Touching the asteroid Ryugu revealed secrets of its surface and changing orbit

by Paul K. Byrne, The Conversation

Asteroid Ryugu photographed from a distance of about 12 miles (20 kilometers) looks just gray and bland, but a close-up provides more color. Credit: JAXA, University of Tokyo, Khi Universi Rikkyo University, nisity, Chiba Institutever of Tec, Meiji University, University of Aizu and AIST, CC BY-SA

On Feb. 21, 2019, we shot an asteroid.

More precisely, the Hayabusa2 spacecraft, built and operated by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA, fired a 5-gram metal projectile into the surface of the near-Earth asteroid Ryugu, a spinning-top-shaped body about 1 kilometer across and some 350 million kilometers from Earth. This projectile disrupted the surface of the asteroid, allowing Hayabusa2 to capture some of the lofted material and tuck it safely away on board. Having departed from Ryugu in November 2019, Hayabusa2 is expected to fly past Earth in late 2020 and release its samples in a reentry capsule for detailed analyses in labs across the world.

In a new paper published in Science, the Hayabusa2 team reports on their observations of the sampling process itself, and what measurements of Ryugu's surface generally can tell us of its evolution. These observations paint a remarkable story of a cosmic traveler that traveled from the main asteroid belt, taking a short-lived excursion near the Sun, before ultimately settling into an orbit in our neighborhood as a near-Earth asteroid.

I'm a planetary scientist, and I'm fascinated by why planetary bodies look the way they do. By understanding better how and why Ryugu gained its current appearance, we'll have a more comprehensive model for how solar system bodies form and develop—including common, "C-type" carbonaceous asteroids, of which Ryugu is on

The surface of near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid 162173 Ryugu, as observed by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft just before its landing. The spacecraft’s solar ray paddle casts a shadow on Ryugu’s surface. Credit: JAXA/U. Tokyo/Kochi U./Rikkyo U./Nagoya U./Chiba Inst. Tech./Meiji U./U. Aizu/AIST, CC BY-SA

A colorful past

The new paper describes how some parts of Ryugu are "bluer" and others are "redder."

These terms relate to subtle variations in color of the asteroid surface across the visible spectrum. The Hayabusa2 team found that the equator and poles of the asteroid are bluer, whereas the midlatitudes are redder. Intriguingly, this color difference may be tied to age—or, rather, how long material is directly exposed to space. That's because exposed surfaces are darkened and reddened by space weathering—bombardment by micrometeorites, solar and cosmic particles—and heating by the Sun, which is the primary mechanism for Ryugu.

When Hayabusa2 fired its projectile from a distance of about a meter, and then its thrusters to move away from the asteroid, a cloud of redder, dark pebbles and fine grains blew outward before falling back onto the surface. The mission team concluded that these particles, originally only on the exposed surfaces of boulders, landed all over the sampling site, turning it from a slightly blue color to slightly red.

https://phys.org/news/2020-05-asteroid-ryugu-revealed-secrets-surface.html                                            Animation created from CAM-H and ONC-W1 data obtained during the 1st touchdown operation (Feb. 21, 2019). Credit: JAXA/U. Tokyo/Kochi U./Rikkyo U./Nagoya U./Chiba Inst. Tech./Meiji U./U. Aizu/AIS 

This observation offered the team an insight into the latitudinal "stripes" on Ryugu. Exposed material, reddened by the Sun and by space weathering, slowly moves under the asteroid's weak gravity from the topographically high equator and poles to the topographically low midlatitudes. This movement exposes fresher, bluer material at the equator and poles and deposits the reddened material in between.

What I found most exciting was that, from the analysis of the size and colors of craters on Ryugu, the Hayabusa2 team concluded that at some point the asteroid must have been closer to the Sun that it is now. That would explain the amount of reddening of the surface. Using two different models for calculating the age of craters, the team estimated that this solar heating-induced reddening must have happened either eight million years ago or as recently as 300,000 years ago—a mere blink of an eye, cosmologically speaking.

These crater statistics, based on images collected by Hayabusa2, even show that the age of the overall asteroid surface itself is likely no more than around 17 million years, much younger than the time when the main-belt parent asteroids of Ryugu are thought to have broken apart, which happened hundreds of millions to over a billion years ago

And so it is that the simple act of firing a small pellet of metal into a rather unremarkable asteroid has revealed a detailed story of that asteroid's life, from formation, through its journey across the inner solar system, to the processes that continue to shape its surface today. That we can learn so much from visiting an asteroid and characterizing its surface is astonishing. What more will we learn when we get those samples back next year?

Initial findings of artificial impact on asteroid Ryugu

More information: T. Morota et al. Sample collection from asteroid (162173) Ryugu by Hayabusa2: Implications for surface evolution, Science (2020). DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz6306

Journal information: Science 

Provided by The Conversation 

Researchers find human-driven pollution alters the environment even underground

by University of South Florida

Monte Conca spring pool during the dry season. The white film on top is sulfur-oxidizing bacteria growing. Credit: University of South Florida

The Monte Conca cave system on the island of Sicily is a vast system of springs and pools, sitting below a nature preserve. It might be presumed to be one of the few places untouched by human-driven pollution.

But new research published by a USF microbiology and geoscience team has found that even below ground, the microbial communities in the pools of water in the Monte Conca cave show signs of being altered by pollution from above.

Publishing in the prestigious journal, PLoS One, the team found that water flowing through the vast cave system produced changes in the microbial communities between the wet and dry seasons, with the microbial communities differing in bacterial composition and ecological functions. The study suggests that as surface water flows through agricultural and urban areas, it collects bacterial contaminants before entering cave systems.

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact surface runoff has on cave microbial communities using the Monte Conca spring pool as a model. The long-term impacts of these surface-derived bacterial contaminants or their impact on groundwater sources is currently not well known, said lead author Dr. Madison Davis of USF's Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology.

The project was led by USF Professor James Garey of the Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, and Professor Bogdan P. Onac of USF's School of Geosciences. USF graduate and undergraduate students Madison C. Davis, Melvin D. Baker IV, Christiana K. S. Mayne, Chelsea M. Dinon and Christina J. Moss are co-authors on the paper.

Large volumes of water enter the cave. Credit: University of South Florida

The group collaborated with Italian colleagues Maria A. Messina, Giuseppe Nicolosi and Salvatore Petralia of Centro Speleologico Etneoa.

The scientists found that the dry season microbial community was dominated by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria because of their ability to utilize oxygen from the cave and hydrogen sulfide from the spring pool. After a heavy rainfall, the sulfur-oxidizing community was displaced by surface-derived bacteria that were primarily identified as human contaminants, including Escherichia coli and other fecal bacteria.

Caves like Monte Conca—which is Sicily's longest and deepest gypsum karst system and was formed by sulfuric acid dissolution—have been identified worldwide. To carry out their work, researchers traveled into the cave system to retrieve samples in four missions spanning 2015 and 2016.

Sulfur oxidizers comprised more than 90 percent of the microbial community during the dry season and were replaced by potential human-influenced contaminants such as Escherichia and Lysinibacillus species after heavy rains, the researchers said. One sampling appeared to show a transition between the wet and dry seasons when potential man-made contaminants, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria all were present within the spring pool.

The study demonstrates the impact of surface runoff on the microbial community structure and function of endemic cave communities, the researchers said.Only above-water microbes play a role in cave development

More information: Madison C. Davis et al. Surface runoff alters cave microbial community structure and function, PLOS ONE (2020). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232742

Journal information: PLoS ONE 

New study shines light on mysterious giant viruses

THEY ARE A BIOLOGICAL FACTORY

by Adrian De Novato, Michigan State University

Cartoon schematic of Samba infecting a cell. Credit: Cryo-EM facility

In recent years, giant viruses have been unearthed in several of the world's most mysterious locations, from the thawing permafrost of Siberia to locations unknown beneath the Antarctic ice. But don't worry, "The Thing" is still a work of science fiction. For now.

In a new study, a team of Michigan State University scientists shed light on these enigmatic, yet captivating giant microbes and key aspects of the process by which they infect cells. With the help of cutting-edge imaging technologies, this study developed a reliable model for studying giant viruses and is the first to identify and characterize several key proteins responsible for orchestrating infection.

Giant viruses are bigger than 300 nanometers in size and can survive for many millennia. For comparison, the rhinovirus—responsible for the common cold—is roughly 30 nanometers.

"Giant viruses are gargantuan in size and complexity," said principal investigator Kristin Parent, associate professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at MSU. "The giant viruses recently discovered in Siberia retained the ability to infect after 30,000 years in permafrost."

The outer shells—or capsids—are rugged and able to withstand harsh environments, protecting the viral genome inside. The capsids of the species analyzed in this study—mimivirus, Antarctica virus, Samba virus and the newly discovered Tupanviruses—are icosahedral, or shaped like a twenty-sided die.

These species have a unique mechanism for releasing their viral genome. A starfish-shaped seal sits atop one of the outer shell vertices. This unique vertex is known as the 'stargate.' During infection, the 'starfish' and 'stargate' open to release the viral genome.

During the study, several roadblocks needed to be addressed. "Giant viruses are difficult to image due to their size and previous studies relied on finding the 'one-in-a-million' virus in the correct state of infection," Parent said.

To solve this issue, Parent's graduate student Jason Schrad developed a novel method for mimicking infection stages. Using the university's new Cryo-Electron Microscopy microscope and the university's Scanning Electron Microscope, Parent's group subjected various species to an array of harsh chemical and environmental treatments designed to simulate conditions a virus might experience during the infection process. "Cryo-EM allows us to study viruses and protein structures at the atomic level and to capture them in action," Parent said. "Access to this technology is very important and the new microscope at MSU is opening new doors for research on campus."

The results revealed three environmental conditions that successfully induced stargate opening: low pH, high temperature and high salt. Even more, each condition induced a different stage of infection.

With this new data, Parent's group designed a model to effectively and reliably mimic stages of infection for study. "This new model now allows scientists to mimic the stages reliably and with high frequency, opening the door for future study and dramatically simplifying any studies aimed at the virus," Parent said.

The results yielded several novel findings. "We discovered that the starfish seal above the stargate portal slowly unzips while remaining attached to the capsid rather than simply releasing all at once," Parent said. "Our description of a new giant virus genome release strategy signifies another paradigm shift in our understanding of virology."

With the ability to consistently recreate various stages of infection, the researchers studied the proteins released by the virus during the first stage. Proteins act as workers, orchestrating the many biological processes required for a virus to infect and hijack a cell's reproductive capabilities to make copies of itself.

"The results of this study help to assign putative—or assumed—roles to many proteins with previously unknown functions, highlighting the power of this new model," Parent said. "We identified key proteins released during the initial stages of infection responsible for helping mediate the process and complete the viral takeover."

As for future study? "The exact functions of many of these proteins and how they orchestrate giant virus infection are prime candidates for future study," Parent said. "Many of the proteins we identified matched proteins that one would expect to be released during the initial stages of viral infections. This greatly supports our hypothesis that the in vitro stages generated in this study are reflective of those that occur in vivo."

That many of the different giant virus types studied responded similarly in vitro leads the researchers to believe they all share common characteristics and likely similar proteins.

Whether giant viruses are capable of infecting humans ­- unlike the coronavirus ­- is an evolving topic of discussion amongst virologists.New method captures early viral-host protein interactions

More information: Jason R. Schrad et al, Structural and Proteomic Characterization of the Initiation of Giant Virus Infection, Cell (2020). DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.032

Journal information: Cell 

Provided by Michigan State University

Potentially fatal combinations of humidity and heat are emerging across the globe

by Earth Institute at Columbia University
 

All-time maximum wet-bulb temperatures at selected cities, represented as differences from 35ºC, at weather stations (left bars) and estimated from ERA5 reanalysis (right bars). Values are shown as lengths (according to the scale at right) and additionally as colors, according to the following scheme: blue, <30 green="" orange="" red="">=35ºC. As discussed in the paper, the highest values in both the mid-latitudes and deep tropics are near 30ºC, with more intense humid heat primarily limited to subtropical coastlines. Exceedances of 35ºC have occurred only along the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Indus River Valley, but reanalysis products are not able to represent this. Credit: Colin Raymond (Apirl 2020) with dataset used in paper

Most everyone knows that humid heat is harder to handle than the "dry" kind. And recently, some scientists have projected that later in the century, in parts of the tropics and subtropics, warming climate could cause combined heat and humidity to reach levels rarely if ever experienced before by humans. Such conditions would ravage economies, and possibly even surpass the physiological limits of human survival.


According to a new study, the projections are wrong: such conditions are already appearing. The study identifies thousands of previously rare or unprecedented bouts of extreme heat and humidity in Asia, Africa, Australia, South America and North America, including in the U.S. Gulf Coast region. Along the Persian Gulf, researchers spotted more than a dozen recent brief outbreaks surpassing the theoretical human survivability limit. The outbreaks have so far been confined to localized areas and lasted just hours, but they are increasing in frequency and intensity, say the authors. The study appears this week in the journal Science Advances.

"Previous studies projected that this would happen several decades from now, but this shows it's happening right now," said lead author Colin Raymond, who did the research as a Ph.D. student at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. "The times these events last will increase, and the areas they affect will grow in direct correlation with global warming."

Analyzing data from weather stations from 1979 to 2017, the authors found that extreme heat/humidity combinations doubled over the study period. Repeated incidents appeared in much of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan; northwestern Australia; and along the coasts of the Red Sea and Mexico's Gulf of California. The highest, potentially fatal, readings, were spotted 14 times in the cities of Dhahran/Damman, Saudi Arabia; Doha, Qatar; and Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, which have combined populations of over 3 million. Parts of southeast Asia, southern China, subtropical Africa and the Caribbean were also hit.

The southeastern United States saw extreme conditions dozens of times, mainly near the Gulf Coast in east Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and the Florida Panhandle. The worst spots: New Orleans and Biloxi, Miss. Such conditions also reached inland into Arkansas and along the southeastern coastal plain.
In Bangladesh, one of the most vulnerable countries, a crew excavates a riverbed for a new bridge. Outdoor labor is a way of life in many of the regions subject to the worst heat and humidity. Credit: Kevin Krajick/Earth Institute

Not surprisingly, incidents tended to cluster on coastlines along confined seas, gulfs and straits, where evaporating seawater provides abundant moisture to be sucked up by hot air. In some areas further inland, moisture-laden monsoon winds or wide areas of crop irrigation appear to play the same role.


Prior climate studies failed to recognize most past incidents because climate researchers usually look at averages of heat and humidity measured over large areas and over several hours at a time. Raymond and his colleagues instead drilled directly into hourly data from 7,877 individual weather stations, allowing them to pinpoint shorter-lived bouts affecting smaller areas.

Humidity worsens the effects of heat because humans cool their bodies by sweating; water expelled through the skin removes excess body heat, and when it evaporates, it carries that heat away. The process works nicely in deserts, but less well in humid regions, where the air is already too laden with moisture to take on much more. Evaporation of sweat slows. In the most extreme instances, it could stop. In that case, unless one can retreat to an air-conditioned room, the body's core heats beyond its narrow survivable range, and organs begin to fail. Even a strong, physically fit person resting in the shade with no clothes and unlimited access to drinking water would die within hours.

Meteorologists measure the heat/humidity effect on the so-called "wet bulb" Centigrade scale; in the United States, these readings are often translated into "heat index" or "real-feel" Fahrenheit readings. Prior studies suggest that even the strongest, best-adapted people cannot carry out normal outdoor activities when the wet bulb hits 32 C, equivalent to a heat index of 132 F. Most others would crumble well before that. A reading of 35—the peak briefly reached in the Persian Gulf cities—is considered the theoretical survivability limit. That translates roughly to a heat index of 160 F. (The heat index actually ends at 127 F, so these readings are literally off the charts.) "It's hard to exaggerate the effects of anything that gets into the 30s," said Raymond.
Areas in the U.S. Southeast where heat/humidity mixtures have driven temperatures to 'wet-bulb' readings of 31 degrees C (equivalent to 125 degrees F on the "real feel" heat index). Green markers show one occurrence from 1979-2017; orange, 3; red, 10. Credit: Colin Raymond

The study found that worldwide, wet-bulb readings approaching or exceeding 30C on the wet bulb have doubled since 1979. The number of readings of 31— previously believed to occur only rarely—totaled around 1,000. Readings of 33—previously thought to be almost nonexistent—totaled around 80.

A heat wave that struck much of the United States last July maxed out at about 30C on the wet bulb, translating into heat indexes approaching 115 F in places; the highest was 122 F, in Baltimore, Md., and a similar wave hit in August. The waves paralyzed communities and led to at least a half-dozen deaths, including those of an air-conditioning technician in Phoenix, Az., and former National Football League lineman Mitch Petrus, who died in Arkansas while working outside.

It was a modest toll; heat-related illnesses already kill more U.S. residents than any other weather-related hazard including cold, hurricanes or floods. An investigation last year by the website InsideClimate News revealed that cases of heat stroke or heat exhaustion among U.S. troops on domestic bases grew 60 percent from 2008 to 2018. Seventeen soldiers died, almost all in the muggy U.S. Southeast. High-humidity heat waves in Russia and Europe, where far fewer people have air conditioning, have killed tens of thousands.

A new study shows that extreme, sometimes potentially fatal, mixtures of heat and humidity are emerging across the globe. This map shows documented instances, with hotter colors from yellow to red signifying the worst combinations as measured on the Centigrade "wet bulb" scale. An interactive version of this map is at https://bit.ly/2SA6KXq Credit: Map by Jeremy Hinsdale; adapted from Raymond et al., Science Advances, 2020

"We may be closer to a real tipping point on this than we think," said Radley Horton, a Lamont-Doherty research scientist and coauthor of the paper. Horton coauthored a 2017 paper projecting that such conditions would not take hold until later in the century.

While air conditioning may blunt the effects in the United States and some other wealthy countries, there are limits. Before the new study, one of the previously highest heat/humidity events ever reported was in the Iranian city of Bandar Mahshahr, which almost reached a 35C wet-bulb reading on July 31, 2015. There were no known deaths; residents reported staying inside air-conditioned vehicles and buildings, and showering after brief sojourns outside. But Horton points out that if people are increasingly forced indoors for longer periods, farming, commerce and other activities could potentially grind to a halt, even in rich nations-a lesson already brought home by the collapse of economies in the face of the novel coronavirus.

In any case, many people in the poorer countries most at risk do not have electricity, never mind air conditioning. There, many rely on subsistence farming requiring daily outdoor heavy labor. These facts could make some of the most affected areas basically uninhabitable, says Horton.

Kristina Dahl, a climatologist at the Union of Concerned Scientists who led a study last year warning of increasing future heat and humidity in the United States, said the new paper shows "how close communities around the world are to the limits." She added that some localities may already be seeing conditions worse than the study suggests, because weather stations do not necessarily pick up hot spots in dense city neighborhoods built with heat-trapping concrete and pavement.

Steven Sherwood, a climatologist at the Australia's University of New South Wales, said, "These measurements imply that some areas of Earth are much closer than expected to attaining sustained intolerable heat. It was previously believed we had a much larger margin of safety."

The study was coauthored by Tom Matthews, a lecturer in climate science at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom. Colin Raymond is now a postdoctoral researcher at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Explore further

From U.S. South to China, heat stress could exceed human endurance
More information: C. Raymond el al., "The emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance," Science Advances (2020). 

advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/19/eaaw1838

Journal information: Science Advances


Provided by Earth Institute at Columbia University


Facebook


Twitter


Email

Feedback to editors


Featured
Last Comments
Popular


Pulse-driven robot: Motion via solitary waves


MAY 08, 2020


1
Finite-temperature violation of the anomalous transverse Wiedemann-Franz law


MAY 07, 2020


0
Carbon emissions on the moon put theory of moon birth in doubt


MAY 07, 2020


36
Chemical analysis of Tully monster suggests it was a vertebrate


MAY 07, 2020


2
Left and right brain hemispheres found to store memories differently in ants


MAY 06, 2020


0




Seahorse and pipefish study opens window to marine genetic diversity


MAY 09, 2020
New study shines light on mysterious giant viruses


MAY 08, 2020
Robot designers take heed: adjustable hairy toes help geckos run sideways along walls


MAY 08, 2020
Scientists demonstrate quantum radar prototype


MAY 08, 2020
Flies sleep when need arises to adapt to new situations


MAY 08, 2020
Potentially fatal combinations of humidity and heat are emerging across the globe


MAY 08, 2020
Epithelial GPS: Position of RNAi machinery is associated with epithelial identity


MAY 08, 2020
Neandertals were choosy about making bone tools


MAY 08, 2020
Researchers find human-driven pollution alters the environment even underground


MAY 08, 2020
Stretched beyond the limits: Examining collagen for clues to inflammatory disorders


MAY 08, 2020

Relevant PhysicsForums posts

Mw 6.8, Indonesia


MAY 08, 2020

Wind Box


MAY 08, 2020

Volcanic Ash Clouds -- Why do they flatten at certain altitudes when rising?


MAY 02, 2020

Maunder Minimum & Climate Change


APR 30, 2020

New Geological Map of Mars


APR 27, 2020

Time to Ban Palm Oil?


APR 26, 2020

More from Earth Sciences

SNAKE OIL 

Madagascar coronavirus herbal mix draws demand from across Africa despite WHO misgivings

Lovasoa Rabary

ANTANANARIVO (Reuters) - Madagascar is putting its self-proclaimed, plant-based “cure” for COVID-19 on sale and several countries in Africa have already put in orders for purchase, despite warnings from the World Health Organisation that its efficacy is unproven.

Last month President Andry Rajoelina launched the remedy at a news conference, drinking from a sleekly-branded bottle filled with an amber liquid which he said had already cured two people.

On Friday, a Tanzanian delegation arrived in Madagascar to collect their consignment.

The tonic, based on the plant Artemisia annua which has anti-malarial properties, has not undergone any internationally recognised scientific testing. While Rajoelina extolled its virtues, the WHO cautioned it needs to be tested for efficacy and side effects.

Madagascar has been giving away thousands of bottles of “COVID-19 Organics”, developed by the state-run Malagasy Institute of Applied Research.

Tanzania, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, and Guinea Bissau have all already received thousands of doses of COVID-19 Organics free of charge.

A worker holds a sample of the CovidOrganics; the plant-based "cure", promoted by Madagascar's President Andry Rajoelina as a remedy against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Antananarivo, Madagascar May 8, 2020. REUTERS/Gertruud Van Ettinger

A legal adviser in the president’s office told Reuters on Wednesday that Madagascar would now begin selling the remedy, which domestically can be bought for around 40 U.S. cents per bottle.

“This remedy can be put on the market,” Marie Michelle Sahondrarimalala, director of Legal Studies at the Presidency, told Reuters in an interview on Wednesday. “Madagascar has already received orders from state authorities in other countries, but also from private individuals.”

Heads of other African countries said they were placing orders.

Isolated compounds extracted from Artemisia are effective in malaria drugs, the WHO noted, but the plant itself cannot treat malaria.


WHO Africa head Matshidiso Moeti said she was concerned people who drank the product might feel they were immune to COVID-19 and engage in risky behaviour.

“We are concerned that touting this product as a preventive measure might then make people feel safe,” she said.

Guinea Bissau has received over 16,000 doses which it is distributing to the 14 other West African nations. Liberia’s deputy Information Minister Eugene Farghon said this week there was no plan to test the remedy before distribution.

“It will be used by Liberians and will be used on Liberians,” he said, noting WHO had not tested other popular local remedies. “Madagascar is an African country ... Therefore we will proceed as an African nation and will continue to use our African herbs.”


Slideshow (7 Images) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-madagascar/madagascar-coronavirus-herbal-mix-draws-demand-from-across-africa-despite-who-misgivings-idUSKBN22K1HQ?il=0

By Thursday, Madagascar had a total 225 confirmed coronavirus cases, 98 recoveries, and no deaths.

The African Union (AU) said on Monday that it was trying to get Madagascar’s technical data on the remedy, and would pass that to the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention for evaluation.

“This review will be based on global technical and ethical norms to garner the necessary scientific evidence,” the AU said.


Additional reporting by David Lewis in Nairobi; Alphonso Toweh and James Giahyue in Monrovia; Writing by George Obulutsa and Ayenat Mersie; Editing by Raissa Kasolowsky

Venezuela says troops seize abandoned Colombian combat boats, weapons

CARACAS (Reuters) - Venezuela’s military said it seized three abandoned Colombian light combat vessels that soldiers found on Saturday while patrolling the Orinoco river, several days after the government accused its neighbor of aiding a failed invasion.


In a statement, the Defense Ministry said the boats were equipped with machine guns and ammunition, but had no crew, adding they were discovered as part of a nationwide operation to guarantee Venezuela’s “freedom and sovereignty.”


According to a preliminary investigation the boats were dragged away by strong river currents, Colombia’s Navy said in a statement.



Colombia’s Navy said it is talking with its counterparts in Venezuela to recover the boats.


In televised comments Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro said the military would return the boats if the Colombian government made an official request for them.


Venezuela will make an official complaint to the United Nations accusing Colombia and the United States of violating international law for the failed invasion attempt, Maduro added.



On Wednesday, Venezuelan state television broadcast an interrogation video of a former U.S. soldier, in which he said a Florida security firm had hired him to train dissident Venezuelan troops in Colombia for an operation to seize control of Caracas’ airport and capture Maduro.


Authorities said they arrested the man, Luke Denman, along with a second U.S. citizen and 11 others, as they attempted to enter Venezuela by boat on Monday from Colombia. The government said a separate raid attempt the day before left eight people dead.


Maduro on Wednesday accused Colombian President Ivan Duque of enabling the operation, which Duque denied.


Reporting by Corina Pons and Angus Berwick; Additional reporting by Oliver Griffin in Bogota; Editing by Daniel Wallis and Chris Reese


Our Standards:The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

China 'shocked' by U.S. reversal on U.N. coronavirus action: diplomat 

AMERICA THE TWO FACED

NEW YORK (Reuters) - China and the United States both supported a draft United Nations Security Council resolution confronting the coronavirus pandemic on Thursday and it was “shocking and regretful” that Washington changed its mind on Friday, a Chinese diplomat said.

For more than six weeks the 15-member council has been trying to agree on a text that ultimately aims to back a March 23 call by U.N. chief Antonio Guterres for a ceasefire in global conflicts so the world can focus on the pandemic.

But talks have been stymied by a stand-off between China and the United States over whether to mention the World Health Organization. The United States does not want a reference, China has insisted it be included, while some other members see the mention - or not - of WHO as a marginal issue, diplomats said.

Washington has halted funding for the WHO, a U.N. agency, after President Donald Trump accused it of being “China-centric” and promoting China’s “disinformation” about the outbreak, assertions the WHO denies.


It appeared the Security Council had reached a compromise late on Thursday, diplomats said and according to the latest version of a French- and Tunisian drafted-resolution.

Instead of naming the WHO, the draft referenced “specialized health agencies.” The WHO is the only such agency. But the United States rejected that language on Friday, diplomats said, because it was an obvious reference to the Geneva-based WHO.

“The United States had agreed to the compromise text and it’s shocking and regretful that the U.S. changed its position,” said the Chinese diplomat, speaking on condition of anonymity, on Saturday, adding that China supported the draft.

The U.S. diplomat, also speaking on condition of anonymity, said there was no U.S. agreement on the text, which the U.S. mission to the United Nations had sent to Washington for review on Thursday.

Diplomats said that during negotiations both China and the United States had raised the prospect of a veto on the issue of whether WHO is mentioned or not. A resolution needs nine votes in favor and no vetoes by France, Russia, Britain, the United States or China to pass.


A State Department spokesperson said on Friday the United States had worked constructively and accused China of repeatedly blocking compromises during negotiations.

While the Security Council - charged with maintaining international peace and security - cannot do much to deal with the coronavirus itself, diplomats and analysts say it could have projected global unity by backing Guterres’ ceasefire call.

French U.N. Ambassador Nicolas de Rivière on Friday said “we are still trying to achieve a positive result and trying to see if there is a possible compromise.”

Partly true claim: Woodstock took place in the middle of a pandemic


Correction: The verdict of this claim was True. It has been changed to Partly true. Update: This check states that the dates that the global Hong Kong Influenza pandemic took place, 1968-1969, coincide with Woodstock festival that took place in August 1969. While this timeline of dates is true, the festival did not take place during the peak of this pandemic. The peak for most U.S. states was December 1968 and January 1969 (Dec 28, 1968 in New York state). The second ‘wave’ of illness that happened in 1969-1970 was less severe than the first in the U.S. ( here ). Most deaths in the U.S. (70%) were during the first wave. As with most cases of influenza, its occurrence subsided over the summer of 1969 before returning in the later months of 1969 for its second wave (visible in Figure 1 here ) . As such, Woodstock festival did happen between the first and second waves of the new H3N2 ‘Hong Kong Flu’ that emerged in 1968, but not during a peak in infections and months after the first, deadlier wave of the virus hit the U.S.



Reuters Fact Check. REUTERS/Axel Schmidt

Social media users have been sharing an image online that claims the popular music festival Woodstock, which took place in August 1969, happened in the middle of a pandemic. This claim is correct.

Examples can be seen here and here . Many of the claims seem to reference an article called “Woodstock occurred in the middle of a pandemic” by the American Institute for Economic Research ( here ).

The comments on these posts have gathered mixed reactions from users. The posts have been flagged multiple times as part of Facebook’s efforts to curb misinformation related to the new coronavirus.

One of the most commonly seen claims says: “The Hong Kong Flu (H3N2) of 1968, killed 1 million worldwide, and 100,000 in the US, most excess deaths being in people 65+ (via the CDC). Nothing changed economically, nothing closed, no social distancing, no masks. No one was considered selfish then.”

The Woodstock Music and Art Fair was an iconic music festival that took place in August 1969 at a dairy farm in upstate New York. The organizers expected 30,000 people but hundreds of thousands showed up. There were reports of traffic jams 20 miles (32 km) long, which resulted in concert-goers abandoning their cars and walking to the venue. The festival did not have enough food, water and sleeping areas for the unexpected crowd. ( here )


It is true that Woodstock occurred during the Hong Kong flu pandemic, which was a global outbreak. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) explains on its website:

“It was first noted in the United States in September 1968. The estimated number of deaths was 1 million worldwide and about 100,000 in the United States. Most excess deaths were in people 65 years and older. The H3N2 virus continues to circulate worldwide as a seasonal influenza A virus.” ( here )

The pandemic lasted until 1970 ( here and here ).

The death toll was comparable with the 1957 Asian flu pandemic that killed 1.1 million worldwide ( here ). As of May 6, 2020at least 262,238 people globally had died during the current COVID-19 outbreak ( here ).The worst pandemic in modern history, the Spanish Influenza of 1918, is estimated to have killed at least 50 million ( here ).

A New York Times article from August 17, 1969 reported that the Woodstock festival’s producer, Michael Lang, said a dozen doctors came to the festival not because of “widespread illnesses” but because of “the potential threat of a virus cold or pneumonia epidemic among such a large gathering.” ( here )

A Wall Street Journal article comparing the new coronavirus outbreak to the Hong Kong Flu of 1968 reads:“In 1968-70, news outlets devoted cursory attention to the virus while training their lenses on other events such as the moon landing and the Vietnam War, and the cultural upheaval of the civil-rights movements, student protests and the sexual revolution.”Susan Craddock, a professor at the University of Minnesota, told the WSJ that mortality rates for the 1968 pandemic were significantly lower than those of COVID-19, and that without 24-hour news coverage, online resources and social media to heighten public anxiety, politicians were under less pressure to act than they are today.( here )

VERDICT

Partly true. The 1969 Woodstock music festival did take place during a global pandemic, the Hong Kong flu, which started the previous year.

This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. Read more about our fact checking work  here  .​
Our Standards:The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

More than 1,000 queue for food in rich Geneva amid virus shutdown

GENEVA (Reuters) - More than 1,000 people queued up on Saturday to get free food parcels in Geneva, underscoring the impact of the coronavirus epidemic on the working poor and undocumented immigrants even in wealthy Switzerland.

IN THE HEART OF THE BEAST CAPITALISM IS CRISIS


More than 1,000 queue for food in rich Geneva amid virus shutdown

GENEVA (Reuters) - More than 1,000 people queued up on Saturday to get free food parcels in Geneva, underscoring the impact of the coronavirus epidemic on the working poor and undocumented immigrants even in wealthy Switzerland

The line of people stretched for more than 1 km (half a mile) outside an ice rink where volunteers were handing out around 1,500 parcels to people who started queuing as early as 5 a.m.

“At the end of the month, my pockets are empty. We have to pay the bills, the insurance, everything,” said Ingrid Berala, a Geneva resident from Nicaragua who works part-time. “This is great, because there is food for a week, a week of relief...I don’t know for next week.”


In a nation of nearly 8.6 million, 660,000 people in Switzerland were poor in 2018, charity Caritas says, particularly single parents and those with a low level of education unable to find work after losing a job.

More than 1.1 million people were at risk of poverty, which means they have less than 60% of the median income, which was 6,538 Swiss francs ($6,736) for a full-time job in 2018.

Swiss bank UBS has calculated that Geneva is the second-most expensive global city for a family of three to live in, behind only Zurich. While average incomes are also high, that helps little for people struggling to make ends meet.


“I think a lot people are aware of this, but it is different to see this with your own eyes,” said Silvana Matromatteo, head of the aid group Geneva Solidarity Caravan.

“We had people in tears who said ‘It is not possible that it is happening in my country’. But it is here and maybe the COVID-19 brought everything out and this is good, because we will be able to take measures to support all these workers, because they are workers above all.”

Patrick Wieland, chief of mission for the Doctors Without Borders group, said a survey last week showed just over half the food recipients interviewed were undocumented, while others had attained legal status, were Swiss or were seeking asylum.

Just over 3% had been tested positive for COVID-19, three times the overall rate in Geneva, which he attributed to poor and overcrowded housing.


Slideshow (14 Images)https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-swiss-food/more-than-1000-queue-for-food-in-rich-geneva-amid-virus-shutdown-idUSKBN22L0KQ

“In Geneva, one of the richest cities in the world, there have always been people living precariously, especially all the people who work as housekeepers, in agriculture, on construction sites or in hotels, and they found themselves overnight without a job because of COVID-19,” he said.

One illegal immigrant who called himself Fernando said he lost his restaurant job during the crisis and had no pay.

“I’m very grateful to receive this help and if the situation changes for me, I am committing to do the same thing that they are doing for me,” he said.

China refutes 24 'lies' by U.S. politicians over coronavirus

Yew Lun Tian


BEIJING (Reuters) - China has issued a lengthy rebuttal of what it said were 24 “preposterous allegations” by some leading U.S. politicians over its handling of the new coronavirus outbreak.


The Chinese foreign ministry has dedicated most of its press briefings over the past week to rejecting accusations by U.S. politicians, especially Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, that China had withheld information about the new coronavirus and that it had originated in a laboratory in the city of Wuhan.

A 30-page, 11,000-word article posted on the ministry website on Saturday night repeated and expanded on the refutations made during the press briefings, and began by invoking Abraham Lincoln, the 19th century U.S. president.

“As Lincoln said, you can fool some of the people all the time and fool all the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time,” it said in the prologue.

The article also cited media reports that said Americans had been infected with the virus before the first case was confirmed in Wuhan. There is no evidence to suggest that is the case.

Keen to quash U.S. suggestions that the virus was deliberately created or somehow leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology, the article said that all evidence shows the virus is not man-made and that the institute is not capable of synthesising a new coronavirus.

“TIMELY” WARNINGS

The article also provided a timeline of how China had provided information to the international community in a “timely”, “open and transparent” manner to rebuke U.S. suggestions that it had been slow to sound the alarm.

Despite China’s repeated assurances, concerns about the timeliness of its information have persisted in some quarters.

A report by Der Spiegel magazine last Friday cited Germany’s BND spy agency as saying that China’s initial attempt to hold back information had cost the world four to six weeks that could have been used to fight the virus.

The article rejected Western criticism of Beijing’s handling of the case of Li Wenliang, a 34-year-old doctor who had tried to raise the alarm over the outbreak of the new virus in Wuhan. His death from COVID-19, the respiratory disease caused by the virus, prompted an outpouring of rage and grief across China.

It ministry article said Li was not a “whistle-blower” and he was never arrested, contrary to many Western reports.


However, the article did not mention that Li was reprimanded by the police for “spreading rumours”. Though Li was later named among “martyrs” mourned by China, an investigation into his case also drew criticism online after it merely suggested the reprimand against him be withdrawn.

Rejecting suggestions by U.S. President Donald Trump and Pompeo that the new coronavirus should be called the “Chinese virus” or “Wuhan virus”, the article cited documents from the World Health Organization to say the name of a virus should not be country-specific.