Intelligence and Information in the Espionage Fiction of Dennis Wheatley



Rebecah Pulsifer

Slaney Chadwick Ross

This article examines the spy novels of Dennis Wheatley as exemplars of the desire of espionage fiction to grapple with changing understandings of the role of the individual in the field of intelligence services. Wheatley's crackerjack spy, Gregory Sallust, is adept at both mastering and synthesizing information, and this skill set puts him at odds with prevailing mid-century trends in information theory, which tended to view human intelligence as incapable of effectively analyzing the large amounts of data that technological advances made available for the first time. Wheatley's Sallust, a prototype of James Bond who blends analytical brilliance with intense personality, is a striking example of the ways in which espionage fiction between the wars negotiated a desire to privilege human experience against new understandings of both human intelligence and intelligence gathering.

Forced Labour and Migration to the UK
Study prepared by COMPAS in collaboration with the Trades Union Congress

Bridget Anderson & Ben Rogaly
2009

FOREWORD
Over recent years, there have been many reports in the media of the extreme forms ofexploitation that some migrant workers face in Britain. The TUC has published several accountsitself. This report differs in that the researchers have put this shameful phenomenon into a biggerpicture.They show that the practices used by a minority of employers fall under the internationallyagreed definitions of forced labour, which most people would assume had been banished fromBritain long ago. Far from being restricted to the extreme fringes of the economy, forced labourcan be found at the base of key industries, and goes far beyond the agricultural and sex work withwhich it is normally associated. The authors suggest that the conditions for forced labour arecreated by employer demand for ultra-flexible labour. From the TUC’s point of view, this ismade worse both by the low level of protection that exists in British law for some categories ofworkers – agency workers in particular – and difficulties in enforcing those rights that do exist.As the researchers found people working with authorisation, such as work permit holders, canfind themselves without the means to assert fundamental rights – to be paid what they have beenpromised, or not to have their passports withheld, for example. For those working withoutpermission, the situation is much worse, as their fear of the authorities obliges them to acceptoppressive exploitation. The greater the hostility that migrant workers fear they may encounter,whether from the media, officialdom or politicians, the greater their vulnerability. Expressing orencouraging hostility to the presence of migrants, performing vital roles within our economy,only diminishes their capacity to resist exploitation and plays into the hands of the shadyemployers getting rich on the back of forced labour.Tolerating forced labour is not an option for the trade union movement. We accept ourresponsibility to organise migrant workers and in doing so, enable them to defend themselves. Itis in the interest of everyone at work to maintain decent minimum standards in every workplace,and trade unions can only benefit from reflecting more accurately the diversity to be found in themodern workforce.But to do our job, we need the right tools. As this report reveals even the rights that do exist canbe difficult to enforce. Many people working perfectly legally cannot in practice enforce theirrights, and those whose status may be in doubt are open to the worst kinds of exploitation, yet theemployers who take advantage of this seem almost immune from prosecution. A simpleimmigration control approach does nothing to reduce exploitation as unscrupulous employerssimply take on new workers and exploit them in turn. Only when migrant workers canconfidently claim their rights, including in particular the right to join and participate in a tradeunion, will the demand for vulnerable workers drop. And when everyone at work enjoysminimum standards, there is much less scope for any employer to sow divisions between groupsof workers in order to drive down wages and undermine collective agreements.Migrant workers who enter to work for a specified employer cannot take unfair dismissal claimsin Tribunals without risking finding themselves in breach of immigration rules. In other words,claiming their rights could mean leaving the country (which itself could prevent them frompursuing a claim). Someone working outside the immigration rules (for example an overseas
student working for more than 20 hours per week) is likely to find that they cannot make a claimfor unpaid wages because their employment contract is not judged to be legal. It is far from clearhow employers can be prevented from confiscating passports and identity papers. These gaps inprotection contribute to the forced labour practices identified in this report.The conclusions of the report reflect most of these concerns. Ideas such as extending (andimproving) the protections available to victims of trafficking to those subjected to forced labour,and of giving all workers access to redress for losses and damages imposed by rogue employerswould do much to aid the fight against forced labour. This is a struggle that can only be foughtalongside the workers affected. Interventions from the outside that do not engage migrants andtheir organisations (including of course their unions) cannot hope to succeed.The TUC is very grateful for the work put in by the authors Bridget Anderson and Ben Rogaly.They have produced a valuable report at a time when it is most needed. The TUC would also liketo thank staff at the ILO’s Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour for theirassistance and advice, and the many migrant workers, advisors, solicitors, researchers and tradeunionists who assisted the authors in gathering the information included in this report. Thecontent and conclusions of the report, however, are the responsibility of the authors and the TUC.Finally, this report is published a year after the tragedy in Morecambe Bay, when so manymigrant workers needlessly died. If we are to avoid a repetition, we need to consider how theproblems identified can be addressed to the advantage of the workforce as a whole, and how wecan drive forced labour out of Britain for good.Brendan BarberGeneral SecretaryTrades Union Congress

The vulnerability to exploitation of women migrant workers in agriculture in the EU:the need for a Human Rights and Gender based approach 
Abstract

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality, explores the working conditions of migrant women in agriculture in the EU, focusing on some case studies in Italy and Spain.In particular, it aims to examine the factors that render women vulnerable toexploitation, paying attention to gendered dynamics and power relations. Thestudy contends that to prevent and combat exploitation in agriculture it isnecessary to implement concerted actions aimed at tackling, from a human rightsand gender perspective, the structural factors of a socio-economic system which fosters and relies on workers’ vulnerability

Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector

 Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in France

 Florence Levy

Summary

 The fight against trafficking in human beings (THB) is now part of the French political agenda. Yet the priority is given to the fight against sexual exploitation while labour exploitation is still regarded as a minor phenomenon. The particular issue of exploitation in domestic work has not been considered on its own even if France has been condemned twice by the European Court of Human Rights for failing to protect victims in two cases of exploitation in domestic work. Since then, the law has been amended, and we have to wait until we can assess the effectivity of this new legal framework. 
The issue of demand remains a blind spot in terms of how THB is understood.The public declarations of government’s commitment to the fight against THB provide a contrast with the low number of convictions actually brought down by the courts. The research highlights the difficulties faced by labor inspectorates and legal actors in establishing cases of THB in domestic work. This is linked with the characteristic of this work sector, but also with confusions in the understanding of what is THB,what are the victims and perpetrators profiles and the tensions between the fight against illegal immigration and the mission to protect victims of THB.

Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector  in Italy

Letizia Palumbo

Summary

 While both the topics of domestic work (DW) and trafficking human beings (THB) have received increased attention in scholarship, there is very limited research on the nexus of these two issues in Italy, i.e. on cases of THB in the DW sector. This paper investigates the forms of severe exploitation and THB in DW in Italy and examines the factors affecting the demand-side in this sector. Moreover, it analyses the gaps in current legal and political responses.The paper highlights that domestic workers frequently experience several forms of exploitation and maltreatment, which go from the violation of the fundamental protection provided by the contract to severe abuse and trafficking. The hidden nature of DW renders the identification of cases of THB extremely difficult. The paper reveals that while economic motivations are the main factor influencing the demand for cheap and exploitable workers in DW, other aspects, such as political, legal, social and cultural factors,also play a crucial role in affecting the demand-side. Moreover, this study points out that Italian legal and political responses to THB and severe exploitation have proven inadequate in preventing these phenomena and in protecting the rights of the victims. By highlighting the need to adopt a comprehensive approach to THB, the paper proposes a set of recommendations in regard to political and legal responses,also addressing the demand-side

Human Trafficking in Hotels: An 'Invisible' Threat for a Vulnerable Industry
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2018
Alexandros Paraskevas
Maureen Brookes

Purpose: 
To identify and analyse the hotel sector's vulnerabilities that human traffickers exploit in order to use hotels as conduits for trafficking in human beings (THB). Design/methodology/approach: Using the MAVUS framework of sector vulnerability analysis, the study adopted a qualitative approach employing environmental scanning and semi-structured key stakeholder interviews in three European countries: UK, Finland and Romania. Findings: The study identifies the types of THB occurring within the industry and the specific macro-, meso-and micro-level factors that increase hotel vulnerability to trafficking for sexual exploitation, labour exploitation or both. Research limitations/implications: Given the sensitivity of the topic the number of interviewees is limited as is the generalisability of the findings. Practical implications: The framework developed serves as a practical tool for independent or chain-affiliated hotels to use to assess their vulnerability to human trafficking for both sexual and labour exploitation. Social implications: The framework will assist hotel professionals to assess their vulnerability to human trafficking and identify specific and proactive measures to combat this crime within their business. Originality/value: This is the first study to empirically explore human trafficking in the hotel sector and to apply an integrated theoretical lens to examine macro-, meso-and micro-level sector vulnerabilities to a crime. It contributes to our understanding of why hotels are vulnerable to human trafficking for both sexual and labour exploitation.

Issue: 3
Volume: 30
Page Numbers: 1996-2014
Publication Date: 2018
Publication Name: International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management

Analyzing the Business Model of Trafficking 
in Human Beings to Better Prevent the Crime

Alexis Aronowitz

1.0

Utrecht University
Faculty Member

Visiting professor at universities in Germany and the United States,

teaching a course on Human Trafficking: An International Perspective. 

Independent consultant on projects involving human trafficking.

MALCOLM MCLAREN MADAME BUTTERFLY

Living in a new city: Jewish criminality in late 19th century Odessa - myth and reality

Haim Sperber

Changing ideologies of artisanal “productivisation”:ORT in late imperial Russia

https://www.academia.edu/3262111/Changing_ideologies_of_artisanal_productivisation_ORT_in_late_imperial_Russia

Gennady Estraikh*

Skirball Department of Hebrew and Judaic Studies, New York University, New York, USA

The Society for the Promotion of Artisanal and Agricultural Work among the Jews in Russia (ORT) was established in St Petersburg in 1880. In its post-1921 form,as the World ORT Union, the organisation, with its headquarters in London, still operates in scores of countries throughout the world. This article analyses the ideological changes in ORT’s craftsmen-related programmes during the first decades of its history: from the initial careful attempts to use qualified artisan labour as one of the ways to adapt the Jewish population to the economic, social and political conditions of the Russian empire, to later Jewish nation-building projects that incorporated elements of economic autonomy.
Founded by maskilic intellectuals and entrepreneurs, from the 1900s ORT was gradually taken over by more radical activists. Some of them, including its future chairman Leon Bramson(1869–1941) and its leading economist Boris Brutskus (1874–1938), came from the Petersburg apparatus of the Jewish Colonization Association, which competed with ORT in all domains of philanthropic activities. Materials of two ORT conferences, in 1914 and 1916, help us understand the changes in the organisation's attitudes to vocational education and various forms of cooperatives and employment bureaux. Special attention is paid to ORT’s role during World War I.

In imperial Russia, centralised Jewish philanthropic projects became possible onlyin the last decades of the nineteenth century, following Tsar Alexander II’s edict of March 1859, which allowed Jewish merchants of the first guild to settle outside thePale of Jewish Settlement and, inadvertently, facilitated the appearance of a St-Petersburg-based Jewish national elite. From the 1860s onward, the Russian capital housed a few Jewish-owned banks, including the bank of the Gintsburgs. This enlightened, Westernised family and their circle (the “Gintsburg Circle,” to borrow John Klier’s term) of financiers and intellectuals played a central role in the Peters- burg Jewish community and, to a considerable degree, in the whole of Russian Jewish life.

While Petersburg’s Jewish notables often internalised antisemitism by accepting the negative stereotypes that defined a dweller of the Pale as inferior, many members of the Gintsburg Circle were also sincerely perturbed about the economic predicament of the Pale

Keywords:

Artisans; Nikolai Bakst; Leon Bramson; Boris Brutskus; cooperatives;employment; Jacob Lestschinsky; Jewish Colonization Association; ORT; philanthropy; productivisation; vocational education

PROCURING AND TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN IN THE LATE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Turcica , 2018

Kezban Acar
There have been many studies on prostitution and procuring in different periods and places in the Ottoman Empire, and its legal aspects in the Islamic and Ottoman Law. Although these studies give valuable and insightful information on the legal status of procuring in şeriat and kanuns, and although by their distinct and sometimes similar approaches toward procuring and procurers as well as by providing examples of procuring and prostitution in Istanbul and different towns and cities in the Empire such as Aleppo, Kastamonu, Balıkesir, Damascus, Antep (Ayntab), and Crete, they contribute greatly to the understanding of sex crimes and trafficking in the Empire, almost none of them refers to the international extent of procuring and trafficking in women in the late Ottoman Empire.
Some studies by Edward J. Bristow and Rıfat Bali deal specifically with trade in women in the Ottoman Empire. Covering a time period from 1870 to 1939 and a large area from Europe to Asia and America and utilizing mainly German sources, Bristow opens a window to trade in women in the Ottoman Empire and contributes greatly to our understanding of trade in white women from Europe to the Ottoman Empire, especially to Istanbul and from Istanbul to Africa and Asia.
Examples from Ottoman archival documents can complete the picture. Such is the aim of the present paper, based on an examination of documents from different archive collections – Imperial Edicts (Hatt-ı Humayuns), Ministry of Interior Records (Dahiliye Nezareti Fonu), Ministry of Foreign Affairs Records (Hariciye Nezareti Fonu), Police Records (Zaptiye Nezareti Fonu), Cevdet Records (Cevdet Fonu) – all preserved in the Ottoman Archives of the Prime Ministry (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri/BOA) in Istanbul, and on a review of the correspondence between high-level officials and institutions, such as the Ministry of Interior and Foreign Affairs, the Chamber of Deputies, the Ministry of Sects, the Orthodox-Greek Patriarchate, the Chief Rabbinate, the Police Department, governors, and prosecutors in the same archives.

Volume: 48
Page Numbers: 271-299
Publication Date: 2018
Publication Name: Turcica