Mi'kmaq power, inside and beyond Ottawa, stronger than in past fishery battles

   

© Provided by The Canadian Press

HALIFAX — When Jaime Battiste was in his early 20s, cable news channels were full of images of Mi'kmaq fishermen in New Brunswick battling federal fisheries officers over seized lobster traps.

Now, Canada's first Mi'kmaq MP is on the inside of federal power, trying to help as the launch of an Indigenous lobster fishery in St. Marys Bay in Nova Scotia meets fierce resistance.

"I wonder if they ever thought, 20 years ago, that they'd have two Mi'kmaq senators and a Mi'kmaq MP who could help influence and work with government to find a solution," the Liberal MP said in a recent interview from his Cape Breton riding.

His role is seen by some observers as one sign Mi'kmaq political influence is gradually growing, when compared to the clashes off Burnt Church, N.B., in Miramichi Bay, between 1999 and 2002.

Curtis Bartibogue, a Mi'kmaq lobster fisherman who was arrested by Department of Fisheries and Oceans officers during that earlier unrest, said public knowledge of treaty rights remains poor, but governments are more reluctant to bring in enforcement crackdowns.

"There's a big difference now between government and Indigenous relationships due to our ability to have our voices within government," he said in an interview Friday from his community, now known as Esgenoopetitj First Nation.

He recently was following closely as Sipekne'katik First Nation held a ceremony on Sept. 17 at Saulnierville wharf in southwestern Nova Scotia, issuing five lobster licences.

Like Esgenoopetitj, the Nova Scotia community cites the 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision stating Donald Marshall Jr. had a treaty right to fish for eels when and where he wanted, without a licence.

The Marshall decision also said the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy bands could hunt, fish and gather to earn a "moderate livelihood,'' though the court followed up with a clarification two months later, saying the treaty right was subject to federal regulation.

As in earlier crises, opposition from non-Indigenous fishermen has been based on arguments that the First Nations must abide by Ottawa's conservation measures, and out-of-season fishing is therefore illegal.

Hundreds of non-Indigenous fishermen gathered for protests at wharfs after the new Nova Scotia fishery was announced this month, and later a flotilla hauled 350 Mi'kmaq traps from the water.

However, the reaction from Ottawa has followed a different pattern from the early 2000s.

Senators Dan Christmas of Membertou First Nation and Brian Francis from Lennox Island First Nation issued a letter noting the Mi'kmaq had treaty rights to hunt, fish and to earn a moderate livelihood.

Fisheries Minister Bernadette Jordan and Indigenous Relations Minister Carolyn Bennett said in a Sept. 21 statement they won't tolerate vigilante action on the water, saying there's "no place for the threats, intimidation, or vandalism."

By Friday, Chief Mike Sack of the Sipekne'katik First Nation, confirmed he would hold talks this week with Jordan and her officials on defining what his community's moderate livelihood fishery might look like.

And the First Nation's boats kept fishing.

Meanwhile, Battiste and the Mi'kmaq senators met Friday at the Membertou First Nation in Cape Breton and held online discussions with Jordan and Bennett.

Battiste, a lawyer who has taught university courses on Indigenous treaties, says he's advocating the concept of co-managed fishing systems, with Mi'kmaq representatives having a direct say in regulations. "It could be the Canada-Mi'kmaq Fishing Authority. I'm not sure if federal legislation is required," he said.

It remains to be seen how influential the 41-year-old MP's views will be.

Naiomi Metallic, the chair in Aboriginal law and policy at Dalhousie University, said a negotiated solution is needed that recognizes treaty rights and includes a "significant and meaningful role for Mi'kmaq management of their own fishery."

She said to date the DFO response has been an initiative to provide commercial licences to some Mi'kmaq communities willing to participate, but it hasn't settled the issue of a moderate livelihood fishery under Indigenous control.

"Canada has been dragging and dragging its feet at the negotiation table and people are fed up," she said.

Bartibogue, who now holds a commercial licence, said his community accepted the DFO licences after years of battles, but he said the push for more control will continue.

He said his community just completed a two-week "treaty fishery" where he estimated about 500 traps were set for a total lobster catch of approximately 20,000 pounds.

"We basically did like what they're doing in St. Marys' Bay .... We just finished it yesterday and it went off pretty well," he said.

Battiste wouldn't speculate on how large a moderate livelihood fishery for his people would be.

"We will work with the government to figure out what is possible .... At the end of the day, we can't have continued hostilities on the water that flare up like this," he said.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 27, 2020.

Michael Tutton, The Canadian Press

El Salvador's next US envoy met Trump at Miss Universe

© Provided by The Canadian Press

SAN SALVADOR, El Salvador — El Salvador's next ambassador to Washington is someone President Donald Trump might remember from his days as a beauty pageant boss.

A photo circulating on social media Friday showed a smiling Trump locking arms with Milena Mayorga and two other contestants - Miss USA and Miss Guatemala - on the sidelines of the 1996 Miss Universe pageant, where she was a top 10 finalist. Trump at the time was owner of the pageant.

Mayorga, 44, was appointed Thursday night by President Nayib Bukele as El Salvador's next ambassador to the U.S.

She's a political neophyte with no previous diplomatic experience, having been elected to congress for the first time in 2018.

But she's well known to Salvadorans for years as a popular TV host.

Mayorga garnered the president's attention after denouncing corruption in her conservative ARENA party, which as the dominant force in congress has blocked Bukele's agenda. She later quit the party.

As ambassador, she'll face an uphill battle trying to repair deteriorating relations with Republicans and Democrats in Congress who have increasingly voiced concern that Bukele, although highly popular, is overstepping his authority and threatening checks and balances in the small Central American country.

While Bukele has endeared himself to Trump by backing his hardline immigration policies, he's faced criticism among human rights and pro-democracy activists for defying El Salvador's supreme court and congress.

On Thursday, six Republican congressmen led by David Royce of Ohio and Mario Diaz Balart of Miami wrote a letter to Bukele expressing concern about what they called El Salvador's “slow but sure departure from the rule of law and norms of democracy that our hemisphere has fought so hard to preserve.”

The letter provoked an angry response on national TV from Bukele, who dismissed the letter - which followed similar complaints by Democrats - as the work of a small group of lawmakers that don't represent even 3% of the entire U.S. Congress.

“Getting congressmen to write a letter is the easiest thing in the world,” Bukele said.

Criticism of Bukele stems from his repeated defiance of congress and the supreme court.

In February, he sent heavily armed soldiers to surround the congress to pressure lawmakers into approving a loan to fund a fight against gangs. Then in April, Bukele ignored several rulings by El Salvador’s supreme court striking down strict measures that led to the detention in crowded quarantine centres of hundreds of people accused of breaking the coronavirus lockdown rules.

He also recently attacked one of Central America's most independent investigative news outlets, El Faro, after it uncovered evidence that the government had been secretly negotiating with jailed members of MS-13, which is considered a terrorist group in El Salvador.

Throughout the confrontation, he's maintained strong support from the Trump administration and U.S. Ambassador Ronald Johnson. Bukele last year signed a bilateral agreement that would allow the U.S. to send asylum seekers from other countries to El Salvador. The policy had not been implemented before the pandemic.

In August, his government signed a $450,000 contrac t with a well-connected Washington lobbyist, according to U.S. Department of Justice filings. Bukele claims to have annulled the contract with the Sonoran Policy Group without having disbursed any funds.

Mayorga has generated controversy inside El Salvador for honouring on social media the deceased military commander behind the 1981 raid on the village of El Mozote, a gruesome low point during the country's long civil war. Almost 1,000 people, including farmers and children, were killed by U.S.-trained counterinsurgency troops during a hunt for leftist guerrillas.

“Some people never die, they just convert into myths and legends,” she wrote in a 2018 tribute to army Col. Domingo Monterrosa on the anniversary of the commander's birth. Monterrosa was later killed when a guerrilla bomb destroyed the helicopter he was travelling in.

Mayorga was a top 10 finalist at the 1996 Miss Universe won by Alicia Machado, a former Miss Venezuela who campaigned against Trump in the 2016 campaign. Machado accused Trump of labeling her with a sexist nickname — “Miss Piggy” — that caused her shame and humiliation after she was crowned Miss Universe.

—

Goodman reported from Medellin, Colombia.

Marcos Aleman And Joshua Goodman, The Associated Press

Demonstration in Fredericton as private abortion clinic to lose its doctor

© Provided by The Canadian Press

FREDERICTON — A doctor who runs a private abortion clinic in Fredericton says he can't afford to continue subsidizing the service and is leaving the practice for another job at the end of this month.

Dr. Adrian Edgar says he's applied for a contract with the military, and Clinic 554 — the former Morgentaler Clinic — is still for sale more than a year after it was put on the market.

Edgar said when he bought the building six years ago, he assumed the province would take over the majority of the service.

"I've had to continue to subsidize the health care for an entire operating room. That's not possible," he said in an interview Saturday.

"I haven't been able to make a payment on my student debt for six years. I only can pay the interest. I don't pay myself frequently. I make about a third of what any other family doctor should be making in this province," he said.

For years, the clinic has blamed its impending closure on a long-standing provincial refusal to fund surgical abortions performed outside a hospital.

After Fredericton's Morgentaler clinic closed in 2014, citing lack of provincial funding, the Liberal government of the day removed a regulation requiring women seeking hospital abortions to have two doctors certify the procedure as medically necessary. But the regulation limiting funding to abortions performed in hospitals remained.

Edgar said many of his patients can't afford the procedure, which costs between $700 and $850, and expenses have become too great for him to keep the clinic open.

Edgar said until it's sold, the facility is available if the lobby group Reproductive Justice New Brunswick can recruit another doctor, or if another physician wants it for a family practice.

"I see no reason for health care not to continue there, but I can't be the one to keep it up," he said.

Edgar provided a full range of reproductive health services, along with a family practice and care for members of the LGBTQ community.

About two dozen people staged a quiet demonstration in front of the New Brunswick legislature Saturday, accusing the province of violating the Canada Health Act.

"Clinic 554 is a symptom of the fact that we have an unconstitutional regulation that doesn't provide medicare funding for abortions out of hospitals. We're kind of mourning the life of reproductive rights for people of this province as well," said Kerri Froc, an associate professor of law at the University of New Brunswick.

"We're tired of having to fight this fight over and over again. At some point the government has to give its head a shake and say we're going to comply with the law," she said.

The government has repeatedly defended its position, saying it provides access to abortion services at the Moncton Hospital, Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre in Moncton and the Chaleur Regional Hospital in Bathurst.

But Green Leader David Coon — who attended the rally — said that's just not good enough.

"To restrict access to abortion services to two locations in Moncton in the southeast of the province and in Bathurst in the north of the province is unjust," Coon said.

Earlier in the week, the president of the New Brunswick Medical Society issued a statement in support of Clinic 554, and urging the government to fund out-of-hospital surgical abortions.

"Clinic 554 provides a safe environment for abortions and reproductive care, it is a health resource for LGBTQ patients across New Brunswick, and it serves as a family practice for thousands of patients. It is a valuable part of our health system and must be maintained," wrote Dr. Chris Goodyear.

The Progressive Conservative government of Premier Blaine Higgs won a majority in the provincial election earlier this month, and a new cabinet will be sworn-in on Tuesday.

Edgar said he doesn't expect a new position on abortions from the new health minister.

"I think the new health minister will say nothing because this government just seems to abdicate its responsibility for health care when it comes to abortion," he said.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Sept. 26, 2020.

Kevin Bissett, The Canadian Press

As Covid-19 rages on, countries need to support migrant workers (opinion)


Opinion by Saad Quayyum and Roland Kangni Kpodar for CNN Business Perspectives

  

© Alfonso Di Vincenzo/KONTROLAB/LightRocket/Getty Images CORIGLIANO-ROSSANO, CALABRIA, ITALY - 2020/07/15: A migrant collect watermelons in a field in Calabria, in southern Italy. In Italy, after the coronavirus, foreign labor in agriculture is in great demand. The most requested foreigners are African migrants and Romanians. (Photo by Alfonso Di Vincenzo/KONTROLAB/LightRocket via Getty Images)


Just as Covid-19 has disproportionately impacted some communities more than others, globally, the virus has had an oversized negative impact on migrant workers.

Perhaps surprisingly, despite the bleak experience for foreign overseas workers during the pandemic, the effect on remittances — the flow of money they send back home — has, in many cases, proven resilient. But that trend may yet be upended.


The predicament of migrant workers over the last few months has highlighted the pressing need — now greater than ever — to support them and their families back home.

In the wake of the pandemic, many overseas foreign workers lost their jobs, and reports were widespread of newly laid-off foreign employees stranded in host countries without the means to return home.

Migrants, many of whom are undocumented, often face a heavier burden than a local worker once they lose their job. They often lack access to social safety nets or stimulus checks, which provide a cushion to their local counterparts. This is especially the case for the undocumented or those on temporary work visas

At the same time, many migrant workers have limited or no access to health care. Crowded living quarters, together with poor working conditions, put them at higher risk of contracting the virus.

They may also live in fear of deportation as several countries have tightened immigration rules in the wake of the coronavirus outbreak.


Outlook for remittances

It's unsurprising then that remittances were expected to take a hit from the pandemic as countries that employ large numbers of foreign workers moved into recession. In addition, the hundreds of thousands of migrant workers employed in major oil-producing countries also suffered repercussions from the drop in oil prices, which weighed down the outlook of Gulf Cooperation Council countries and Russia.

The remittances sent back by migrants are a crucial source of external financing. In 57 countries, it exceeded 5% of GDP last year. The money went mostly to low-income households.

Against the background of the current health crisis, the need for that income is acute.

Back in April, the World Bank estimated that remittances would fall by 20% in low and middle-income countries.

Despite the coronavirus and its likely impact on remittances, the picture is not unconditionally bleak. Remittances often hold up in response to adverse shocks in recipient countries. This possibly explains why they were surprisingly resilient in many countries in the first half of the year.

While there is a great deal of diversity, remittances largely fell from March, then started to stabilize in May before picking up. This pattern was broadly in line with the stringency of virus containment policies in advanced countries where strict measures were put in place in March and slowly relaxed starting in May.

The bounce back in remittances could be driven by a greater need to send money back to families as the remittance-receiving countries now struggle with the pandemic and collapse in external demand.

But, if migrants are dipping into their meager savings to support families back home, this may not be sustainable over time, especially if the recession in host economies becomes protracted. A second outbreak of the coronavirus in the latter part of the year in host economies, for example, could jeopardize remittance flows further.

Now more than ever, adequate and timely policy responses from both remittance-sending and remittance-receiving countries are critical to help migrant workers. Overseas workers often fill essential roles — in health care, agriculture, food production and processing — and often risk their lives to perform these jobs.


Solutions


Host countries could ensure all migrants have access to health care, and basic goods and services. There have been some positive steps in this area: All migrants and asylum-seekers were temporarily granted citizenship rights in Portugal. Italy announced plans for temporary work permits for more than half a million undocumented migrants deemed essential for harvesting crops and caring for the elderly. The State of California has contributed $75 million to a $125 million fund to provide $500 to support each undocumented worker.

Back home, authorities in countries that send workers overseas could step up support to vulnerable households, especially in those countries where the drop in remittances has been more severe. As remittances dry up, well-targeted cash transfers and food aid can be especially helpful to protect poor households, and those at risk of falling back into poverty.

Returning migrants may need training to be reabsorbed in the labor market. Access to credit can help them start a business where opportunities in the formal labor market is limited.

Technology could also be leveraged to the benefit of migrant workers and their families. For example, digital technology and mobile payment systems could be used to facilitate and lower the cost of sending and receiving remittances. The average cost of sending remittances was about 7% in the first quarter of 2020. Reducing this cost now would return a significant amount of money to the poor.

Governments could modify regulations to facilitate flows while minimizing risks of inappropriate use. Relaxing caps on how much can be transferred digitally (through mobile phones for example) can be helpful.

 Providing tax incentives to money transfer service providers to offset reduction in fees, as Pakistan did during the Global Financial Crisis, can be a smart move. Schemes like the 2% cash back for remitters instituted by Bangladesh can further support remittance flow. Increasing market competition among the remittance service providers can also drive down the cost.

Anarchy jurisdiction: New Yorkers mock the new label from the DOJ

By Lauren M. Johnson, CNN

© Johannes Eisele/AFP/Getty Images The US Department of Justice labeled three cities, including New York City, an "anarchy" jurisdiction.

New Yorkers are weighing in on what they think it means to live in an "anarchist jurisdiction" after the Department of Justice labeled Manhattan, Portland and Seattle as such in a new declaration.

The Justice Department labeled the three cities as "anarchy" jurisdictions on Monday on orders from President Trump to block federal funding into "lawless zones."

It took no time at all before some people in New York were mocking the assertion on social media. Anarchist jurisdiction started trending on Twitter and users began to tell the world how they felt about the label.

Many posted about how much they love their "anarchist jurisdiction" and their favorite things about it. Others simply posted what was outside their windows to show just how unruly their neighborhoods can be.

Some took a cleverer approach and changed the lyrics to one of Taylor Swift's songs "Welcome to New York" and replaced the city's name in first line of the chorus with anarchist jurisdiction.

Gov. Cuomo responds

New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo called the DOJ labeling an attempt to distort government agencies to play politics during a news conference. He compared the move to similar action taken a few years ago when the federal government threatened to remove funding for sanctuary cities.

The governor said if the federal government once again threatens to block funding, the state will challenge it legally and Cuomo predicts the President will lose.

The anarchy labels come after Trump released a memorandum earlier this month that highlighted New York City, Portland and Seattle, as cities where their "local and state governments have contributed to the violence and destruction" following the death of George Floyd on May 25 at the hands of four Minneapolis police officers and have refused to "accept offers of Federal law enforcement assistance."

The list of jurisdictions will be updated periodically in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security and the director of the Office of Management and Budget.

Confusion and anxiety reign for Canadians dependent on CERB as pandemic program winds down

 WE DEMAND:

 

A UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME OF $2000 PER MONTH!!!

LIVING WAGE $20 PER HOUR

WAGES FOR HOUSE WORK $4000 PER MONTH   

NO TAXES ON EARNINGS UNDER $100,000 PER ANNUM 

 

TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM OF THE 13TH INTERNATIONAL

 

Pete Evans CBC

Roger Wiebe is one of millions of Canadians who has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic, despite never contracting the virus.

The Edmontonian was working in a medical supply warehouse when he lost his job after the pandemic struck. He qualified for the Canada emergency response benefit (CERB), the income support program the government rolled out during the pandemic to help people like him with payouts of up to $2,000 a month.

But that program is set to expire on Sunday. Which brings new anxieties and uncertainties.

He and his wife Kim, a legal assistant, used to earn around $6,000 a month combined, but she lost her job in February as work slowed before the pandemic struck, so she applied for employment insurance (EI). That ran out in August, when she was moved to CERB. The couple has been relying on government programs and food banks of late.

On top of the financial stress, his wife recently had one of her legs amputated below the knee.

"I'm really I'm trying to stay stable ... for my wife ... because she's going through a lot of emotional as well as physical pain due to the amputation," Wiebe said in an interview. "I'm trying to be a rock for her, but it's a lot of stress and emotional fatigue on me as well."

CERB has kept them afloat, but now with rent and bills piling up and the job market looking no better than before — he says he and his wife have filled out 150 job applications since the pandemic began — he's worried.

Despite the end of CERB, the government says people like Wiebe won't be left in the lurch. That's because most people who were on the program will be rolled into an expanded EI if they meet the qualifications, which have been expanded to include more people than usual.

And almost everyone else, Ottawa says, is likely covered by another new income support program in the works, the Canada response benefit (CRB), which is designed to cover gig, freelance and contract workers who don't qualify for EI.

That was previously slated to pay $400 a week, but the Liberals bumped the amount up to $500 after Thursday's throne speech. THANKS TO THE NDP

© Trevor Wilson/CBC Roger Wiebe says once the the taxi ride to his wife's doctor's appointment is paid next week, he'll be down to his last $7.

"That may seem like a small change, but there's actually two million people ... that will benefit from this change," said David MacDonald, chief economist at the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, a progressive think-tank.

Thats the good news. But MacDonald says the current EI plan could still leave more than a million people worse off than where they were under CERB.

By his math, roughly 700,000 people who lost work in the pandemic but managed to take in some paid work will find themselves getting less in benefits.

And MacDonald said there's a whole other group of roughly 400,000 low income, primarily part-time workers, who will still be making less than they would have been if the government simply extended CERB if they are lucky enough to get back to their regular hours.
Transferring between programs 'a messy process'

There's also the problem that whether you are transferred seamlessly from CERB to EI depends on how you applied for it. If you applied for CERB through Service Canada, the government says it will happen automatically. But if you applied through the Canada Revenue Agency, you'll have to begin a formal application for EI, which can take time.

MacDonald estimates about 900,000 people will qualify for the new CRB. But since none of the programs have been officially created and passed through Parliament yet, there's uncertainty everywhere.

"The websites aren't up and running in terms of where people would apply, how they apply, how they find out their status and so on," MacDonald said. "There are four million people who are on CERB and will likely go through this transition [so] where they should go and where they should apply to is ... going to be a messy process."

Wiebe says he has heard that it can take between six and eight weeks to get a first EI payment. "If that's the case, I'm not sure what we're going to do because we can't go eight weeks with no income," he said.  

© Turgut Yeter/CBC Sarah Pacey received CERB after she lost her job while on maternity leave. With the program now ending, she is worried about slipping through the cracks.

Sarah Pacey is another CERB recipient who's worried about the future.

She went on maternity leave from her job providing in-home behaviour therapy for autistic children in June of 2019, but her publicly funded employer lost funding last December. She was laid off while on maternity leave.

When her mat leave expired in June 2020 she applied for CERB.

"With that ending, I'm a little bit just unsure about where I am now," said Pacey, who lives in Toronto.

She has pored over the government website explaining EI, but since payouts are based on the amount of paid work you've done over the past year, "it doesn't seem like I really qualify for any of those programs," she said.

Government confident no one will be left behind

In announcing the changes, Employment Minister Carla Qualtrough said the government is confident that people like Pacey and Wiebe don't need to worry.

"I think we've created … a much more elegant balance between the need to not disincentivize work, but also support people who, regardless of effort, still aren't working or have significantly reduced hours," she said.

WATCH | Carla Qualtrough on the transition from CERB:

The government said in a statement that anyone currently on CERB will be eligible for their first EI payment as of Oct. 11. "Over 80 per cent of eligible Canadians are expected to receive their payment by Oct. 14 — three days after becoming eligible, and over 90 per cent are expected to be paid within three to 14 days."

Wiebe is fairly confident that he will still qualify for some sort of support program, but his wife may not. Once the couple's $1,575 in rent and more than $500 a month in medical expenses are factored in, there will be little left for utilities and food.

The couple's October rent has been paid. But once they take a $20 cab ride to his wife's doctor's appointment next week, Wiebe said he will be down to his last $7.

"They talk about the hardships and how they understand it," he says of the government's assurances. "But until you've actually lived it, you don't truly grasp it."

TAX THE RICH 

IF THEY FAIL TO PAY

EAT THE RICH

TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM OF THE 13TH INTERNATIONAL

Nanocrystals can trigger explosive volcanic eruptions

The presence of tiny crystals can make typically peaceful basaltic volcanoes surprisingly explosive, researchers say. Photo by Scot Nelson/Flickr

Sept. 24 (UPI) -- The presence of tiny crystals in magma can cause volcanoes to violently explode, according to a new study published Thursday in the journal Science Advances.

"Exactly what causes the sudden and violent eruption of apparently peaceful volcanoes has always been a mystery in geology research," lead researcher Danilo Di Genova said in a news release.

"Nanogeoscience research has now allowed us to find an explanation. Tiny crystal grains containing mostly iron, silicon, and aluminium are the first link in a chain of cause and effect that can end in catastrophe for people living in the vicinity of a volcano," said Di Genova, a geophysicist at the University of Bayreuth in Germany.

Using a combination of spectroscopic and electron microscopic imaging techniques, researchers were able to identify nano-sized crystals called nanolites in the ashes of active volcanoes.

RELATED Historically stable volcanoes can host potentially explosive magmas

In the lab, scientists successfully demonstrated how these tiny crystals, ten thousand times thinner than a human hair, increase the viscosity of volcanic magma, preventing volcanic gasses from bubbling up, escaping and relieving pressure inside magma chambers.

For their experiments, researchers focused on magma with low levels of silicon oxide, the kind of magma that forms basalt when it cools. Low silica magma isn't very viscous; it is typically thin and runny. When low silica magma erupts, it spreads quickly.

"Basaltic volcanoes generally provide a stark contrast to their high-silica cousins, showing relatively low explosivity even if they have a high volatile content," researchers wrote in their paper.

RELATED Volcanism didn't play a role in demise of dinosaurs

But the latest research suggests the presence of nanolites can turn low silica magma quite viscous, making it difficult for rising gasses to pass through it. As a result, bubbling gasses accumulate, increasing pressure in a magma chamber until the volcano explodes.

"Constant light plumes of smoke above a volcanic cone need not necessarily be interpreted as a sign of an imminent dangerous eruption," Di Genova said. "Conversely, however, the inactivity of apparently peaceful volcanoes can be deceptive."

In followup studies, researchers plan to use both computer simulations and high-pressure facilities to model the geochemical processes that result in sudden explosive eruptions.

RELATED Steam-driven volcanic eruptions difficult to predict, poorly understood

NANITES VOLCANOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY IN CURRENT SF ADVENTURE NOVEL

'In The Devil Colony, released in June of 2011, Sigma faces controversy with a local Native American tribe who lay claim on ancient mummified bodies and artifacts deep in the Rocky Mountains

“From the hidden Indian treasure, to the Fort Knox secrets, to the conspiracy at the beginning of the United States The Devil Colony gives you every reason why you’ll want to be a member of Sigma Force.” (Brad Meltzer, New York Times bestselling author of The Inner Circle on The Devil Colony)

“A first-class, breathtaking adventure that will have readers whizzing through the pages. The only thing wrong with this tale: it has to end.” (Romantic Times (4 1/2 stars) on The Devil Colony)

From the Back Cover

The gruesome discovery of hundreds of mummified bodies deep in the Rocky Mountains—along with strange artifacts inscribed with an unfathomable script—stirs controversy and foments unrest. And when a riot at the dig site results in the horrible death of an anthropologist captured by television cameras, the government focuses its attention on an escaped teenage agitator—the firebrand niece of Sigma Force director Painter Crowe.

To protect her, Crowe will ignite a war across the nation's most powerful intelligence agencies. But the dark events have set in motion a frightening chain reaction: a geological meltdown that threatens the entire western half of the U.S. And the unearthed truth could topple governments, as Painter Crowe joins forces with Commander Gray Pierce to penetrate the shadowy heart of a sinister cabal that has been manipulating American history since the founding of the thirteen colonies.

About the Author

James Rollins is the author of international thrillers that have been translated into more than forty languages. His Sigma series has been lauded as one of the “top crowd pleasers” (New York Times) and one of the "hottest summer reads" (People magazine). In each novel, acclaimed for its originality, Rollins unveils unseen worlds, scientific breakthroughs, and historical secrets—and he does it all at breakneck speed and with stunning insight. He lives in the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Florida researchers achieve successful spawning of transplanted coral

A staghorn coral that was artificially transplanted into the Atlantic Ocean near Miami releases eggs in August. Photo courtesy of University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science

Sept. 25 (UPI) -- Researchers in South Florida showed this summer that transplanted corals can reproduce naturally on reefs, representing a significant advance in coral reef restoration.

The spawning that occurred Aug. 6 and 7 near Miami proved the success of coral transplanting, which is considered a vital method to save dying reefs around the world, researchers from the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science said.

"It was extremely rewarding to see the spawning, because we're never going to be able to recover the reefs unless these corals thrive and reproduce," said Diego Lirman, an associate professor of marine biology and ecology at the school.

He was referring to the moment he saw the first corals release eggs and sperm.

RELATED Coral gardening is a boon to Caribbean reefs

The UM biologists had collected the staghorn coral eggs, which are being used to expand their breeding population and boost genetic diversity. Doing this is part of a desperate effort to save and restore the reefs, which have lost 90% of their staghorn corals in the last four decades, Lirman said.

"We have a lot riding on these spawning events -- financially and emotionally. I felt a big relief and a sense of accomplishment," he said.

At stake is the survival of the staghorn species on the third-longest barrier reef in the world, which the U.S. Geological Survey says is dying and eroding. Scientists in 2014 found that stony coral tissue loss disease was ravaging the reef.

RELATED Feds list 20 new coral species as 'threatened'

The 200-mile-long barrier helps protect Florida and the Keys from waves at a time when climate change is believed to be causing more frequent and more severe hurricanes. The federal government estimates the reef's value at $8.5 billion in terms of shoreline protection, tourism and fishing impact.

The corals are beset by problems such as hurricane damage, rising temperatures due to climate change, coral bleaching and other diseases, Lirman said. Large areas of dead coral make natural reproduction difficult.

"There's been reproduction over the past few decades, but we are not seeing strong evidence they are recovering naturally, and the only way to increase the genetic diversity is through sexual reproduction," Lirman said.

RELATED Florida coral reefs damaged by cold water

The work is funded by $6 million from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, federal and local governments and other nonprofit groups. The spawning is a first step toward restoring 125 acres of reef in South Florida over three years starting in January.

The project, which began in January, ultimately will grow and plant over 150,000 coral colonies and juveniles from five coral species, three of which are listed as threatened.

Some members of the coalition behind the project were skeptical that it could work in South Florida, said Margaret Miller, research director for SECORE International, an environmental non-profit focused on coral restoration.

"Elkhorn and staghorn coral species are very scarce in South Florida, so there are few parent corals to start with," said Margaret Miller, research director for SECORE International of Ohio, an environmental non-profit.

"We haven't seen some corals spawning there for years, so the spawning in August was a better outcome than we expected."

What can we learn from the Salem Witch Trials?

A historical exhibition at the Peabody Essex Museum traces the political and religious forces that led to the executions of innocent people

BILLY ANANIA  24th September 2020 

Tompkins Harrison Matteson, Trial of George Jacobs, Sr for Witchcraft (1855) Photo: Mark Sexton and Jeffrey R. Dykes. Courtesy of the Peabody Essex Museum

Disinformation and paranoia, made worse by religious politics and fear-mongering: an exhibition at the Peabody Essex Museum traces the history of the 1692 Salem Witch Trials, which led to executions of innocent people, predominantly women, and established a morbid fascination around the development of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. And while some of the manuscripts, paintings, and household items included in the show date back to the 15th century, the historic lessons for visitors are all too applicable today.

The exhibition breaks with traditional folklore and places the murders of the so-called “witches” within the context of social and economic crisis, humanising the people involved and drawing parallels to our current conspiracy-driven political climate. Starting with the European origins of witch-hunting, the show explores how Puritans brought theocratic anxiety to the colonies and shaped their criminal justice system around religious supremacy.

The Salem trials took place in the aftermath of a smallpox outbreak, and its consequences helped bring down a Puritan regime hellbent on “purifying” New England. Dan Lipcan, a co-curator of the show and the museum’s head librarian, believes these insecurities are evergreen.

Tompkins Harrison Matteson, Examination of a Witch (1853) Photo: Mark Sexton and Jeffrey R. Dykes. Courtesy of the Peabody Essex Museum

“Prejudice, injustice, and intolerance are on everybody’s minds now,” Lipcan said. “The trials were driven by fear, harsh weather, disease, supply shortages, and war—which altogether created the conditions for invented crimes and persecution for no good reason.”

Despite Salem’s reputation in the popular imagination, executions for witchcraft charges were commonplace in early modern Europe. More than 50,000 Europeans were burned at the stake between 1560 and 1630 during the Counter-Reformation, when Catholic and Protestant churches competed for market dominance. The exhibition sets Salem’s trials against this historical backdrop, displaying a 1494 copy of the German witch-hunting manual Malleus Maleficarum alongside British diagnostic texts.

Petition of Mary Esty, about 15 September 1692. Phillips Library, on deposit from the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Archives

In Salem, many accused witches were teenagers, refugees fleeing French occupation, or household workers (most famously Tituba, a slave of the disgraced minister Samuel Parris). Judges would convict them using “spectral evidence”, often based on memories from only one witness. Tompkins H. Matteson’s 1855 painting of the George Jacobs trial appears with examination records and the two canes Jacobs used to walk, which accusers said he used in his spectural form to beat them. Another Matteson painting, Examination of a Witch, shows a group of men and women disrobing Mary Fisher in pursuit of identifying the Devil’s mark on her body. Examination records of Elizabeth Proctor and Bridget Bishop are displayed alongside Mary Esty’s petition of innocence and a gold sundial owned by John Proctor; all were convicted of witchcraft, but only Elizabeth avoided execution, because she was pregnant.

The exhibition also includes texts questioning the ethics of the trials, from Cotton Mather’s hardline defense to dissenting opinions by Thomas Maule and Robert Calef, which had to be published outside of Massachusetts, as Governor William Phips banned any texts contradicting Mather’s. Considering the final pardon clearing the names of five people convicted of witchcraft was only issued in 2001, this exhibition is a timely portrayal of how governments can sanction disinformation, and why these events have compelled so many generations since.

• The Salem Witch Trials 1692, Peabody-Essex Museum, 26 September-4 April 2021

REST IN POWER

Environmental activist confirmed dead in Oregon wildfire

Oregon environmentalist George Atiyeh, 72, was confirmed dead this week after a wildfire in the region burned his home earlier this month. Photo via the Opal Creek Ancient Forest Center/Facebook

Sept. 26 (UPI) -- A well-known Oregon environmentalist who has been missing since Sept. 7 amid wildfires in the region was confirmed dead Friday in the forest he spent much of his life trying to save.

Family members of 72-year-old George Atiyeh said in a Friday night Facebook post that authorities had confirmed that remains found on Atiyeh's burned property belonged to him.

"Although we are saddened that this was the final outcome, we are thankful to finally have closure," wrote his daughter, Aniese Mitchell. "We appreciate all the love and support from family, friends and community."

Atiyeh is believed to be the fifth person killed by the Beachie Creek Fire, a combination of two infernos - one that began in the Opal Creek Wilderness and another that sparked on downed power lines in the Santiam Canyon.

As of Friday, the fire was 50% contained.

Atiyeh was the nephew of former Oregon Gov. Vic Atiyeh, and his family owned a mining operation in the woods near Oregon's Opal Creek.

He started his working life in the family business as a miner, then became a logger -- but he joined the environmental movement when he learned the U.S. Forest Service was considering logging the old-growth forest near his childhood home.

The Opal Creek area was one of the last roadless, uncut forests in the Cascade Foothills, and Atiyeh flew in journalists, politicians and celebrities during what would eventually be dubbed the Timber Wars of the 1980s and 1990s in an effort to save the forest.

Atiyeh's activism cost him friends in the industries he worked in early in life, and he admitted to using a combination of legal and "not-so-legal" tactics.

"I wasn't very nice," Atiyeh said in 2016. "I followed them around and pulled out their survey stakes. I stole their chainsaws and ripped down their flagging. We put snow in their gas tanks and would steal their lunch."

After an episode in which guns were drawn and Atiyeh was arrested, he changed his tactics.

Ultimately, he prevailed: in 1996, Oregon Sen. Mark Hatfield, a Republican, pushed through legislation creating the Opal Creek Wilderness and Scenic Recreation Area, encompassing 34,000 acres.

"Opal Creek's forest would have been cut without George, it's just that simple," friend Michael Donnelly told the Salem Statesman-Journal.