered the worst violence in the region since 2014.

A University of Manchester spokesperson said: “The University of Manchester has agreements with partners across the world to provide study placements for our students and via which we accept in-bound exchange students.


These agreements are vital to delivering a world class learning experience to our students and to maintaining an international experience on campus.

"One of these agreements is with Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which is an internationally widely recognised institution in Israel which in turn has agreements across 27 countries.

"These links form part of the University’s engagement in Israel which incorporates both student exchange and research collaboration.”

Jerusalem tensions: More Palestinian families face evictions


After clashes over the neighbourhood of Sheikh Jarrah, another battle for homes in occupied East Jerusalem is threatening to boil over. In Batn al-Hawa, an area just south of Jerusalem’s Old City, eighty-six Palestinian families face eviction from homes they’ve lived in for decades. Jewish settler groups say that Jews owned the land long before the formation of the state of Israel. FRANCE 24’s reporters went to meet some of the people living there.

Parents calling on Canada to evacuate children stuck in the Gaza Strip

OTTAWA — When Mahmoud Khalaf's wife and two children travelled from Canada to visit extended family in the Gaza Strip in April, they couldn't imagine they would end up stranded there during a deadly war between Israel and Hamas.
© Provided by The Canadian Press
Khalaf, an electrical engineer in London, Ont., said his wife took their five-year-old and two-year-old to visit family for the first time in seven years and wound up living through the horrors of the bombardment of Gaza.

"They have never experienced something like that," he said. "For my kids, it was something very difficult and hard to understand what's going on, especially coming from an environment where they never felt like they might die."

Last week, a ceasefire ended the 11-day war that left hundreds of people dead and deteriorated Gaza's already weakened infrastructure. The Gaza Health Ministry said at least 230 Palestinians died, including 65 children. Twelve people in Israel, including a five-year-old and 16-year-old, were killed.

Khalaf's wife and children are among dozens of Canadians currently in Gaza, which has been under blockade since 2007. The main point of exit is through Egypt, but only a limited number of people are allowed to leave at a time and they must apply weeks in advance.

He and other Canadian residents with families in Gaza fear more bloodshed and are calling on the federal government to urgently help their loved ones evacuate.

"As a government, they should be taking care of their people,” said Khalaf. “Right? I mean, that's the government's job."

Global Affairs Canada didn't answer questions on whether the department is planning to evacuate Canadians from the Gaza Strip.

Department spokeswoman Patricia Skinner said consular services are being provided through the Canadian representative office to the Palestinian Authority in Ramallah.

"Global Affairs Canada has been advising Canadians to avoid all travel to the Gaza Strip due to continuing conflict, the possible resumption of armed hostilities, and the difficulties to leave the area since October 2000," she said.

There are 160 Canadians in the Gaza Strip currently registered in a federal database of Canadians abroad, but since registration is voluntary, the number is likely higher.

Khalaf said his five-year-old son who was born in Canada couldn't understand the situation and the reasons behind the bombing in Gaza.

"The questions come up: 'What's happening? Why is this happening? Is this happening in Canada? Is this happening everywhere, or is it just here?'" he said.

He could hear the explosions when he called or FaceTimed his wife and kids, he said.

"Sometimes it's really close. When it is close you see (my son) jumping, like he would be jumping from wherever he is right into his mom's arms just because he's terrified," he said.

"That in itself, being so far away from them, was extremely difficult and extremely painful at the same time."

The situation has also impacted asylum seekers and more recent immigrants whose families are still in Gaza.

Abdallah Alhamadni received refugee status in December and works as an emergency responder with a medical transportation company in Mississauga, Ont., where he transfers people infected with COVID-19 from their homes or long-term care facilities to hospitals.

He has applied for permanent residency for himself and his family members and has contacted the Immigration Department several times asking them to expedite the process, he said.

"My family, they are under huge stress all the time (while) they are waiting," he said.

Alhamadni is living in Canada with the daily risk of contracting COVID-19 and becoming very sick because he has chronic high blood pressure and diabetes, he said.

Meanwhile, he fears for his children's lives in Gaza.

"I was terrified something could happen to them, especially (with the bombardment of) houses very close to where they are living."

Alhamadni and a group of parents with children in Gaza are working to bring attention to their situation. They have contacted the federal government and several Members of Parliament and will start a petition to ask for the evacuation of their families, he said.

The government should give the families temporary visas while their permanent residency applications are being processed or fast-track the applications, Alhamadni said.

He also contacted the Canadian representative office to the Palestinian Authority in Ramallah, which he said told him it would let him know if an evacuation of families is being planned.

"There are no real promises they will bring them here to Canada,” he said. "We are lost. We don't know what to do."

The Immigration Department did not say whether it planned to evacuate families of people living in Canada from the Gaza Strip.

It said it was unable to comment on individual cases for privacy reasons but it is aware of the situation of resettled refugees' dependants who remain in Gaza and it is monitoring the situation.

Global migration has been upended by the pandemic, but the department has prioritized urgent protection cases, vulnerable people and those performing essential services, it said.

Sammar Mohammed is another member of the group of parents working to bring children to Canada. She has been living with her two daughters in Windsor, Ont., since 2019 while her husband and her two other daughters are still in Gaza.

She is waiting for their permanent residency applications to be processed so the rest of her family can join her in Canada.

"This is our issue and our pain — the long processing time," she said.

Mohammed used to do video calls with her daughters, but now they either lose internet or power, she said.

Her husband is a journalist with a local TV station whose building was destroyed in an Israeli airstrike, she added, and a classmate of her 13-year-old daughter was killed during the war.

She said there are serious consequences for her loved ones as they continue to wait, especially with a fragile ceasefire that she believes could end at any moment.

"If they survived this war, God knows what will happen during the next offences on Gaza."

This report was first published by The Canadian Press on May 30, 2021.

---

This story was produced with the financial assistance of the Facebook and Canadian Press News Fellowship.
World leaders call for action, inclusion at Seoul climate summit
Issued on: 30/05/2021 
South Korea -- which recently announced plans to cut finance for international coal projects -- is seeking a bigger role in the global initiative to go green Handout Blue House/AFP

Seoul (AFP)

World leaders on Sunday called for more action and inclusion of all countries in the global drive towards a cleaner and greener planet at a climate summit hosted virtually by South Korea.

Climate change is a major threat to global growth, with perils ranging from declines in crop yields, extreme weather that devastates tourist economies, disease outbreaks and other catastrophes that would sap productivity.

South Korea -- which recently announced plans to cut finance for international coal projects -- is seeking a bigger role in the global initiative to go green.

"South Korea will play a responsible role as a bridging nation between developing and advanced nations," said President Moon Jae-in as he opened the 2021 Partnering for Green Growth and the Global Goals 2030, or P4G, summit.

The two-day summit is the second of its kind following the inaugural meeting held in Copenhagen in 2018, and is focused on public-private partnerships, especially in developing countries.

Advanced nations have laid out ambitious emissions-cutting goals in recent months, as well as plans to ultimately go carbon neutral by 2050.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel called on the countries to phase out their dependence on fossil fuels, warning climate change is threatening people's lives and the economy as much as the Covid-19 pandemic.

Earlier this month Germany tightened its targets to reduce CO2 emissions -- including a 65 percent cut in emissions by 2030 -- after a landmark ruling by the country's top court declared a flagship climate protection law "insufficient".

British Prime Minister Boris Johnson said countries must now deliver on their green pledges.

"It's a great start, but let's not pat ourselves on the back just yet because our planet and our people need more," he said.

"We need governments that will not just make promises on climate and nature but match those words with deeds."

- Falling behind -

World leaders committed under the 2015 Paris accord to keeping the global temperature increase to under two degrees Celsius -- and ideally closer to 1.5C -- by 2050.

Yet many of the largest emitters have so far failed to keep up their commitments and countries have not even agreed on a unified rulebook governing how the Paris agreement works in practice.

The UN says that emissions must fall nearly eight percent annually to keep 1.5C in play -- equivalent to the emissions saved during the pandemic every single year through 2030.


World leaders also stressed the importance of making sure that poorer countries are not left out in the global initiative to go green.

African countries should not be "locked up" in fossil fuels and be able to advance with the rest of the world, said French President Emmanuel Macron, calling for ways to draw large-scale investments in renewable energy.

"It is not a global partnership if some are left struggling to survive," added UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres.

"Tackling climate change head-on will help protect the most vulnerable people from the next crisis while sustaining a job-rich recovery from the pandemic," he said.

The World Bank estimates that between 32 million and 132 million additional people could fall into extreme poverty by 2030 due to the effects of climate change.
2026 
WMO report: Global temperature could exceed key climate target within 5 years

MAY 27, 2021 / 


The sun rises behind One World Trade Center and the Manhattan skyline in New York City on January 17, as seen from West Orange, N.J. File Photo by John Angelillo/UPI | License Photo


May 27 (UPI) -- According to a new climate outlook Thursday, there's a good chance that average global temperatures will exceed limits set by the Paris climate agreement sometime within the next five years.

The World Meteorological Organization forecast noted a 40% chance that the world's average surface temperature could temporarily fluctuate to 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit higher than pre-industrial levels in one of the next five years -- which would be above the limit set in the Paris agreement.

The WMO report Thursday said there's a 90% likelihood that at least one year between now and 2025 will be the warmest ever recorded. File Photo by Vincent Jannink/EPA-EFE

The WMO predicted last year that chance was 20%.

The goal of the Paris agreement is to keep the annual rise in global temperature to below 3.6 degrees above pre-industrial levels. It seeks to limit the increase to 2.7 degrees.

The WMO report also said there's a 90% likelihood that at least one year between now and 2025 will be the warmest ever recorded. To date, the record-holder is 2016.

"These are more than just statistics," WMO Secretary General Petteri Taalas said in a statement.

"Increasing temperatures mean more melting ice, higher sea levels, more heatwaves and other extreme weather, and greater impacts on food security, health, the environment and sustainable development."

RELATED Biden to double federal funding for hurricane preparedness in U.S.

Taalas said the new study shows that global temperatures are "getting measurably and inexorably closer" to the lower end of the Paris target.

"It is yet another wake-up call that the world needs to fast-track commitments to slash greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality."

Taalas said technological advances have made it possible to track greenhouse gas emissions back to their sources as a means of targeting reduction efforts.

RELATED Biden signs order directing government to limit economic risks of climate change

The global average temperature in 2020 was 2.2 degrees above the pre-industrial baseline, according to the WMO's State of the Global Climate report in April. The report also said COVID-19 pandemic-related shutdowns failed to slow the drivers of climate change.

That report highlighted accelerations in climate change indicators like rising sea levels, melting sea ice and extreme weather and noted worsening impacts on socioeconomic development.

The WMO said the greater likelihood of reaching the 2.7-degree target is primarily due to forecasters using improved temperature data to estimate the baseline -- and not sudden changes in climate indicators.


The WMO said its new study shows that global temperatures are "getting measurably and inexorably closer" to the lower end of the target set in Paris agreement. File Photo by Kevin Dietsch/UPI | License Photo




 

 

Breathing, lung problems more common in low-income household

While air quality has improved and smoking has gone down overall in the United States in the last several decades, researchers say the level of breathing problems in lower-income households remains vastly higher than in higher-income households. Photo by Free-Photos/Pixabay
While air quality has improved and smoking has gone down overall in the United States in the last several decades, researchers say the level of breathing problems in lower-income households remains vastly higher than in higher-income households. Photo by Free-Photos/Pixabay

May 28 (UPI) -- People with lower household incomes in the United States have more breathing problems and lung-related illnesses like asthma than wealthier individuals, an analysis published Friday by JAMA Internal Medicine found.

Nearly half of those with annual household incomes in the lowest percentiles nationally experience shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, compared with just under 30% in the highest percentiles of household income, the data showed.

In addition, low-income people are three times more likely to report a "problem cough" than their wealthier peers.

Children and adults in low-income households are also at higher risk for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than those living in wealthier homes, according to the researchers.

RELATED COVID-19 discriminates along racial, socioeconomic lines, study finds

These trends have generally remained the same, if not worsened, over the past 60 years, despite declines in smoking and improvements in air quality in the United States during the same period.

"From the 1960s to today, socioeconomic inequalities in lung health have persisted, and in some instances even worsened," study co-author Dr. Adam Gaffney told UPI in an email.

"This occurred despite improvements in air quality, overall smoking rates, healthcare access and workplace safety, suggesting that the benefits of these advances have not been equitably enjoyed, [so] our lungs reflect the inequalities of our society," said Gaffney, a pulmonary specialist and assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School in Cambridge, Mass.

RELATED Better treatment, less smoking driving drop in U.S. cancer deaths

The findings are based on an analysis of lung health data for more than 215,000 people across the United States, for whom information on household income was available, from 1959 through 2018.

From 1971 through 2018, the percentage of people with the highest household incomes who were current or former smokers fell to 34% from 62%, the data showed.

Among those with the lowest household incomes, the percentage of current or former smokers rose to 58% from 56% over the same period, the researchers said.

RELATED Study: ACA reduced disparities in healthcare access

By 2018, 48% of those with the lowest household incomes nationally reported experiencing shortness of breath, up from 45% in 1971 and higher than the rate of 28% for wealthier individuals.

Just under 17% of people in the lowest-income households across the country suffered from a "problem cough" in 2018, compared with 6% of those in wealthier homes, up from 14% in 1988.

In 2017-18, the prevalence of asthma, or chronic shortness of breath, among children was 15% in the poorest households and 7% in the wealthiest ones.

Similarly, by 2018, 16% of adults in low-income households had been diagnosed with COPD, compared with just over 4% in wealthier residences.

A study published earlier this week also showed that people living in lower-income households, as analyzed by ZIP code, had more exposure to air pollution and high levels of heat.

"We all need safe air, safe workplaces and high-quality healthcare [so] we need to advocate for the policies that can make a difference," Gaffney said.

"We should move to improve air quality standards, workplace safety and achieve universal, comprehensive healthcare," he said.


Socioeconomic Inequality in Respiratory Health in the US From 1959 to 2018

JAMA Intern Med. Published online May 28, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2441
Key Points

Question  Have socioeconomic disparities in respiratory health improved in the past 6 decades in the US?

Findings  In this repeated cross-sectional analysis of national health examination surveys conducted from 1959 to 2018 and including 215 399 participants, socioeconomic disparities in respiratory symptoms, lung disease prevalence, and pulmonary function mostly persisted, and in some instances appeared to widen.

Meaning  Income- and education-based disparities in respiratory health have persisted, and potentially worsened, despite secular improvements in air quality and tobacco use, suggesting that the benefits of these improvements have not been equitably enjoyed; social class may function as an independent determinant of lung health.

Abstract

Importance  Air quality has improved and smoking rates have declined over the past half-century in the US. It is unknown whether such secular improvements, and other policies, have helped close socioeconomic gaps in respiratory health.

Objective  To describe long-term trends in socioeconomic disparities in respiratory disease prevalence, pulmonary symptoms, and pulmonary function.

Design, Setting, and Participants  This repeated cross-sectional analysis of the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and predecessor surveys, conducted from 1959 to 2018. included 215 399 participants aged 6 to 74 years.

Exposures  Family income quintile defined using year-specific thresholds; educational attainment.

Main Outcomes and Measures  Trends in socioeconomic disparities in prevalence of current/former smoking among adults aged 25 to 74 years; 3 respiratory symptoms (dyspnea on exertion, cough, and wheezing) among adults aged 40 to 74 years; asthma stratified by age (6-11, 12-17, and 18-74 years); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ([COPD] adults aged 40-74 years); and 3 measures of pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], forced vital capacity [FVC], and FEV1/FVC<0.70) among adults aged 24 to 74 years.

Results  Our sample included 215 399 individuals surveyed between 1959 and 2018: 27 948 children aged 6 to 11 years; 26 956 children aged 12 to 17 years; and 105 591 adults aged 18 to 74 years. Income- and education-based disparities in smoking prevalence widened from 1971 to 2018. Socioeconomic disparities in respiratory symptoms persisted or worsened from 1959 to 2018. For instance, from 1971 to 1975, 44.5% of those in the lowest income quintile reported dyspnea on exertion vs 26.4% of those in the highest quintile, whereas from 2017 to 2018 the corresponding proportions were 48.3% and 27.9%. Disparities in cough and wheezing rose over time. Asthma prevalence rose for all children after 1980, but more sharply among poorer children. Income-based disparities in diagnosed COPD also widened over time, from 4.5 percentage points (age- and sex-adjusted) in 1971 to 11.3 percentage points from 2013 to 2018. Socioeconomic disparities in FEV1 and FVC also increased. For instance, from 1971 to 1975, the age- and height-adjusted FEV1 of men in the lowest income quintile was 203.6 mL lower than men in the highest quintile, a difference that widened to 248.5 mL from 2007 to 2012 (95% CI, −328.0 to −169.0). However, disparities in rates of FEV1/FVC lower than 0.70 changed little.

Conclusions and Relevance  Socioeconomic disparities in pulmonary health persisted and potentially worsened over the past 6 decades, suggesting that the benefits of improved air quality and smoking reductions have not been equally distributed. Socioeconomic position may function as an independent determinant of pulmonary health.

Introduction

Over the past half century, air quality has improved in the US: regulations have reduced emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and ozone concentrations, and haze has cleared.1 Adult smoking rates, meanwhile, have fallen from 42.6% to 13.7%.2 In addition, although many people still face workplace hazards, safety regulations and economic change have reduced exposure to occupational pollutants such as silica and coal dust, causing deaths from pneumoconiosis to plummet.3

However, among both children and adults, socioeconomic disparities in respiratory symptoms, disease,4,5 and function6,7 remain, probably owing to persistent disparities in exposure to unclean air, tobacco smoke, dusts and gases in the workplace, nutrition, access to health care,8 or other factors.6,9 Disparities in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) may have worsened in recent decades consequent to the growing socioeconomic divide in tobacco use.10 For instance, county-level geographic differences in COPD mortality widened from 1980 to 2014,11 and inequalities in asthma morbidity and mortality may have persisted,9,12-16 or even worsened in the twenty-first century.4,5

Yet few studies of socioeconomic disparities in lung health have spanned the period that saw landmark policy changes affecting smoking (the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report), air quality (the 1970 Clean Air Act), occupational exposures (the establishment of OSHA in 1971), and health care access (Medicare, Medicaid, and the Affordable Care Act). Moreover, because reduced lung function is associated with elevated all-cause mortality (through mechanisms not fully understood),17,18 increased socioeconomic disparities in lung function may contribute to the widening gap in life expectancy between poorer and wealthier Americans in the twenty-first century.19,20

Using national health examination surveys conducted over 6 decades, we evaluated changes in socioeconomic inequality in respiratory health in the US.

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Socioeconomic Inequality in Respiratory Health in the US From 1959 to 2018 | Asthma | JAMA Internal Medicine | JAMA Network