It’s possible that I shall make an ass of myself. But in that case one can always get out of it with a little dialectic. I have, of course, so worded my proposition as to be right either way (K.Marx, Letter to F.Engels on the Indian Mutiny)
Tuesday, June 04, 2024
Fortress Europe? The Nazi 'wall' that failed to prevent D-Day
Agence France-Presse May 29, 2024 A German fortification part of the WWII Atlantic Wall at Svolvaer in Norway (Olivier MORIN/AFP)
For the 80th D-Day landings anniversary, AFP travelled the coastlines from northern Norway to southern France to find out what became of the German-built Atlantic Wall defenses aimed at keeping the Allies at bay.
Fearing an Allied invasion of occupied Europe, Adolf Hitler ordered in 1942 the building of a 5,000-kilometer (3,100-mile) coastal defence system studded with bunkers, gun emplacements, tank traps and other obstacles.
AFP photojournalist Olivier Morin spent three weeks documenting the remnants of the supposedly impregnable fortifications, which were breached by the Allies on D-Day. Here is a brief recap of the wall: - 300,000 laborers -
More than 20 million cubic meters of concrete and 1.2 million tons of steel went into building thousands of fortifications linked by barbed wire along the Atlantic and North Sea shores, from France through Belgium, the Netherlands and Denmark to Norway.
Over 300,000 workers of all nationalities worked on the French part alone, some of them prisoners press-ganged into labour but also hard-up people desperate for work, or German factory workers.
Entire communities were forced off their land to make way for Hitler's biggest defence project, which took over two years to build.
In the Dutch capital of Amsterdam, thousands of homes, seven schools, three churches and two hospitals were demolished in the name of defending "Fortress Europe".
- 'Hedgehogs' and 'asparagus' -
In 1944, with an Allied invasion appearing imminent, German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was entrusted with boosting the defenses.
The Allies had managed to dupe the Nazis into thinking that they were planning a landing on France's north coast, near Calais, which meant they had left long stretches of the coast wide open for invasion, including what would become the Normandy landing beaches.
Rommel rushed to station more than 2,000 tanks, assault cannons and tank destroyers along the Normandy coastline, including "Czech hedgehogs" -- spiky steel anti-tank obstacles -- and wooden poles nicknamed "Rommel's Asparagus" used to try to prevent gliders and paratroops from landing.
Over five million mines were planted along the beaches. But it was too little, too late. - Breached within hours -
The Atlantic Wall proved woefully inadequate in the face of the planning that went into the D-Day landings of June 6, 1944.
That evening, 156,000 Allied soldiers punched a hole in the defenses of 80,000 German soldiers.
The United States suffered heavy losses, especially on Omaha beach, where its soldiers found themselves trapped on the narrow strip beneath high cliffs of sand and stone.
Despite the challenges, the British, French, Americans and Canadians took just days to establish a beachhead in Normandy, which they used to land 800,000 troops and over 100,000 vehicles by the end of June.
Within 11 months, Germany had surrendered.
- Airbnb rentals -
Remnants of the Atlantic Wall remain scattered along the coast of Europe but many have been swallowed by the sand or sunk into the sea.
Some have been converted into museums, as at Batz-sur-Mer in France, Ostend in Belgium and Noordwijk in the Netherlands.
In the northern French city of Cherbourg, graffiti artists have transformed one bunker into a spaceship, while in the Brittany village of Saint-Pabu another has been renovated and turned into a Airbnb rental.
The Dutch government launched in 2014 an annual "Bunker Day" when the walls of the fortifications are thrown open to the public.
THE ANTI-FASCIST WAR
Why D-Day was even more spectacular than remembered
Gavin Newsham Sun, June 2, 2024
June 6 marks 80 years since Allied Forces landed on the beaches of Normandy, France, as part of Operation Overlord, the campaign to defeat the Nazis and liberate Western Europe.
Now, a pair of new books — one charting the story of the Allied invasion, a second examining another key moment in World War II just two days prior to the D-Day landings — reveal the realities, tragedies, challenges and strategic successes of the Allied Forces. US soldiers stand on the bow of the captured German submarine U-505 in June 1944. Public Domain
On June 4, 1944, the US Navy captured a Nazi U-505 submarine. It was not only the first and only vessel to ever be successfully towed home to America, but also the first time an intact enemy warship had been seized since the War of 1812 with the British.
In “Codename Nemo: The Hunt for a Nazi U-Boat and the Elusive Enigma Machine” (Diversion Books), author Charles Lachman recounts the story of how, after months of hunting, a US Navy Task Force, led by Captain Daniel V. Galley on the aircraft carrier USS Guadalcanal tracked down and captured this deadly killing machine.
Captain Daniel V Gallery, Commander of the USS Guadalcanal, which secretly towed the German submarine back to the US. Getty Images
The U-505 had been spotted by two of the Guadalcanal’s fighter planes, running on the surface in the Atlantic Ocean 150 miles off the coast of western Africa, prompting the submarine’s commander, Kapitänleutnant Harald Lange, to dive his vessel deep before Gallery launched depth charges to force it back to the surface.
Fearing his boat was about to break up, Lange ordered his 60-strong crew to abandon ship before readying the 14 detonator charges on board in a bid to destroy it. “Scuttling the submarine is the standard order of business for any well-disciplined U-boat crew. Like the US Navy’s sacred battle cry, “Don’t give up the ship,” the Germans, above all, must keep their vessel from falling into enemy hands,” Lachman wrties.
But with most of the crew now swimming for their lives, there was nobody left to detonate the charges, and when the sub surfaced it was met with a US boarding party, who not only prevented it from sinking but also captured its crew, technology, its encryption codes and an Enigma cipher machine. “It was,” says Lachman, “one of the greatest intelligence windfalls of the war.”
Of the U-505’s crew, just one was killed in the operation. The other 59 became prisoners of war and were taken across the Atlantic to a POW camp in Ruston, Louisiana. “Every now and then, the Guadalcanalrises on an ocean swell, and that’s when the POWs catch sight of their beloved U-505and realize she’s being towed by the carrier.
“Most distressing of all, she’s flying an American flag.”
Author Charles Lachman Courtesy of Charles Lachman
But as Lachman explains, it wasn’t just the Stars and Stripes flying strong. “Below Old Glory is a smaller flag – the Nazi flag – with swastika. In Navy tradition, it is a symbol of victor over vanquished.”
It wasn’t until eight days after Germany’s unconditional surrender in May 1945 that the Navy Office of Public Relations finally revealed that the U-505 had been captured.
None of the 3,000 sailors involved in the Task Force ever uttered a word about the capture in the 11 months that had passed. Master-at-Arms Leon S. Bednarczyk with his crew during the journey to bring the U-sub back to the USA. Courtesy of the US Navy
Indeed, the cover-up was so successful that German high command believed their U-505 was on the ocean floor somewhere off of Africa, along with its crew and intelligence secrets. “For Captain Dan Gallery, this is perhaps Codename Nemo’s most impressive achievement,” writes Lachman. “The boys did keep their mouths shut,” says Gallery. “I think this speaks very highly indeed for the devotion to duty and sense of responsibility.” Today, the U-505 is on display in Chicago’s Museum of Science and Industry.
Two days after the U-505’s capture, more than 156,000 Allied troops landed on the beaches of Normandy, as Operation Overlord, the campaign to wrest control back from the Nazis in Europe, entered a decisive phase.
In “When The Sea Came Alive: An Oral History of D-Day” (Avid Reader Press) historian Garrett Graff has gathered recollections of more than 700 people involved in this pivotal moment of World War II. “June 6, 1944, is one of the most famous single days in all of human history,” he writes.
“The official launch of Operation Overlord marks a feat of unprecedented human audacity, a mission more complex than anything ever seen and a key turning point in the fight for a cause among the most noble humans have ever fought.”
Author Garrett M. Graff yassine el mansouri
While some names are familiar, the majority will feel new. They are soldiers and French villagers, German troops and the housewives left behind, who tell their stories, creating an intimate report of D-Day in often visceral detail.
“Operation Overlord is a story dominated by historic figures — Winston Churchill, Dwight Eisenhower, George Marshall, Omar Bradley — and the big, world-shaping decisions they make,” writes Graff. Still, he adds, “the greatest names, as it turns out, are the ones you don’t know.” The oral history covers everything from preparations for the invasion to US troops arriving in Britain at the rate of 5,000 each day between 1943 and 1944. One of the tens of thousands of aircraft that flew over Europe during D-Day. Corbis/VCG via Getty Images
Operation Overlord was the largest seaborne invasion in history. During the 24 hours of June 6, the Strategic Air Forces — with over 11,500 aircraft — flew 5,309 sorties to drop 10,395 tons of bombs, while aircraft of the tactical forces flew a further 5,276 sorties.
When the invasion launched, over 73,000 US troops landed on Omaha and Utah beaches, supported by nearly 7,000 naval vessels. They were joined by over 61,000 British soldiers who landed at Gold and Sword Beaches and another 21,000 Canadians attacking at Juno Beach.
“The battle scene was the most awesome terrible thing a human being could ever witness,” recalls Seaman Exum Pike, on the submarine chaser USS PC-565. “Looking back on that day, after these many years, I have two grown sons and as I have often told them boys I have no fear of hell because I have already been there.” Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Montgomery, and Lieutenant General Sir Miles Dempsey, and G.G. Simonds examine a map in France after the allied invasion of Normandy. Bettmann Archive
Like countless others, Capt. George Mabry, an operations officer with 8th Infantry Regiment, witnessed that hell. “We’d been trained that once you hit the beach, you run. Ahead of me was a man carrying ammunition. A round hit the top of his head . . . and this man’s body completely disappeared,” he says. “I felt something hit my thigh; it was his thumb.”
Sgt. Jerry Salinger, Counter Intelligence Corps, puts it more graphically. “You never really get the smell of burned flesh out of your nose entirely, no matter how long you live.” General Dwight D Eisenhower talking with American paratroopers in Britain on the evening of June 5, 1944, as they prepared for the Invasion of Normandy. Getty Images
Some 4,414 Allied soldiers died on Normandy’s beaches. “When I landed D-Day morning, I had 35 men in my platoon and in my boat,” says Lt. John J. Reville, 5th Ranger Battalion. “At the end of seven days, there was myself and four men left.”
By June 30, the Allied forces had more than 850,000 troops, nearly 150,000 vehicles and 57,000 tons of supplies in Normandy, paving the way for victory.
It’s best summed up by Charles R. Sullivan of the 111th Naval Construction Battalion. “Normandy and D-Day remain vivid, as if it only happened yesterday. What we did was important and worthwhile,” he says. “How many ever get to say that about a day in their lives?”
CANADIAN ARMY, EH
‘Sorry for throwing grenades in your cellar.’ The unusual fate of the first house liberated in D-Day beach landings
Joshua Berlinger, CNN Mon, June 3, 2024
Their target was an elegant, two-story villa sitting solitary on a misty beach. No houses stood nearby, just minefields, military pillboxes and enemy machine gun posts.
It was D-Day, and on that overcast morning on June 6, 1944, 10 boats filled with Canadian troops crossed the English Channel’s choppy waters to head for the 1,500 yard stretch of Normandy coastline where the house was located.
These soldiers’ small part in the world’s largest seaborne invasion was to capture the coastal town of Bernieres-sur-Mer. Seizing the villa would be a key objective. Aerial photographs had led them to falsely believe that it was a railway station. Regardless of what it was, allied war planners wanted to use it as a lookout toward the sea once the beach was captured. Canadian soldiers from 9th Brigade are seen landing at Juno Beach on D-Day. The house in the center managed to survive the battle. - Imperial War Museum/AFP/Getty Images
To get there, the troops would have to cross the open beach. It would be an assault landing, with almost nowhere to hide.
The cost was extreme. About 100 Canadians died on that beach in the first few minutes of the battle.
The villa, though riddled with bullet holes and other battle scars, was intact.
Eighty years later, the half-timbered home remains. It is called “La Maison de Canadiens” in French, or Canada House in English, and it is now a memorial dedicated to the Canadians who gave their lives to liberate France thanks to the work of one French couple. Opening the door to strangers The half-timbered home that many Canadian soldiers saw has been refurbished, but still looks much like it did on D-Day. - Joshua Berlinger/CNN
After Nicole and Herve Hoffer married in 1975 and then had children, they began spending more time at the family’s vacation home Bernieres-sur-Mer. Nicole noticed that people walking by on the boardwalk between the house and the beach often stopped to take photographs of the building. She asked her husband why, but he didn’t know.
The villa was constructed in 1928 by a Parisian man who wanted his two children to have vacation homes of their own. So he built two adjoining houses, with one side for his daughter and another for his son. Herve Hoffer’s grandparents purchased the daughter’s side in 1936.
The Hoffers knew that the house had been occupied by the Germans in 1942 and then returned to their family five years later, luckily relatively intact. Countless other homes had been destroyed by the allied bombardment during the Battle of Normandy.
But why people kept photographing their house was a mystery. So the Hoffers began inquiring, and many of the people taking pictures turned out to be Canadian veterans on a pilgrimage back to where they landed on D-Day. The couple would invite them inside for a beer, a glass of Calvados – an apple brandy native to Normandy – or a meal, over which former soldiers shared their stories. Nicole Hoffer has for decades opened the doors to her summer home to Canadian veterans returning to Juno Beach. - Joshua Berlinger/CNN
“Even in my own family, I’ve been criticized … how could I open the door to strangers?” Nicole Hoffer said. “I’d say, well, if the foreigners hadn’t come, you might not be here today. They brought us freedom, many at the risk of their lives.”
The Hoffers typically found the first moments of an encounter particularly moving. As veterans sat down for the first time, they’d look out the window as if they were in a film that had taken a decades-long pause, Nicole Hoffer said. Then they would share stories that even their families and friends had never heard.
With each meeting, the story of the Hoffer family vacation home emerged, piece by piece.
The family learned that when Canadian troops landed at H-Hour, the beginning of the amphibious assault, the Germans that were inside the home fired at them from a machine gun mounted on a bench and aimed outside the front window. Many of the soldiers who were not gunned down hid behind a beach wall near the home, from which they were able to regroup and expel the German troops from the house.
Many soldiers who return, Nicole Hoffer said, are surprised to find the wall gone, buried by sand over the years. The house, however, still looks mostly the same. A summer home filled with war memories The Hoffers have collected countless souvenirs over the years, including a cross (center) that one veteran discovered during the war. - Joshua Berlinger/CNN
The Hoffers found that as veterans kept coming back over the years, more and more began to bring souvenirs for them, so many that their summer home is now effectively doubles as a museum. Their guestbook has collected hundreds – if not thousands – of signatures from veterans and their families returning to Juno Beach. One signer, Ernie Kells, even apologized for tossing grenades into their basement to flush out German troops.
Donated medals, flags, paintings and other keepsakes adorn the walls, including a cross featuring a Jesus icon whose arm had apparently been blown off while in a soldier’s pocket. The man had found the cross intact in a nearby house, and shrapnel that hit it may have saved his life. Years later, on his death bed, the man had asked his family to return the cross to the Hoffer’s home.
“In the house, you find a lot of memories,” she said. Their guestbook is filled with hundreds of entries, including that of one soldier who tossed grenades into their cellar. - Joshua Berlinger/CNN
The Hoffers eventually began hosting their own ceremony to honor Canada’s fallen soldiers. About a week before June 6, they light a paraffin lantern and leave it burning on the balcony. Then on the evening of the anniversary, bagpipers play as the lamp is tossed into the sea, while guests place flowers and crosses where the water meets the sand.
Herve Hoffer was responsible for throwing the lamp himself until his sudden death in 2017, To honor his memory, Nicole Hoffer has opened the house to even more veterans than when he was alive.
“Now there’s trips, entire buses who come and ask if we can open the house,” she said.
For the 80th anniversary of D-Day this year, Hoffer is expecting a larger crowd. Not only will there be the usual contingent of visitors to her home, but the west side of the house will open to the public for the first time since being purchased by the local government. It is hosting an exhibit featuring the testimony of French men and women who lived through D-Day as children. Photographs of the landing at Juno Beach are displayed on the wall next to Canada House. - Joshua Berlinger/CNN
Remembering with sadness, the British D-Day veterans recall the war they saw and knew
DANICA KIRKA and KWIYEON HA Mon, June 3, 2024
PORTSMOUTH, England (AP) — The British D-Day veterans who gathered Monday to kick off events marking the 80th anniversary of the landings in Northern France didn’t need a calendar to remember June 6, 1944.
The events of that day remain etched on their minds, unforgettable in their horror, inexplicable in their pain.
The mood was somber as about 40 of those who took part in the operation visited Southwick House, on the south coast of England, the Allied headquarters in the lead up to the Battle of Normandy. The event, sponsored by Britain’s Ministry of Defense, came before many of the veterans travel to France for international ceremonies commemorating D-Day.
Les Underwood, 98, a Royal Navy gunner on a merchant ship that was delivering ammunition to the beaches, kept firing to protect the vessel even as he saw soldiers drown under the weight of their equipment after leaving their landing craft.
“I’ve cried many a time … sat on my own,’’ Underwood said. “I used to get flashbacks. And in those days, there was no treatment. They just said, "Your service days are over. We don’t need you no more.’’’
But the aging veterans still find the strength to speak about their experiences, because they want future generations to remember the sacrifices of those who fought and died. With even the youngest of them now nearing their 100th birthdays, they know they are running out of time.
George Chandler, 99, served aboard a British motor torpedo boat as part of a flotilla that escorted the U.S. Army assault on Omaha and Utah beaches. The history books don’t capture the horror of the battle, he said.
“Let me assure you, what you read in those silly books that have been written about D-Day are absolute crap,” Chandler said. “It’s a load of old rubbish. I was there, how can I forget it?
“It’s a very sad memory because I watched young American Rangers get shot, slaughtered. And they were young. I was 19 at the time. These kids were younger than me.”
D-Day 80th Anniversary British Veterans Normandy campaign veterans pose in the 'Map Room' which shows the large diagram of the D-Day invasion plans, at Southwick army base near Portsmouth, England, Monday, June 3, 2024. The map was used by Naval planners under the command of of British Admiral Bertram Ramsay. (AP Photo/Alastair Grant)
How AP covered the D-Day landings and lost photographer Bede Irvin in the battle for Normandy
VALERIE KOMOR Updated Mon, June 3, 2024
Bede Irvin was killed July 25, 1944 near the Normandy town of Saint-Lo as he was photographing an Allied bombardment. (AP Photo/Jeremias Gonzalez)
NEW YORK (AP) — When Associated Press correspondent Don Whitehead arrived with other journalists in southern England to cover the Allies' imminent D-Day invasion of Normandy, a U.S. commander offered them a no-nonsense welcome.
“We’ll do everything we can to help you get your stories and to take care of you. If you’re wounded, we’ll put you in a hospital. If you’re killed, we’ll bury you. So don’t worry about anything," said Maj. Gen. Clarence R. Heubner of the U.S. Army 1st Infantry Division.
It was early June 1944 — just before the long-anticipated Normandy landings that ultimately liberated France from Nazi occupation and helped precipitate Nazi Germany's surrender 11 months later.
On D-Day morning, June 6, 1944, AP had reporters, artists and photographers in the air, on the choppy waters of the English Channel, in London, and at English departure ports and airfields. Veteran war correspondent Wes Gallagher — who would later run the entire Associated Press — directed AP's team from the headquarters in Portsmouth, England, of Supreme Allied Commander Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower.
The greatest armada ever assembled — nearly 7,000 ships and boats, supported by more than 11,000 planes — carried almost 133,000 troops across the Channel to establish toeholds on five heavily defended beaches; they were code-named Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword and stretched across 80 kilometers (50 miles) of Normandy coast. More than 9,000 Allied soldiers were killed or wounded in the first 24 hours.
Having heard on German radio that the landings had begun, Gallagher hurried to the British Ministry of Information to await the official communique. It came just before 9 a.m. with this brief instruction: “Gentlemen, you have exactly 33 minutes to prepare your dispatches.”
At precisely 9:32 a.m., the doors opened and the journalists poured out to release their reports. Gallagher’s FLASH appeared via teletype in the New York headquarters of AP just one minute later.
LONDON—EISENHOWERS HEADQUARTERS ANNOUNCES ALLIES LAND IN FRANCE.
The 1,300-word story that followed began: “Allied troops landed on the Normandy coast of France in tremendous strength by cloudy daylight today and stormed several miles inland with tanks and infantry in the grand assault which Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower called a crusade in which ‘we will accept nothing less than full victory.’”
As men on either side of him were killed, AP correspondent Roger Greene waded ashore on the eastern end of the landing front. Sheltering in a bomb crater, Greene pounded out the first AP report from the beachhead, with wind flicking sand into his typewriter keys and rattling the paper.
“Hitler’s Atlantic Wall cracked in the first hour under tempestuous Allied assault," he wrote.
On Omaha, the deadliest invasion beach, AP's Whitehead lost his bedroll and equipment and nearly his life as he landed with the 16th Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division.
“So many guys were getting killed that I stopped being afraid. I was resigned to being killed, too," he later recalled.
He witnessed German heavy machine-gun fire, mortar and artillery rounds raking landing craft and pinning down U.S. soldiers, vehicles and supplies that “began to pile up on the beach at an alarming rate.”
Whitehead never forgot the calmness of Col. George A. Taylor urging troops onward by yelling: “Gentleman, we’re being killed on the beach. Let’s go inland and be killed.”
The Battle of Normandy was underway, with Allied forces pushing off the beaches and fighting their way inland in the following days and weeks. By June 30, the Allies had landed 850,000 soldiers, nearly 150,000 vehicles and more than half a million tons of supplies.
Casualties mounted on all sides and among French civilians. By the second half of August, with Paris being liberated, more than 225,000 Allied troops had been killed, wounded or were missing. On the German side, more than 240,000 had been killed or wounded and 200,000 captured.
The dead included 33-year-old AP photographer Bede Irvin, killed July 25 near the Normandy town of Saint Lo as he was photographing an Allied bombardment that went horribly wrong, with some of the bombers mistakenly dropping their payloads on their own forces.
As well as Irvin — hit by shrapnel as he was diving for the shelter of a roadside ditch — more than 100 American soldiers were killed and almost 500 others wounded, said Ben Brands, a historian with the American Battle Monuments Commission. It manages the the Normandy American Cemetery where Irvin is buried, overlooking Omaha Beach.
On Monday, colleagues from AP’s Paris bureau, covering the 80th anniversary of the landings, laid flowers at the foot of the white stone cross on his grave. Irvin's is one of 9,387 graves in what was the first American cemetery in Europe of World War II, set up two days after D-Day.
In its September 1944 edition, AP's in-house magazine said the native of Des Moines, Iowa, had until then survived some of the worst fighting in Normandy and “had only one complaint — that he was not seeing enough action.”
In a letter after his death to one of Irvin's AP colleagues, his widow, Kathryne, poured out her sorrow. Muriel Rambert, an ABMC guide at the cemetery, read out an extract Monday at his grave, after she'd used sand from Omaha Beach to highlight Irvin's name on his headstone and planted American and French flags in front of it.
“There are so many hopes and plans between a husband and wife,” she said, reading from the letter. “Plans that won't for Bede and me ever come true.”
___
Valerie Komor is AP's director of corporate archives. Associated Press writer John Leicester in Colleville-sur-Mer, France, contributed to this report.
Muriel Rambert, interpretive guide at American Battle Monuments Commission, shows a portrait of Associated Press photographer Bede Irvin, at the Normandy American Cemetery in Colleville-sur-Mer, France on Monday, June 3, 2024
BEFORE SAVING PRIVATE RYAN
Inside a semiconductor 'clean room' at Japan's top university
Agence France-Presse May 29, 2024 This picture taken on May 1, 2024 shows Tokyo University PhD student Kei Misumi (L) working in a clean room at the University of Tokyo (Yuichi YAMAZAKI/AFP)
To study semiconductors at Japan's top university, first you need the right clothes -- protective overalls, shoe covers, plastic gloves and a lightweight balaclava to keep your hair out of the way.
Then, surgical mask in place, you step inside an "air shower" to remove all the dust from your body that could potentially contaminate the precision equipment.
Now, you are ready to enter the University of Tokyo's clean room, a highly controlled space where microchips are handled.
Clean rooms, a vital part of semiconductor factories, are also found at such universities, where aspiring tech innovators conduct research.
Chips are an indispensable part of the modern economy, used in everything from smartphones to cars and weapons.
That has made them politically sensitive, with the industry frequently caught in the crossfire as the United States and China tussle over access to advanced tech.
Japan is also ramping up its efforts to revive its once-world-leading chip industry: the government has promised up to $25 billion in subsidies to help triple sales of domestically produced chips by 2030.
Taiwanese chip behemoth TSMC opened a semiconductor factory in southern Japan in February and is planning a second facility for more advanced chips.
And a multi-billion-dollar joint venture called Rapidus, involving Sony, Toyota, IBM and others, aims to mass produce next-generation logic chips in Japan from 2027.
Chip expert and University of Tokyo professor Tadahiro Kuroda said Japan's push into a sector where it was once dominant feels like "spring has returned".
At the university's 600 square-metre (6,500 square-foot) chip lab, filled with cutting-edge machines, students use tweezers to handle the delicate materials.
With pipettes, they drip a red liquid chemical onto gleaming, pristine silicon wafers designed to contain a dizzying number of tiny transistors.
PhD student Kei Misumi, 27, who regularly works in the clean room, told AFP he hopes such advanced technology will further enrich people's lives.
