It’s possible that I shall make an ass of myself. But in that case one can always get out of it with a little dialectic. I have, of course, so worded my proposition as to be right either way (K.Marx, Letter to F.Engels on the Indian Mutiny)
Wednesday, September 01, 2021
Lack of global standards for COVID-19 certificates creates 'barrier to their successful implementation'
The lack of global standards for coronavirus certificates is a key barrier to their successful implementation around the world, a new report warns.
Experts have called for widely accepted international standards for documentation which records COVID-19 vaccination andhealthstatus, although implementing them quickly will be difficult.
The University of Exeter research calls for policymakers to ensure coronavirus health status certificate providers abide by basic data protection principles, including lawfulness, fairness and transparency, purpose limitation, data minimisation, accuracy, storage limitation, integrity and confidentiality, and accountability. It identifies three key barriers to implementation—lack of trust, lack of global standards, and lack of a holistic approach.
The report recommends the certificates are only used during the pandemic, so that their use is discontinued once the WHO declares that COVID-19 is no longer a public health emergency of international concern.
It also says policymakers should ensure that COVID-19 health status certificate providers build data protection into the design of these certificates by default, and that the confidentiality and security of the information collected and processed are maintained. Providers of these certificates should prevent any unauthorized access, accidental loss, damage, or destruction of the data.
The report presents independent research funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) as part of UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)'s rapid response to COVID-19.
The research was led by Dr. Ana Beduschi, who carried out literature reviews and evaluations of primary and secondary sources of law. The research was also informed by twenty semi-structured interviews with technologists and experts in digital identity and certification conducted between December 2020 and March 2021. The study also benefited from the insights and views of experts who participated in two workshops in March 2021 and May 2021.
Dr. Beduschi said: "Focusing only on the technological solutions for COVID-19 health status certificates is not sufficient. As these certificates have a direct impact on people's rights, there is a crucial need to consider the laws and regulations, including those on data privacy and human rights.
"If effectively implemented, COVID-19 health status certificates may contribute to managing the effects of the current pandemic. Yet, their introduction poses significant challenges to data privacy, equality and non-discrimination. The urgency surrounding the adoption of these measures should not lead to governments rolling out COVID-19 health status certificates in haste without the appropriate protection of data privacy and human rights.
"Policymakers must strike an adequate balance between protecting the rights and freedoms of all individuals and safeguarding public interests, while managing the effects of the pandemic."
The report emphasized that COVID-19 health status certificates should be available to all, not only those with high levels of digital literacy, but highlighted the risks of fraud associated with paper-based certificates. The research also underlined the need for secure applications and embedded technologies such as QR codes.
Connecticut and Washington recently became the first U.S. states requiring child care providers to get vaccinated against COVID-19. The new policies reflect the essential role child care providers play and their elevated risk of both contracting and transmitting SARS-CoV-2.
Until now, however, the vaccination rate for this critical group has remained unknown. But a new Yale-led study published inPediatricsfound that vaccine uptake amongchildcare providers in the United States was higher than for the general adult population.
A national survey of the child care workforce conducted between May and June of this year found that, among 20,013 respondents, 78.2% were fully vaccinated. During that same time period, just 65% of the general adult population had been fully vaccinated.
"Child care providers are one of the few groups that have intimate interactions with many people on a daily basis, putting them at higher risk of getting and spreading COVID-19," said Walter Gilliam, the Elizabeth Mears and House Jameson Professor at the Yale Child Study Center. "Protecting them from COVID-19 is important for their health and the health of the children they care for."
Child care providers are also critical for a healthy economy. "They're the workforce that makes other workforces possible," added Gilliam, senior author of the study. "If they fall ill or if COVID-19 causes child care facilities to shut down, that impacts every working parent relying on that care."
He added: "These findings are promising but show we still have a ways to go when it comes to vaccinating child care providers."
Vaccination rates among child care providers revealed in the survey mirror trends observed throughout the U.S. population. Providers who were younger, had lower income, or were Black reported lower rates of vaccination. Providers who were elderly, had higher incomes, or were Asian-American reported higher rates of vaccination. Geographically, vaccine uptake was lowest in the Mountain West and the South and highest in New England and the Pacific West. Massachusetts had the highest vaccine rate at 89.4%, while Wyoming had the lowest, at just 53.5%.
Vaccination rates also differed across child care settings. Providers who worked in child care centers were more likely to be vaccinated than providers based in home settings.
"This could be due to a number of reasons," said Kavin Patel, lead author of the study and a clinical fellow in infectious diseases at the Yale School of Medicine. "Home-based child care providers are typically responsible for smaller groups of children than those working in centers, so the risk of COVID-19 spread might be perceived as lower. Also, some centers may have required staff vaccination."
Home-based providers may also have received less targeted messaging about COVID-19 vaccination than their center-based counterparts, said Gilliam.
Among the non-vaccinated child care providers, nearly 12% said they were "very likely" or "absolutely certain" to get vaccinated in the future, while over 59% said they were "not likely" to get the COVID-19 vaccine. The most commonly reported reasons for vaccine hesitancy related to fears around vaccine safety.
"These findings show where we need to focus messaging efforts," said Gilliam. "Earlier this year, messaging that highlighted the particular occupational risks for child care providers led to large increases in vaccination rates. We need another round of messaging that emphasizes these risks and reaches the groups with lower vaccination rates."
Parents can help, too, by asking questions about what safety measures their child care providers are taking and how facilities are helping their staff attain vaccines, he said.
Gilliam, Patel, and their colleagues will continue to monitor child care provider vaccination rates. "It will be interesting to see how or if the Delta variant and the return to school affect vaccine uptake in this population," said Patel.
Over the past 25 years, the name "Google" has become synonymous with the idea of searching for anything online. In much the same way "to Hoover" means to use a vacuum cleaner, dictionaries have recognized "to Google" as meaning to undertake an online search using any available service.
Former competitors such as AltaVista and AskJeeves are long dead, and existing alternatives such as Bing and DuckDuckGo currently pose little threat to Google's dominance. But shifting our web searching habits to a single supplier has significant risks.
Leaving aside the commercial interests, is Google actually delivering when we Google? Are the search results (which clearly influence the content we consume) giving us the answers we want?
Clearly there is significant commercial advantage in selling advertising while at the same time controlling the results of most web searches undertaken around the globe.
This can be seen clearly in search results. Studies have showninternet users are less and less prepared to scroll down the page or spend less time on content below the "fold" (the limit of content on your screen). This makes the space at the top of the search results more and more valuable.
While Google (and indeed many users) might argue that the results are still helpful and save time, it's clear the design of the page and the prominence given to paid adverts will influence behavior. All of this is reinforced by the use of a pay-per-click advertising model which is founded on enticing users to click on adverts.In the example below, you might have to scroll three screens down before you find actual search results rather than paid promotions.
Annoyance
Google's influence expands beyond web search results. More than 2 billion people use the Google-owned YouTube each month (just counting logged-in users), and it is often considered the number one platform for online advertising.
Although YouTube is as ubiquitous to video-sharing as Google is to search, YouTube users have an option to avoid ads: paying for a premium subscription. However, only a minuscule fraction of users take the paid option.
Evolving needs
The complexity (and expectations) of search engines has increased over their lifetime, in line with our dependence on technology.
For example, someone trying to explore a tourist destination may be tempted to search "What should I do to visit the Simpsons Gap".
The Google search result will show a number of results, but from the user perspective the information is distributed across multiple sites. To obtain the desired information users need to visit a number of websites.
Google is working on bringing this information together. The search engine now uses sophisticated "natural language processing" software called BERT, developed in 2018, that tries to identify the intention behind a search, rather than simply searching strings of text. AskJeeves tried something similar in 1997, but the technology is now more advanced.
BERT will soon be succeeded by MUM (Multitask Unified Model), which tries to go a step further and understand the context of a search and provide more refined answers. Google claims MUM may be 1000 times more powerful than BERT, and be able to provide the kind of advice a human expert might for questions without a direct answer.
Are we now locked into Google?
Given the market share and influence Google has in our daily lives, it might seem impossible to think of alternatives. However, Google is not the only show in town. Microsoft's Bing search engine has a modest level of popularity in the United States, although it will struggle to escape the Microsoft brand.
Another option that claims to be free from ads and ensure user privacy, DuckDuckGo, has seen a growing level of interest—perhaps helped through association with the TOR browser project.
'The algorithm fired me': California bill takes on Amazon's notorious work culture
by Margot Roosevelt, Los Angeles Times
Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain
California lawmakers are taking aim at Amazon.
The bill, the first such legislation in the nation, would require warehouses to disclose quotas and work speed metrics to employees and government agencies. It would ban "time off task" penalties that affect health and safety, including bathroom use, and prohibit retaliation against workers who complain.An Assembly-passed bill is expected to reach the Senate floor this week or next to crack down on the opaque, algorithm-led and harsh warehouse work conditions often attributed to the Seattle technology behemoth.
Amazon dominates online shopping across the nation amid a surge in e-commerce fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic. With 950,000 U.S. employees and $368 billion in revenue in 2020, it is the nation's second-largest employer after Walmart, and is under growing pressure to address worker injuries in its supply chain.
"Amazon has set the pace, creating a market for next-day delivery of consumer goods," said Assembly member Lorena Gonzalez (D-San Diego), the bill's author. "We see Walmart and other large warehouses following suit. We need to make sure our laws catch up with that."
California's workplace laws often influence other states and the federal government, experts say. The state Senate vote on the bill, AB 701, is expected to be close, amid heavy opposition from retailers and other industries.
Scholars see broad implications for the future of work. "In the U.S., we are at an inflection point on the question of how technologies are used in workplaces and what rights workers have to data collected about them," said Beth Gutelius, research director at the University of Illinois at Chicago's Center for Urban Economic Development and an authority on logistics.
"Warehouses are where the dark sides of work surveillance are being revealed."
In analyzing the legislation, the Senate Judiciary Committee cited studies showing Amazon's injury rate to be nearly twice that of the warehouse industry generally. One study compared Amazon's 2020 injury rate (6.5 injuries for every 100 workers) to Walmart's (three injuries).
"Amazon, at least, may have made the market-based decision that avoiding workplace injuries is more costly than maintaining the delivery speeds for which it is famous," the committee suggested.
Amazon and Walmart declined to comment on the legislation or to answer questions on their respective injury rates.
Amazon spokeswoman Rachael Lighty wrote in an email: "Like most companies, we have performance expectations for every employee, and we measure actual performance."
Amazon offers coaching to workers who don't meet targets, she said. "The truth is, terminations for performance issues are rare—less than 1%. The health and safety of our employees is our No. 1 priority."
In a letter to shareholders in April, Chief Executive Jeff Bezos wrote, "We need to do a better job for our employees." News reports portraying them as "desperate souls and treated like robots" are inaccurate, he asserted.
To address employees' sprains and strains from repetitive motions and prevent forklift and other industrial vehicle collisions, he wrote, Amazon will invest more than $300 million in safety projects this year.
Consumer demand is fueling rapid growth in warehouse work. In California, where imports from Asia flow through the ports of Los Angeles, Long Beach and Oakland to giant distribution centers, 209,700 warehouse workers were employed in July, nearly double the number five years ago.
The Inland Empire, spanning Riverside and San Bernardino counties, is the nation's biggest warehouse center. Amazon is the region's largest employer, with an estimated 40,000 logistics workers.
The state legislation ratchets up the pressure Amazon already faces from an energized labor movement. The company crushed a campaign in April to unionize 6,000 workers at one of its warehouses in Alabama. In June, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters announced a nationwide push to organize Amazon's delivery and warehouse employees, calling the company an "existential threat" to workers across the logistics industry.
Chanel Hawkes, 33, lost her job at a call center when her company closed during the pandemic. "Amazon was the only company that was hiring and thriving," she said.
At Amazon's Eastvale complex with 6,000 employees, she packed boxes of mouthwash, books and toys from 6 p.m. to 4:30 a.m. four or five days a week. She earned $15 an hour.
"I like a challenge," she said. "But it was like sprinting on your feet for 10 hours."
Soon, she felt intense pain in her wrist. Her supervisors, she said, told her to "eat more protein," do wrist stretches and get back to work.
Warehouse computers, which she checked three times a day, told her to make a "rate" of 70 to 80, a speed measure she said was never explained—and which Amazon declines to define publicly. She was working at a "rate" of only 50 to 60.
Hawkes asked for an easier job, telling supervisors "my nerves are hurting." It didn't happen. She was not referred to workers' compensation doctors, she said. And in March, after seven months, she was terminated.
Now she can't drive or push a grocery cart without feeling pain, she said. An art major in community college, she wonders when she will be able to paint again in her spare time.
"I was just a working woman," Hawkes said. "Especially being African American, I didn't know how to fight a big system."
Amazon did not respond to questions about Hawkes' experience.
Race is part of the debate over AB 701. Latino and Black employees constitute 66% of warehouse staff, although workers of color account for just 37% of the total U.S. labor force, according to a UC Berkeley study.
"These backbreaking conditions have significant implications for communities of color," the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor and other bill supporters wrote lawmakers this summer. "Many … feel they must accept unsafe conditions to keep a roof over their heads. [They] are least likely to have adequate health insurance or any safety net."
Yesenia Barrera, a former Amazon worker in Rialto, told an Assembly committee, "We are carrying, bending, reaching, twisting and packing items from 30 to 60 pounds for hours a day with no proper rest time."
After just one warning, she said, "The algorithm fired me, and other workers like me, though we were working as hard as we could."
Barrera, 22, has since gone to work as an organizer for the Warehouse Worker Resource Center, a foundation-funded nonprofit in Ontario that is backing AB 701.
"Workplace quotas have been around for centuries," said Sheheryar Kaoosji, the center's executive director. "We've seen high injury rates at Walmart too. But Amazon makes it much more burdensome with surveillance. Other companies would love to do what Amazon does—wire their facilities wall to wall."
California's general ergonomic standard is weak and rarely enforced, he said. At unionized warehouses, covering roughly 10% of workers, safety issues are bargained with management, but at Amazon and other nonunion facilities, "workers have no recourse, and they just feel lucky to have a job," Kaoosji said.
In a class-action lawsuit that Amazon settled in December, Trevion Sherman and 26 other California plaintiffs described how the company's "production clock does not stop when employees need to use the restroom" so they went without bathroom breaks for fear of termination.
Amazon declined to reveal the terms of the settlement.
A coalition of industries led by the California Chamber of Commerce has spent months lobbying against AB 701. "Productivity standards are not inherently punitive," the group wrote lawmakers Aug. 3. Nonetheless, after several clarifications to the bill, the chamber softened its opposition, removing it from its annual "job killer" list—a tag that often dooms legislation.
In further compromises last week, backers amended the measure to cut out a requirement for Cal/OSHA, the state's workplace safety agency, to adopt a warehouse-specific injury rule. Backers said the bill remains strong because it steps up enforcement by the state labor commissioner. New language also exempts farm facilities to prevent spoilage before shipping.
Republican lawmakers continue to oppose the legislation, saying it will raise consumer prices and burden companies with litigation.
Sen. Brian Jones (R-Santee) called it "part of a campaign to tip the scales to coerce employees to unionize," noting that AB 701 is backed by the Teamsters. Democrats, he said, should not be trusted to "micromanage private warehouses."
Amazon points to benefits that nonunion warehouses don't always offer, such as health insurance from the first day of employment.
That's what drew Nathan Morin, 33, to work in an Amazon warehouse in Redlands for three years as a packer, forklift driver and truck loader until December. He didn't have health insurance and was able to immediately sign on to a plan through Kaiser Permanente.
Another benefit was Amazon's policy of adjusting his schedule to fit around his college classes while he was a student at Cal Poly Pomona.
From the first day, Amazon "said it's a very physical job, but they never told us about the quotas," he recalled. "You were allowed 30 minutes 'time off task' a week. But the bathrooms are at the far ends of the warehouse. If you took 10 minutes to go once a day when you weren't on break, you would be written up at the end of the week."
Morin's packing quota was at least 70 items an hour during Amazon's peak seasons. "Cameras were at workstations, in break rooms, in locker rooms," he said. "Devices would flag managers if you took 'time off task.' It was dehumanizing."
Morin said he saw about a dozen workers get injured, including a woman who was told by an Amazon workers' comp doctor that she had pulled a muscle, only to find out later, she reported, that she had fractured her knee. "To this day, she can't walk right," Morin said.
At one point, Morin worked as a "learning ambassador" coaching struggling workers with tips to avoid a write-up. If injured employees were granted accommodations with lower-stress tasks, "It was like two weeks and then you were expected to go back to work," he said.
"You hoped they could work faster," he said. Otherwise, it was termination.
Amazon did not respond to questions about Morin's experiences.
Looking back, Morin said, "I don't want to think Amazon deliberately injures people. It is a product of the work culture—getting things done as quickly as possible."
For buildings with large glass façades, installing electrochromic or thermochromic windows can save up to 70 percent of heating and cooling energy consumption. Credit: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Fraunhofer researchers have developed an intelligent coating for glass windows that darkens in the sun. This uses electrochromic and thermochromic materials that react to electricity and heat. In buildings with large glass façades, it stops the rooms from getting too hot because of solar radiation, thereby reducing the demand for energy-intensive air conditioning.The building sector is one of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases. According to the German Environment Agency, buildings are responsible for around 30 percent of the country's CO2emissions and 35 percent of its final energy consumption. Buildings with large glass façades and roofs are particularly problematic, such as the office towers that dominate modern cities. They heat up in the sun, especially in summer. However, using blinds and jalousies to provide shade is often unpopular, as they detract from the aesthetic appeal of the glass and disturb the view outside. Instead, the interior is cooled with air conditioning, which requires enormous amounts of electricity and increases the carbon footprint of the building.
The Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC in Würzburg and the Fraunhofer Insti-tute for Organic Electronics, Electron Beam and Plasma Technology FEP in Dresden have developed a sophisticated solution to this problem. In the Switch2Save project, researchers have been working on transparent coatings for windows and glass façades using electrochromic and thermochromic materials. These add a variable, transparent dark tint to the outside of the windows, which keeps the rooms cool. The Fraunhofer Institutes have partnered with universities and industrial partners across six EU countries for this EU-funded research project.
Electrochromic and thermochromic coating
"The electrochromic coating is applied to a transparent, conductive film which can then be "switched on." Applying an electrical voltage triggers the transfer of ions and electrons, which darkens the coating and tints the window. On the other hand, thermochromic coating works passively. When a certain ambient temperature is reached, it reflects the heat radiation of sun," explains Dr. Marco Schott, Group Manager of Electrochromic Systems at Fraunhofer ISC.
The structure of a window with Switch2Save technology: versions with electrochromic or thermochromic coating are possible, as well as a combination of the two technologies in one window. Credit: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
With electrochromic elements, sensors can be used to measure factors such as bright-ness and temperature, sending the results to control systems. This sends a current or voltage pulse to the conductive film, triggering the window to darken. The surface of the glass gradually darkens whenever the temperature or brightness level becomes too high. This stops rooms from becoming overheated and reduces the need for air conditioning, which is particularly useful in sunnier climes and buildings with large, glazed façades. It also serves as anti-glare protection on sunny days. On cloudy days and in the evening the windows will be kept in bright state.
Fraunhofer researchers have also thought about the suitability of the technology for everyday use. "The windows don't turn dark suddenly, but are gradually tinted over a few minutes," explains Schott. Energy consumption is very low. In optimal circumstances, electrochromic film only requires electricity for the switching process and a very low voltage is enough to initiate the tinting process. Thermochromic materials do not require electricity at all, instead reacting passively to the heat generated by the sun. They can be used to complement a switchable system or as an alternative, where a switchable solution is not required.
Demonstration buildings in Athens and Uppsala
Switch2Save promises huge energy savings in areas where outside temperatures are high, i.e., in southern regions, by reducing use of air conditioning systems or removing the need for them entirely. Dr. John Fahlteich, Switch2Save Project Coordinator and Head of the Research Group at Fraunhofer FEP, explains: "In warm regions of Europe, the cooling and heating energy demands of modern buildings can be reduced by up to 70 percent." Savings are not so extensive in colder, northerly regions, but the systems could also be used here as anti-glare protection against direct sunlight.
In principle, the combination of electrochromic and thermochromic layers in a composite window offers the greatest possible flexibility. By using this, architects and developers can provide individual solutions for a variety of regions and buildings. "We are in the process of installing the technology in the Pediatric Clinic of the second-largest hospital in Greece, in Athens, and an office building in Uppsala, Sweden. In both buildings, energy consumption will be monitored and compared for a whole year both before and after installation of the new windows. By doing this, we can demonstrate the real-life performance of the Switch2Save technology and can continue to test and refine the technology for different climate zones," says Fahlteich.
The coatings are manufactured using a roll-to-roll process. At just a few hundred micrometers thick, both the electrochromic film and the thermochromic thin glass substrate are extremely thin. Credit: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Roll-to-roll manufacturing
The researchers have also resolved challenges for manufacturing. The electrochromic coating is applied to a polymer-based film substrate. The thermochromic coating, on the other hand, uses a thin glass substrate. Wet chemical and vacuum coating processes are used in a cost-effective roll-to-roll manufacturing system. The switchable components are then laminated under vacuum onto a 4 mm thick sheet of window glass, which is integrated to an insulating glass unit thereafter. The coating process is also economically feasible on an industrial scale. The electrochromic and thermochromic switchable elements are only a few 100 μm thick and less than 500 g per square meter. Thus, they hardly add any weight to the windows, which means that they can be retrofitted in existing buildings without needing to alter the building structure.
Curved glass and colorful windows
The project consortium is currently working on improving the technology further. For example, the team of experts is researching how electrochromic and thermochromic elements can be combined in a composite window to make even better use of the technology's potential. Further research objectives include adapting the coating to curved glass forms and adding more colors to the existing options of blue and gray.
Global warming and the objectives of the European Green Deal will significantly increase the demand for energy-efficient building technology in the next few years—and all buildings in the EU are expected to be carbon neutral by 2050. The electrochromic and thermochromic windows of the EU Switch2Save project can make an important contribution to this.
When the Swiss government decided to phase out nuclear power in the wake of the Fukushima accident on 11 March 2011, it also launched a major nationwide research program to explore alternative energy sources, with the goal of fully replacing the country's nuclear power with renewable energy by 2050. Some CHF 250 million in funding was deployed to develop and implement a comprehensive strategy. The nationwide research program entailed setting up eight Swiss Competence Centers for Energy Research (SCCERs) to explore seven energy-related topics. Universities and research institutes from across the country, in association with around 900 businesses and public-sector organizations, conducted 1,500 research projects through these Centers between 2013 and 2020. Innosuisse was commissioned to evaluate the results of the projects, and it issued its final report on 22 July 2021.
As part of this nationwide research program, EPFL led the effort in the area of geo-energy, which included assessing Switzerland's potential for carbon storage and for deep and shallow geothermal energy. What are the main conclusions?
Carbon storage in Switzerland
"The research we've done over the past eight years shows that there's enough underground capacity in Switzerland to store large amounts of CO2, primarily in the Swiss Plateau, from Fribourg to Zurich," says Prof. Laloui. "In fact, the carbon storage process would be easier than burying nuclear waste." Experts involved in the project estimate that 50–700 million tons of CO2 could be stored in Switzerland's ground. These would mainly be emissions from the construction industry (cement and steel production), the biochemicals industry and agriculture. "Of the about 40 million tons CO2-eq emitted in Switzerland each year, some 12 million could potentially be stored underground. That means for those emissions the country could become carbon-neutral, or even achieve negative emissions, for 70 years," says Prof. Laloui. However, he also points out that reaching this goal would require that today's greenhouse gas emitters decarbonize their production chains.
Over 20% share of shallow geothermal energy by 2035
Prof. Laloui's research on shallow geothermal energy indicates that there's considerable potential for this type of renewable resource. "The Swiss government had set a target of having 11% of the energy used for its buildings' heating and cooling systems come from geothermal energy by 2035. The project outcomes show that this percentage could easily be doubled," he says. With regard to deep geothermal energy—that is, natural heat located one to three kilometers underground—The activities conducted in the context of the geo-energy SCCER-SoE project with the Geneva Canton public utility which found that if heat accumulated during the summer was stored below Lake Geneva, it could be used to warm up some of the Canton's buildings during the winter.
The geo-energy SCCER-SoE study also looked at the scope for using geothermal energy to generate electricity. For now, the results indicated that as something that could be an option in the future. "Many researchers have looked at how rocks can be fractured without triggering seismic movements, but more research is still needed. We'll surely be able to do it one day, but we're not there yet."
Prof. Laloui believes a lot of important findings have come out of these years of intensive research. Switzerland now ranks among Europe's top centers of excellence in geo-energy, and the joint effort by 250 scientists across the country has been highly effective. He now hopes that the research will be taken further. "I strongly encourage the Swiss government to set up a national research center on geo-energy and carbon storage in order to leverage the discoveries we've already made and keep our solid skills in this area within the country."
Pilot test planned in Iceland
The latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is unequivocal: it is only by implementing a portfolio of measures that the signatories of the Paris Agreement will be able to meet their targets and cut their greenhouse gas emissions. One measure that's needed urgently is carbon storage, and Switzerland has not yet decided what steps it will take in this regard. However, on 20 July 2021, Switzerland and Iceland signed a statement of intent to jointly support and develop negative-emission technology—and this includes carbon storage. A pilot test to that effect will soon be carried out in Iceland. For now, Switzerland does not have any plans for underground carbon storage within its borders.
A fine coating film forms on the faster-rotating roller. Credit: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Conventional processes for manufacturing battery electrodes involve mostly toxic solvents and require a lot of space and energy. This is not the case with DRYtraec—a new dry-coating process developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS. The technology is environmentally friendly and cost effective and can be used on a large scale, giving it the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing of battery electrodes.
The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) predicts that Germany will consume around 655 terawatt hours in the year 2030—an increase of almost 20 percent compared to today. Prognos AG carried out a corresponding study on behalf of the ministry. This figure is an initial estimate; final results are expected to be available in the fall. However, it is clear that society's overall energy demand is continuously increasing. The fast-growing electromobility sector is therefore looking for new ways to reduce the energy required to manufacture batteries and thus to design them to be as cost effective and environmentally friendly as possible. DRYtraec is a promising solution developed by an interdisciplinary research team at Fraunhofer IWS in Dresden that focuses on the production of the battery electrodes.
A key component of any battery, electrodes normally consist of a metal foil with a thin coating. This coating contains the active components that are responsible for storing energy. "The conventional coating process uses a wet chemical method that applies what is known as slurry," explains Dr. Benjamin Schumm, Group Manager for Chemical Coating Technologies at Fraunhofer IWS. The active material, conductive carbon and binders are dispersed in a solvent to make a kind of paste, which is initially applied to the metal foil to form a wet coating. "Extremely large machines with very long drying tracks are needed to ensure that the solvent will evaporate afterward. With DRYtraec, we can design this process more efficiently."
Credit: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Special binder and shear forces from rotating rollers
The new coating process essentially uses similar raw materials as in the slurry process. The dry coating technology developed at Fraunhofer IWS works without solvents, but instead uses a special binder. Together, the materials form a dry mixture that is fed into a calender gap—a gap between two rollers rotating in opposite directions. The crucial detail is that one of the rollers must be turning faster than the other. This induces a shear force, which ensures that the binder forms thread-like networks known as fibrils.
"Imagine it as a spider's web that mechanically embeds the particles," says Schumm. The pressure and motion form a fine film on the faster-rotating roller. This film is then transferred in a second calender gap onto a current collector foil. This allows both sides to be coated simultaneously without significant additional work. In the final step, the resulting coil is cut to the required size and the individual parts are stacked as appropriate in order to produce the finished battery cell.
Success thanks to combined expertise in chemistry and manufacturing engineering
DRYtraec therefore has clear ecological and economic advantages over existing battery electrode coating processes. Removing toxic solvents and long, energy-intensive drying machines from the process benefits the environment. The new process also accelerates production and requires only one-third of the equipment space of a conventional solution, saving costs in number of ways. In Schumm's view, the success of the DRYtraec process comes primarily from the diversity of expertise in the research team at Fraunhofer IWS. Colleagues with a background in chemistry worked on the opti-mum powder mixture, but experts in manufacturing engineering, for example, developed equipment that prevents the dry film from ever being self-supporting, ensuring that it remains stable.
DRYtraec machines do not require long drying tracks and so take up significantly less space than conventional battery electrode manufacturing systems. Credit: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
A wide range of possible applications
The first prototype DRYtraec systems were commissioned as part of the "DryProTex" funding project. This project demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture electrodes continuously, regardless of the type of battery: "The range of possible uses for the technology is not limited to a particular cell chemistry," Schumm points out. "It could equally be used on lithium-ion cells as on lithium-sulfur or sodium-ion cells. We are even looking at solid-state batteries. These will be increasingly important in the future, but the materials cannot tolerate wet chemical processing. Thus, DRYtraec allows us to offer a very promising solution to this problem."
The industry is showing a lot of interest in the process. Discussions are currently underway with several automobile and cell manufacturers to plan the construction of a number of pilot systems. Beyond manufacturing electrodes with DRYtraec, the researchers at Fraunhofer IWS are engaged in many other research projects to examine the entire battery cell development process chain. By doing so, they are playing a key role in shaping the future of the battery.
The WUFI software from Fraunhofer IBP shows a material's response to moisture over time by means of a film. The y axis indicates temperature and moisture content, while the x axis shows a cross-section of the component. Credit: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
As a rapidly growing renewable raw material, bamboo is an ideal substitute for wood. However, bamboo's susceptibility to mold in damp conditions poses a problem. Researchers at Fraunhofer have now analyzed bamboo's response to moisture under specific climatic conditions. By using simulation software, building owners can plan and implement measures to prevent the growth of mold.
In the era of climate change, bamboo ranks among the most promising construction materials. Bamboo is a rapidly growing renewable raw material, which absorbs CO2, and is resource-efficient and biodegradable. For this reason, the construction industry is increasingly choosing to use it as a substitute for wood, which is becoming scarce due to the increase in building activities across the globe.
However, Bambusoideae (scientific name for bamboo), part of the perennial grass family, poses a structural issue: Over the course of their centuries-long lifespan, trees build up resistance to harmful bacteria and mold. The lifespan of a bamboo stem, however, is only 20 years. As a result, it is less able to protect itself and is therefore vulnerable to mold infestation.
The Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics IBP is now presenting a solution that helps to forecast bamboo's response to moisture, thereby enabling the humidity of the material to be managed efficiently. "The goal is to prevent the growth of mold without using chemical preservatives that can also harm humans," explains Prof. Dr. Hartwig Künzel, Head of Hygrothermics at Fraunhofer IBP.
Laboratory testing to determine material properties
The first step was to determine the hygrothermal material properties of bamboo under certain climatic conditions. Following studies in China, further tests were carried out at the outdoor testing facility at Fraunhofer IBP in Holzkirchen near Munich, Germany. Here, bamboo products were exposed to the weather while the climatic conditions were recorded in detail by a meteorological station. An expert team then examined the material in the laboratory. How much water and water vapor did the bamboo absorb? How much was released and how was moisture transported within the material? In the latter case, the material was examined using an MRI scanner, which revealed how the absorbed water was distributed and moved about within the material.
In a similar way to wood, bamboo can be used to manufacture sturdy panels. Credit: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Simulation software for all climatic conditions
At the technological heart of the project was the hygrothermalsimulation softwareWUFI. It uses a transient calculation method that has been validated in experiments across the world. This software enables the thermal and moisture conditions in components and buildings to be realistically simulated. Using the properties determined in the laboratory, the software simulates the behavior of bamboo when exposed to specific climatic conditions and presents the findings using an animated chart that shows progression over time. This can be used to derive the probability that mold will grow. Typically, mold starts to pose a risk to bamboo in ambient conditions of 80 percent relative atmospheric humidity. A construction company that uses bamboo for sustainable building construction can use the software analysis to implement measures that will provide effective framework conditions, such as protection against humidity.
"The WUFI software delivers reliable and detailed results on bamboo's response to moisture. This enables construction companies and architects to plan and build ecologically safe and sustainable buildings using bamboo as a building material," says Künzel. In addition, these findings can also be used to open up new areas of application for different materials made from bamboo.
The researchers developed the simulation software years ago. In light of the present increase in demand for wood substitutes, researchers at Fraunhofer have now also validated the software for bamboo. "There is a variety of versions of WUFI available, depending on the application and requirements. We also license these to international partners," says Künzel. Bamboo is best suited as a wood substitute. It is a fibrous, light material, which offers great long-term stability, and can be used to manufacture panels (such as wall paneling) in a similar way to wood. Bamboo can also be used for floorboards because it is very hard. Due to its flexibility, bamboo is ideal for construction in earthquake areas.
Fields of research: indoor climate, structural engineering and biohygrothermics
Reeds (Typha) are another environmentally friendly replacement for wood that Fraunhofer IBP has researched in the past. When used to construct walls, reeds act well as a stable, insulating and sustainable building material. Expertise regarding materials which can replace wood only makes up part of the specialist competence offered by Fraunhofer IBP. The institute, with sites in Stuttgart and Holzkirchen, has many years of expertise in building physics. This includes, for example, structural engineering, indoor climate and biohygrothermics, all of which are viewed from the standpoint of sustainability. By means of example, scientists are also researching air conditioning in aircraft and moisture management in packaging. Currently, there are plans for a project to assess the possibilities for climate-stable transport of sensitive goods.Bamboo lights a fire under Australian construction industry
