Among the reasons COVID-19 is worse for black communities: Police violence
There are various reasons COVID-19 is killing black people at six times the rate of white people, including a lack of access to health care, and poor environmental conditions in black communities.
But one largely unexamined contributor to the disparity, according to a panel of UC Berkeley experts, is the trauma and stress caused by police violence in those communities, and the physical toll of that violence.
"There are levels of chronic stress associated with living in an environment that has more police violence, and the threat of that force on its residents," said Denise Herd, a professor at the School of Public Health who recently examined how that stress can lead to disease in her paper "Cycles of Threat: Graham V. Connor, Police Violence and African American Health Inequities," which will be published in an upcoming issue of the Boston University Law Review.
With the world still in the grips of the pandemic, there is no specific research relating COVID-19 cases to police violence, but Herd said the connection between the chronic stress caused by persistent police-related trauma, and diseases like asthma, diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, which has led to COVID-19 mortality, is clear.
"Those mental health issues often go untreated in African American communities and can lead to diseases that make them more compromised to COVID-19," she added.
Another potentially complicating factor is that asking black people, especially black men, to wear masks, as many public health authorities are requiring, may invite unwarranted attention from police, who have falsely profiled black men as criminals.
"It's a corollary to the 'hoodie' argument from a few years ago, where it is not uncommon for racial minorities wearing hoodies to be considered a threat, while others freely wear them without fear of harassment," said Osagie Obasogie, a Berkeley professor of bioethics.
"Everyday racism continues to be a more immediate concern to communities of color than a pandemic, so some people may decline to wear masks," he added.
"Two Americas, two epidemics'
Herd, who is also associate director of Berkeley's Othering and Belonging Institute, pointed to an array of studies showing black people are more likely to face poor treatment from law enforcement that includes being stopped, injured or even killed by police.
One study, conducted from 2001 to 2014, analyzed 683,000 injuries caused by police that prompted treatment in emergency rooms across the country. The data found that black people were nearly five times more likely to experience police-related injuries than white people, and they also experienced a mortality rate from those injuries twice as high as white patients.
Moreover, Herd said the use of so-called Terry stops, or stop-and-frisk policies, that allow police officers to question, search or detain people they suspect are involved in criminal activity, have been used as a way to hyper-police black communities, creating chronic stress that lowers a person's resistance to disease.
Herd referenced data from the New York Civil Liberties Union that showed between 2004 and 2012, four million Terry stops were conducted predominantly on black and Latino pedestrians. In 2011 alone, 90% of pedestrians stopped were either black or Latino, and 20% of the time police used physical force.
Another study found that men who reported a high number of police stops in their lifetimes were also three times more likely to exhibit post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and high levels of anxiety and stress.
There isn't just one reason for the health problems in these communities, said Herd. Access to green spaces, affordable housing and other economic factors also play a role. But forms of discrimination and unfair treatment by law enforcement are linked with higher rates of disease in black communities, she said.
In her paper, Herd pointed to research showing that in neighborhoods where pedestrians were more likely to be questioned by police, there was a prevalence of high blood pressure, diabetes, asthma and obesity; health outcomes proven to cause severe COVID-19 symptoms in patients infected with the disease.
"We don't have all the data in yet, but it looks like it's two Americas, two epidemics," said Herd. "In the profile that we saw with affluent white people who had the disease first, it was because of international travel, and the cases tended to be within the older population. I don't think that's going to be true for the African American population. We do also see younger African American people dying."
Wearing a face mask while black
While wearing a face mask in public to stop the spread of COVID-19 may seem like common sense for some, for people of color, particularly black men, wearing or not wearing a mask while out can be a double-edged sword.
Erin Kerrison, an assistant professor at Berkeley's social welfare school who studies how law and legal institutions operate as social determinants of health, said that because of the distrust black people have toward law enforcement, they may not wear masks in public to avoid being viewed as criminals.
"Due to the psychological harm and damage done in those stop-and-frisk encounters, and often the unwarranted harassment, there is a feeling that the police treat them as guilty until proven innocent," Kerrison said,
For example, following the 2012 shooting and killing of Trayvon Martin, a young black teenager walking around his Florida neighborhood, some people said the killing was justified because "he looked shady," Kerrison said.
"What law enforcement views as a public-safety threat is deeply racialized," said Kerrison. "So, it is a common practice for black citizens to limit, if not altogether avoid, any sort of trigger that would lead to an encounter with a police officer."
Provided by University of California - Berkeley
The newly described species Chelus orinocensis is found in the Orinoco and Río Negro basins. Credit: Mónica A. Morales-Betancourt
