MACHISMO IS MISOGYNY
Mexican women fight for right to self-defense


Women take part in a self-defense class in a park in Mexico City

 (AFP/CLAUDIO CRUZ)

Yussel Gonzalez
Tue, November 23, 2021, 11:43 PM

Imprisoned for killing the man she says raped her, Roxana Ruiz is fighting to prove her innocence in a case taken up by activists campaigning for the right to self-defense.

"My only crime was to defend myself against the man who raped me," Ruiz, 21, wrote from the prison where she has been held since May in a suburb next to Mexico City.

Rights groups will use Thursday's International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women to argue that legitimate self-defense is not a crime in a country facing a femicide crisis.

In a letter published by activists, Ruiz said that her attacker was a man who insisted on accompanying her home after she went for a beer with a friend.

Once there, he asked to stay the night, saying that he lived far away.

While she was asleep, the man sexually assaulted her, beat her and threatened to kill her, before she suffocated him while defending herself, she wrote.

"I was afraid, terrified," she said.

"I didn't want him to hurt anyone else," Ruiz added.

Having reflected on her experience while in prison, "I've started to think that the laws and society are unjust," she wrote.

"Maybe I should have let my attacker have his way and perhaps leave me dead or injured," she added.

- 'Accomplice of femicide' -

Mexico registered 736 femicide cases between January and September, following 975 cases in the whole of last year, according to official figures.

Despite the clear risks, Ruiz faces an uphill battle to prove that she acted in legitimate self-defense because no forensic evidence was collected from the scene.

Her lawyer, Abigail Escalante, accuses the authorities of failing to follow basic protocols such as a gynecological examination.

"Why does a woman who suffered a crime have to prove that she's actually a victim?" Escalante asked.

The case has triggered protests by feminist groups, who denounce impunity for men who kill women.

In a demonstration outside the jail where Ruiz is being held, protesters put up banners reading "self-defense is not a crime" and "the state is an accomplice of femicide."

Her mother Ana Ruiz joined the protest to call for her daughter to be set free.

"He wanted to kill her as well as rape her. He had threatened to kill her and she defended herself," she said.

- 'Save our lives' -

Yakiri Rubio, now 28, was locked up for 18 months on charges of murder after she fatally wounded the man who sexually assaulted her.

Rubio was cleared after her lawyer, Ana Suarez, proved that it was self-defense.

The authorities "dislike knowing that women can defend ourselves, so they don't want to do their job," she said.

Now both work for an association helping women, including through self-defense classes taught by a martial arts instructor.

"It's to learn to save our lives," said Suarez's sister Maria Jose, one of the organizers.

Rubio tells women to seek good advice in case they are arrested after defending themselves.

Equally important is "that your family believes you, that society supports you, takes care of you and protects you, and that the media reports the truth," she added.

yug/dr/dw

SYA, Def Jam's taboo-breaking female Malaysian rapper

PUBLISHED : 24 NOV 2021 
WRITER: AFP

These pictures taken on Oct 9, 2021 show Malaysian hip-hop artist Nur Batrisya Mohammad Nazri, known as SYA, at a studio in Kuala Lumpur. (AFP photo)

Wearing sunglasses and a tiger print dress as she raps into a mic, Malaysian hip-hop artist SYA calls for empowerment while taking a sledgehammer to stereotypes of Muslim women.

The first female signing for label Def Jam -- the label behind superstars from Jay-Z and Rihanna to BTS and Justin Bieber -- in Southeast Asia, her debut single "PrettyGirlBop" tackles misogyny and acceptance in her Muslim-majority homeland.

"I just want women to feel more comfortable in their own skin," SYA, whose long dark hair is uncovered, tells AFP.

"I don't have to pretend to be somebody else just to fit what society deems is good."

The track, which also features up-and-coming Singapore artist Yung Raja, includes scenes of SYA dressed in white, and stroking a cat wearing a pearl necklace in a lavish bedroom.

Underlining her desire that women should not be pigeon-holed, it then switches to her holding a snake and wearing a leopard print jacket, as she defiantly raps: "I wanna be like me."

She is among a crop of young artists from Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines who have been signed by global music giant Def Jam's Southeast Asian arm.

Lauded by the industry as a rising star, the 25-year-old says she faces online abuse from those who believe her behaviour is not appropriate for a young Muslim woman.

"I've had a lot of disturbing comments," the rapper reveals, adding that she has been accused of being a prostitute and had her faith questioned.

"'Is she a Muslim? How much per night? Why is she showing so much skin?'"

- 'Imposter syndrome hit me' -

While Malaysia is a relatively affluent country, society remains largely conservative, with critics saying women's rights are not sufficiently protected and harassment is common.

SYA says she is facing down the "patriarchal mindset" and "sexualisation" of those who don't conform to the cliched expectations of Muslim women

Most members of Malaysia's ethnic Malay Muslim community follow a moderate form of the religion and while the majority of women wear a headscarf, there is no law requiring it.

But conservative Islam has been gaining ground, pushed by hardline politicians and preachers, accompanied by growing criticism of any activities and behaviour seen as undermining the faith.

For SYA -- real name Nur Batrisya Mohammad Nazri -- art and religion should be kept firmly separate, however.

"What does (religion) have to do with me as an artist, and what I create?" she said.

The artist, who spent much of her childhood overseas, burst onto the music scene almost by accident when she posted some of her work online, drawing the attention of well-known local rapper SonaOne.

He connected her with Def Jam, which had started a push into Southeast Asia, seeking to capitalise on a new wave of regional stars and a youthful demographic with increasing disposable income.

"First and foremost, I consider myself a writer... writing was the reason I am doing all of this... I had never planned to be an artist," says SYA.

The star confesses she was plagued by "self-doubt" and taken aback by her success.

She recalls: "Impostor syndrome really hit me hard. There are other people out there, especially independent artists, who make music 24/7 and are still struggling to get signed."

- 'Be your own person' -

Growing up, SYA took part in talent shows and listened to artists such as Britney Spears and Michael Jackson.

She later drifted towards hip hop as it was "such an outspoken type of genre".

Her parents are "getting used to the idea" of her becoming a star, she said, adding that her mum was her "biggest supporter".

After months of only doing online shows due to a lengthy coronavirus shutdown in Malaysia, she now plans to return to live performing.

SYA has yet to run into trouble with authorities but artists regularly do in Malaysia.

Rapper Namewee, from the country's ethnic Chinese minority, relocated to Taiwan after controversy over videos he made that critics allege insult Islam.

Despite this, SYA still thinks male artists have far more freedom to rap about sensitive subjects in the conservative country without fear of being criticised.

"For the boys, there are no limitations. If they want to rap about sex or weed, it is a pass," she said.

"But for women, if you are Malay, you don't want to insinuate you are doing all of those things."

SYA hopes her music inspires other women -- not to emulate her, but to be more confident in themselves.

"I don't want to be the perfect role model," she said.

"You can take inspiration from me (to) be your own person."

UN hails Colombian peace process, despite setbacks, as US to remove FARC from terrorist list

United Nations Secretary General Antonio Guterres said on Tuesday he celebrates the advances made to implement Colombia’s 2016 peace deal with the demobilized FARC rebels, but added efforts must be redoubled to sustain economic opportunities for ex-combatants.

© Raul Arboleda, AFP

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) signed a peace deal with the government in 2016, resulting in the demobilization of some 13,000 members, including 7,000 combatants.

The agreement ended the FARC’s role in the Andean country’s long-running internal conflict, which has left millions displaced and more than 260,000 dead.

While the Colombian government’s measures to further the peace deal have seen progress, more state help is needed to ensure the survival of projects for ex-combatants, Guterres said during a trip to the country.

“We must redouble efforts to guarantee the sustainability of these projects, with financial and technical support, and land and housing,” Guterres said while visiting a re-integration camp located in Colombia’s Antioquia province, with President Ivan Duque welcomed Guterres’ visit as historic, which “will allow us to see the implementation of Peace with Legality and other programs.”

The accord has been beset with challenges, with several former commanders – who argued the deal was not being fulfilled – returning to arms, while close to 300 ex-FARC have been killed since the deal was signed, according to local advocacy group Indepaz.

United States President Joe Biden’s administration plans to remove the FARC from the U.S. list of foreign terrorist organizations, two people familiar with the matter told Reuters earlier on Tuesday.

Dropping the designation for the group would serve as a show of support for the peace deal.

The UN Secretary General also expressed his concern over the violence affecting indigenous communities across the country.

“I express the solidarity of the United Nations with the indigenous peoples of ... Colombia in the face of the violence that continues to affect their lives, their customs and their ancestral territories,” he said.

(AFP)

The Colombian town that 'adopted' a conflict's anonymous dead




1Nearly 60 years of civil conflict left an estimated 120,000 Colombians listed as missing (AFP/JOAQUIN SARMIENTO)

Lina VANEGAS
Tue, November 23, 2021, 1:53 PM·4 min read

On many funerary plaques in the Colombian town of Puerto Berrio, there are no names. Simply the letters N.N, often hand-painted, after the Latin "Nomen nescio" for "anonymous."

During the worst years of Colombia's near six-decade conflict, the 1,540-kilometer (957-mile) Magdalena River that flows past the town in the northern Antioquia department brimmed with hundreds of unidentified bodies.

They washed up swollen, often mutilated, sometimes just body parts.

The dead were extracted from the river, "adopted" by the people of Puerto Berrio and interred at La Dolorosa cemetery, where townsfolk still come to pray and tend to the tombs every day.

"I tell myself that if we take care of a missing person here, someone else somewhere might be taking care of my son's grave," said 60-year-old Blanca Bustamante, whose two children disappeared without trace.

Her son Jhon Jairo Sosa Bustamante, a 20-year-old soldier, disappeared 14 years ago while on leave. Then her daughter Lizeth, aged nine, vanished too.

Nearly 60 years of civil conflict left an estimated 120,000 Colombians listed as missing -- four times the toll of the 20th century dictatorships of Chile, Argentina and Brazil combined.

"If they died as N.N, there must be other people who love and care for them. That’s what I hope," Bustamante told AFP among the plastic flowers and hand-painted tomb

 inscriptions.

Townsfolk come every day to La Dolorosa cemetery to tend to the graves of the unknown dead (AFP/JOAQUIN SARMIENTO)

- 'Maybe he is here' -

The historic peace accords signed in 2016, resulting in the disarmament of the FARC Marxist guerrilla group, finally allowed Colombian families to start the long and difficult search for their missing loved ones.

The deal gave birth to a special search unit -- called the UBPD in Spanish -- for missing persons, the majority of them civilians who got caught up in the ruthless war waged by paramilitary groups, guerillas, drug traffickers and the security forces.

In five years, the unit has identified 127 bodies through a laborious process of gathering information and DNA -- a delicate mission in areas where holdout armed groups still fight today.

In Puerto Berrio alone, 116 unidentified bodies have been found. But there could be as many as 700, according to the UBPD search unit.

Nelcy Diaz recently travelled to Puerto Berrio in search for her husband Jose Jesus Cubillos, who was 42 when he was kidnapped along with five others from a neighboring town in 2002.

Someone had told her that a guerrilla sporting six watches on his arm had boasted about killing the six men.

The teacher, 57, assumes her husband's body was thrown into the Magdalena River -- Colombia's longest.

"Maybe he is here," she told AFP, showing a photo of her husband on her mobile phone.

Jose Lupo Escobar, a 69-year-old fisherman, said he had a "love-hate" relationship with the river.

"For us, it is a source of life," but also reminiscent of a "very dark" period.

"We found floating corpses... we often tore off a leg, a hand, sometimes a head" while trying to recover them, he recounted.

Many funerary plaques in the Colombian town of Puerto Berrio are marked simply N.N. after the Latin 'Nomen nescio' for 'anonymous' (AFP/JOAQUIN)

- 'Even a small bone' -

Ex-combatant Jairo Mira confessed to having used the river as a "graveyard."

"Daily deaths here were 15 or 20... Puerto Berrio had become a war zone," recalled the 56-year-old who joined a paramilitary group as a teenager.

He served 17 years in prison for a massacre of 30 people.

As the corpses began to accumulate in the cemetery of La Dolorosa, "a very special faith in the community" moved them to embrace the souls of the unknown dead, said Ramon Morales, who was an undertaker in the early 2000s, a particularly grim period of the conflict.

"An N.N. would arrive and there would be people at the door saying: 'Keep it for me'" to take care of, he recalled.

For UBPD search unit head Luz Marina Monzon the people of Puerto Berrio were performing an "act of humanity" that helped "give sense to the horror."

Bustamante said she would continue honoring the unidentified dead and hoping for closure about the fate of her own children.

"Even if it is a small bone, a little finger, it would mean so much to us."

lv/vel/mlr/jh

Colombia peace deal: The families displaced five years on

By Steven Grattan
Montería, Colombia

Pub

Image caption,

A group of Emberá families has been living on the streets after being displaced by violent gangs

Sheets of tarpaulin supported by sticks pepper a public square in the northern Colombian city of Montería where a community of indigenous Emberá people have lived since mid-April.

The community fled violence which broke out between rival armed groups in their rural communities many hours away, along the banks of the Sinú river.

One barefoot Emberá woman said she wanted to return, but fears for her and her family's lives.

Image caption,

Margarita Pernia and her family fled their home after gangs took control of the area

"We are here out of serious need," says Margarita Pernia, 42, sitting beside her three teenage daughters in their traditional indigenous clothing and face markings.

"They have guns. After 6pm we couldn't go out anywhere, because even though we are on our land, they prohibit it," Ms Pernia said. "We lived in terror."

You may also be interested in:

• The midwives braving armed gangs to deliver babies
• The child environmentalist receiving death threats
• The former rebels who need bodyguards to stay safe

Ms Pernia said they fled because different armed groups were taking control of the land on their indigenous reserve, although she was unable to identify exactly who the groups were.

In Montería, the Emberá community sleep on the ground on thin pieces of foam and wash themselves in the nearby river, where they also defecate.

Image caption,

The Emberá's living conditions in their makeshift camp are extremely basic

"We're here, putting up with mosquitos and hunger. Our children have gotten sick and some have died," said Fabio Bailarín, 52, a spokesperson for the Emberá people who is part of the 2,700 who fled.

This is a small example of the multiple forced displacements happening each month around Colombia, a country where armed conflict violence is on the rise.

The twenty-fourth of November marks the fifth anniversary of the official implementation of a historic peace deal signed between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Farc) rebel group and the government in 2016.

But for many in the Andean nation, peace never arrived.

Existing or dissident rebel groups and new illegal armed groups involved in drug production or trafficking and illegal gold mining have moved into and vie for control of the areas the Farc rebels left behind after demobilising.

An overwhelming amount of these illicit activities occur on the ancestral lands of Afro-Colombian and indigenous communities.

Colombia's Ombudsman's Office reported a 213% increase in the number of displaced families, from 1,682 in 2020 to 5,266 in 2021.

During the first half of this year there were 102 incidents of mass displacement, where 44,290 people fled to usually more urban areas for safety from armed conflict violence.

"For many communities across Colombia, the promise of peace has become a devastating disappointment," said Juan Pappier, senior Americas researcher at Human Rights Watch.

"While the peace process initially brought some relief, violence in remote areas is now increasing and many regions are at risk of experiencing a return to pre-peace process levels of violence."

Image caption,

Many displaced Emberá women try to earn a little money by making and selling beaded necklaces

Armed groups confining communities is another phenomenon on the rise.

"Illegal armed groups exert control over local populations by restricting their freedom of movement. This means "confining" them which involves imposing curfews, check points and not allowing persons to leave or enter the community in question or to bring in outside goods into the area," said Gimena Sánchez-Garzoli, Andes director for the advocacy group Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA).

The southwestern Pacific region, especially Chocó, has been worst affected by this. The United Nations said in a recent report that 96% of confined people this year belong to indigenous or Afro-Colombian groups.

Most of those under confinement do not speak out to local authorities, rights groups or journalists out of fear of reprisal.

Ms Sánchez says confining communities allowed armed groups to gain military advantage against whomever they are fighting with and guarantees that the local population submits to their demands.

Young and underage Colombians also continue to be recruited into the ranks of illegal groups.

ACAPS, a non-governmental organisation which analyses humanitarian crises globally, predicted in a September 2021 report that forced recruitment, gender-based violence, massive displacement and massacres were likely to increase in the coming months in Colombia's provinces on the Pacific coast, where "at least 10 armed groups are disputing territory".

The report said that confrontations between armed groups for territorial control increased the number of confinements, mass and individual displacements, and homicides in 2021 - a trend likely to continue.

The Pacific provinces are key for coca cultivation - the raw ingredient for cocaine - which is at an all time production high too.

Landmines and other explosive devices are also being planted again by armed groups to protect their valuable coca fields, which frequently maim civilians and security forces.

A Colombian government spokesperson told the BBC they could not provide a direct response to questions posed about rising violence in the country.

On the other side of the public square in Montería, 52-year-old Ireña Domico Charras sits alone.

Image caption,

Ireña Domico Charras received death threats

Using a sewing pin, she carefully scoops up small beads and places them onto a piece of thread to make bracelets to sell around the city. She is a local leader within her Emberá community.

"They've killed some of our leaders in Sinú. I have received death threats and my husband too," says Ms Charras, who said her brother was killed by the Farc and she was displaced three other times before the peace deal.

"If you don't do what they say, they'll kill you. We need the government to guarantee our safety before we can go back."

SAUDI WAR OF AGRESSION

Yemen war will have killed 377,000 by year's end: UN

Issued on: 23/11/2021 - 

Dubai (AFP) – Yemen's seven-year-old war will have claimed 377,000 lives by the end of the year, through both direct and indirect impacts, a UN agency estimates in a report published Tuesday.

Nearly 60 percent of deaths will have been caused by indirect impacts such as lack of safe water, hunger and disease, it said, suggesting that fighting will have directly killed over 150,000 people.

Most of those killed by the war's indirect effects were "young children who are especially vulnerable to under- and malnutrition," said the UN Development Programme report.

"In 2021, a Yemeni child under the age of five dies every nine minutes because of the conflict," it found.

A Saudi-led coalition intervened in Yemen in early 2015 to shore up the government after Iran-backed Huthi fighters seized the capital Sanaa months before.

Fighting since then has had "catastrophic effects on the nation's development", said the report.

The UNDP has warned in the past that the war in Yemen, already the poorest country in the region, had thrown its development back by over two decades.

The Yemen war is often labelled the greatest humanitarian disaster in the world.

Projecting the impact of continued fighting into the future, the UNDP warned that 1.3 million people in total will have died by 2030.

"A growing proportion of those deaths will occur... due to second-order impacts that the crisis is waging on livelihoods, food prices and the deterioration of basic services such as health and education."

'Downward spiral'

If the war stopped now, the UNDP said, there would be "hope for a brighter future in Yemen" which it said could achieve middle-income status by 2050.

But it judged that, for now, "the situation continues to propel in a downward spiral".

Escalating fighting, including tank battles and regular bombardment by both fighter jets and drones, have in some areas destroyed even the most basic infrastructure.

In recent weeks fighting has escalated on several fronts, mostly near the strategic Marib city, the internationally-recognised government's last major stronghold in Yemen's oil-rich north.

Thousands of rebels and pro-government fighters have been killed in the battle for the city.

The UN Refugee Agency, in separate comments Tuesday, said it is "gravely concerned about the safety and security of civilians in Yemen's Marib governorate, including more than one million people who are estimated to be displaced".

Some 40,000 people have been forced to flee in Marib since September, said UNHCR spokeswoman Shabia Mantoo in Geneva.

"Health conditions such as acute watery diarrhea, malaria and upper respiratory tract infections are common among the newly displaced," she said.

The Huthis this month also seized a large area south of Hodeida, a Red Sea port where the warring sides agreed on a ceasefire in 2018, after loyalist forces withdrew.

UNDP administrator Achim Steiner said that "millions of Yemenis continue to suffer from the conflict, trapped in poverty and with little possibility for jobs and livelihoods".

More than 80 percent of the population of around 30 million require humanitarian assistance, the report said, while "the economy is close to collapse".

"Yemen is the world's worst and largest humanitarian and development disaster, and it is continuing to worsen."

© 2021 AFP

TERRIBLE TORIES
Downing Street signals it is prepared to tear up Northern Ireland’s Brexit deal


BY:MICHIEL WILLEMS



Downing Street said late last night the UK government is prepared to consider tearing up elements of Northern Ireland’s Brexit deal, despite a Cabinet minister insisting the option would not be used before Christmas.

Number 10 said there was no timetable for whether or not it would unilaterally use the powers under Article 16 of the Northern Ireland Protocol if changes to the deal cannot be agreed with Brussels.

The comments amount to a rejection of International Trade Secretary Anne-Marie Trevelyan’s claim that the step would not be taken before Christmas.


The UK has repeatedly said the difficulties caused by the operation of the protocol meant that use of Article 16 would be justified as a safeguard.

“Our preference remains to agree a negotiated solution if we can,” the spokesman said.

“Of course, we will use Article 16, the safety mechanism, if solutions can’t be found.”Downing Street spokesman last night

Asked whether the UK would be willing to use it before Christmas, the spokesman added: “I’m not going to put a timetable on it.

“We continue to believe that the conditions for triggering that safety mechanism of Article 16 have been met, that remains the Government position but we will continue to look for a consensual negotiated solution.”

In a Daily Telegraph interview, International Trade Secretary Ms Trevelyan said: “I don’t think anyone’s calling Article 16 before Christmas, absolutely not.”


Last week her Cabinet colleague Michael Gove said that “while, of course, it’s always possible that Article 16 may require to be invoked, we’re confident that we’ll be able to make progress without it”.

The Prime Minister’s spokesman said: “Ministers are able to give their assessment of the current situation but Cabinet is united on our approach to this.”

There was a “set process” for the negotiations involving Brexit minister Lord Frost and European Commission vice-president Maros Sefcovic, he added.

On Monday night, Lord Frost reiterated a warning that the UK would achieve free trade within its borders “one way or the other”.

“When we discuss trade in this country, we must not forget that our most urgent and pressing problem – an issue of the highest national interest – is to make sure we can trade freely within our own country,” he told a conference held by the Centre for Policy Studies.

“I don’t think that’s too much to ask and that’s where we need to get to – one way or the other.”

Lord Frost argued Brexit will fail if it does not take a different approach from the EU.

“We can’t carry on as we were before. If, after Brexit, all we do is import the European social model, we will not succeed,” he said.

“If we stick to EU models, but behind our own tariff wall and with a smaller market, obviously we are not going to succeed.

“That’s why I so often talk about divergence. Not for the sake of it, but because it’s a national necessity.”

He also backed Chancellor Rishi Sunak to say that “our goal must be to reduce taxes”.

“It’s about light-touch, proportionate regulation whatever the policy objectives you’re trying to pursue. And, of course, free trade,” Lord Frost added.

The Tory peer has previously demanded “more ambition and more urgency” from the EU in efforts to resolve the dispute over Northern Ireland’s post-Brexit arrangements.
Arrangements

Under the protocol, Northern Ireland effectively remains in the EU’s single market for goods.

This helps to avoid a hard border with Ireland but increases checks and barriers to trade on goods crossing the Irish Sea from Great Britain, making it a source of tension in Unionist communities.

Liberal Democrat Northern Ireland spokesman Alistair Carmichael said: “This is yet more chaos and confusion from the Tories. Even our hard-Brexiteer Trade Secretary knows it would be madness to crash our trading relations with the EU just weeks before Christmas, and yet No 10 are refusing to rule it out.”

Meanwhile, the European Commission stepped up pressure on the UK over the fishing row with France.

The dispute is over the allocation of licences to fish in UK waters for vessels which can prove they have historically operated there.

Commission spokesman Tim McPhie said: “There’s been some progress with the outstanding licensing requests but the process is going too slowly.”

The Commission will request an “intensification of the process within a clear timeframe”, he added.

Downing Street insisted there would be no change to the process for deciding on licences, but applications would be reconsidered if fresh evidence is produced about a vessel’s track record.

“We are not negotiating on our position on fishing licences, there never has been any change to our approach which continues to be that if the requisite evidence is provided we will grant further licences,” the spokesman said.

How smart is an octopus?

by University of Queensland

A day reef octopus (Octopus cyanea). Credit: Dr Wen-sung Chung

The unique brainpower of octopuses—known for their intelligence and Houdini-like escapes—has been revealed by University of Queensland researchers.

Dr. Wen-Sung Chung from UQ's Queensland Brain Institute is part of a team that studied four octopus species using MRI techniques to produce detailed 3D images for comparing their unique brain structures.

He said octopus brains varied, depending on where a species lived, when it was active and if it interacted with other animals.

"The octopus is a master of camouflage, capable of solving complex tasks and their cognitive ability is said to approach that of some small mammals," Dr. Chung said.

"We investigated four species, including one deep-sea octopus, one solitary nocturnal species and two different reef dwellers active during daylight."

Dr. Chung said the octopus found in deep waters had a smooth brain like marsupials and rodents, suited for its slow pace of life and limited interactions with other animals.

The reef octopuses had a significantly larger brain with some properties similar to primates, adapted for complex visual tasks and social interaction in a busy, well-lit environment.

"These octopuses have some remarkably complex behaviors not known in other octopuses," Dr. Chung said.

Credit: University of Queensland

"For example, collaborative hunting with reef fish has been recorded, where the octopus usually leads and coral trout join by either actively seeking prey or opportunistically snatching small organisms flushed out by the octopus.

"The ability to receive and respond to gestures between different species as part of collaborative hunting demonstrates that octopus species have complex cognitive abilities."

The differences in brain structures between species relates to the size of the brain's surface area, with a larger surface area indicating a more complex nervous system and increased cognitive ability.

Professor Justin Marshall heads the team that was first to discover the differences in brain structure, opening the door to a better understanding of the complexity and evolution of these apparently "smart" animals.

He said the team's ongoing research aimed to provide insights into how octopus brain structure is linked to behavior, vision and advanced cognition.

The research has been published in Current Biology.The secret life of baby octopuses

More information: Wen-Sung Chung et al, Comparative brain structure and visual processing in octopus from different habitats, Current Biology (2021). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.070

Journal information: Current Biology 

Provided by University of Queensland 

Queensland researchers studying octopus brains find reef species are smarter and hunt in packs
ABC Far North / By Jemima Burt
Posted Sun 21 Nov 2021 a

Riding on the success of the documentary, My Octopus Teacher, a team of Queensland researchers has studied the brains of octopuses using MRI technology to find out why they are so smart.

Key points:
Queensland researchers studied the brains of four octopus species
Reef octopuses had significantly larger brains
Some teamed up with reef fish to hunt for food

The team from the University of Queensland's Brain Institute took four species of octopus, two of which live on the Great Barrier Reef, and studied their brain structure using ultra-detailed MRI imaging.

Results, published in scientific journal Current Biology, have shown for the first time that reef octopuses had a significantly larger brain than octopuses that lived in deep-sea waters – a discovery which will provide insights into how brain structure is linked with behaviour and cognition.

Post-doctoral researcher Wen-Sung Chung said one of the purposes of the study was to find out why the invertebrates had such a short life span – approximately one year.

Dr Wen-Sun Chung is part of a team of researchers from the Queensland Brain Institute studying octopus brains using MRI technology.(Supplied: University of Queensland)

"Why do they put so much power, so much energy in developing their brains?


"Keeping a brain with so many neurons is really costly," Dr Chung said.

Dr Chung said octopuses are estimated to have 500 million neurons.

"They are quite amazing; they have eight arms and no joints and they need to control their movement across the very complex seascape.

"They are also totally colour blind, they can only see blue or green, and how they manage to see reef and then make themselves well matched with the background is a big unknown," Dr Chung said.

The day-reef octopus, Octopus cyanea, was found to have a large brain - which enabled it to camouflage with reef around it despite colour blindness.(Supplied: University of Queensland)

Unusual inter-species friendships

Dr Chung said researchers also investigated the relationship which developed between octopuses and reef fish while hunting.

He said the observations were made during visits to Lizard Island, off the coast of Far North Queensland.

"The fish usually follow the octopus, the octopus will search for crabs, and then somehow the small food item will come out and the fish will eat it.

He said the animals were able to communicate with each other to hunt together.

"The ability to receive and respond to gestures between different species as part of collaborative hunting demonstrates that octopus species have complex cognitive abilities," Dr Chung said.

He said the finding was significant, considering the species' usual behaviour.

"Most of the time they live solitary, and very rarely interact with others.

"For those nocturnal especially, they live by themselves until the mating season and find a mate, otherwise they will just go out alone to catch crab or clams."