Biden could wipe out 84% of the federal student-debt pile by canceling $50,000 per person

asheffey@businessinsider.com (Ayelet Sheffey) 

4/13/2021

© Provided by Business Insider recep-bg/Getty Images

DOE data shows canceling $50,000 in student debt per person would erase debt for 84% of federal borrowers.

It shows that canceling $10,000 per person would erase debt for 35% of them, Yahoo Finance reports.

The DOE and DOJ are reviewing Biden's authority to cancel $50,000 in student debt.

Democratic lawmakers are continuing to push for President Joe Biden to cancel $50,000 in student debt per person, and new data from the Department of Education may have helped them make their case to the president.

A DOE analysis obtained by Yahoo Finance on Monday found that $50,000 in student-loan forgiveness per person would erase the entire debt for 36 million - or 84% - of the roughly 43 million borrowers in the US with federal loans, while $10,000 in forgiveness would erase the entire debt for 15 million - or 35% - of those borrowers.

The data also showed that 9.4 million of the 36 million borrowers who would benefit from a $50,000 loan cancelation are at risk of default, meaning they could fail to repay the loans. Also, 4.4 million borrowers, each holding an average of $48,000 in student debt, have had loans for more than two decades since graduation. Another 10.7 million borrowers have held their loans for over a decade.

Sen. Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer have led efforts in calling on Biden to cancel $50,000 in student debt per person using executive powers, but the president has argued he does not have the authority to cancel $50,000, and he said he would welcome legislation to cancel $10,000 per person.

In response to Biden's comments, Warren said in a press call last month: "We have a lot on our plate, including moving to infrastructure and all kinds of other things. I have legislation to do it, but to me, that's just not a reason to hold off. The president can do this, and I very much hope that he will."

Biden has since asked the Justice Department and the Education Department to review his authority to use executive action to cancel student debt, and White House press secretary Jen Psaki said in early April that the $50,000 cancelation figure hasn't been ruled out.

The DOE data comes ahead of Warren's Senate Banking hearing on Tuesday afternoon to discuss the burden of student debt.

"I graduated from a state school that cost $50 a semester," Warren said on Twitter on Monday. "That opportunity is simply not out there today. Two out of every three people who go to a state school today have to borrow money to graduate. That is not how we build a future. #CancelStudentDebt.

Pope asks US bishop to resign after coverup investigation

ROME — A bishop in Minnesota resigned Tuesday at the request of Pope Francis after he was investigated by the Vatican for allegedly interfering with past investigations into clergy sexual abuse, officials said.

The Vatican said Francis accepted the resignation of Crookston Bishop Michael Hoeppner and named a temporary replacement to run the diocese. Hoeppner is 71, four years shy of the normal retirement age for bishops.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Crookston said the pontiff asked Hoeppner to resign following the Vatican probe, which it said arose from reports that the bishop "had at times failed to observe applicable norms when presented with allegations of sexual abuse involving clergy."

The Vatican and U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops simultaneously announced Hoeppner’s resignation and the appointment of the Most Rev. Richard E. Pate, the retired bishop of Des Moines, as a temporary administrator without commenting on the reason for the change.

The diocese of Crookston counts nearly 35,000 Catholics in northern Minnesota.

The Vatican had tasked St. Paul-Minneapolis Archbishop Bernard Hebda with conducting a preliminary investigation. Last year, Hebda's office announced that the Holy See had authorized a more in-depth probe.

Hoeppner is accused of stating that a priest was fit for ministry despite allegedly knowing the priest had abused a 16-year-old boy in the early 1970s. The victim, Ron Vasek, later sued the diocese, alleging that Hoeppner blackmailed him into retracting his allegations against Monsignor Roger Grundhaus. The lawsuit was settled for an undisclosed sum in 2017.

Hoeppner was the first bishop known to be investigated by the Vatican under a 2019 law that Francis approved laying out the procedures to conduct preliminary investigations against bishops accused of sex abuse or coverup.

He has said in sworn testimony that he was trying to protect the victim's confidentiality by stating that Grundhaus was fit for ministry. He has said Grundhaus continues to deny Vasek's allegations.

Hebda's office said the investigation took 2,000 hours, involved interviews with 38 people and that Hoeppner was interviewed more than once. The resulting reports totalled 1,533 pages, including recommendations, and were reviewed by two lay experts who determined the probe was thorough and had been “conducted in a fair and impartial manner," the archdiocese said.

A survivor advocacy group, SNAP, said it was pleased with the outcome, but said Francis could have simply fired Hoeppner rather than asked him to resign.

“While the result is the same, we feel that a stronger message would have been sent by ousting Bishop Hoeppner instead of asking him to leave, as there is a difference in forcing someone out versus asking them to remove themselves," SNAP said.

Grey whale off Vancouver Island given antibiotics after lesions found around tag site

VANCOUVER — Canadian and American officials say they're monitoring a grey whale after lesions were spotted in the same area where a satellite tag was attached by researchers.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

Officials said during a joint news conference Tuesday they've taken the whale's breath sample and given it antibiotics, and it appears to be active and doing well in the waters off Vancouver Island.


Photos show the tag protruding from a patch of the whale's flesh, which appears white around the foreign object.

"The whale is fairly robust, it's feeding," said Marjorie Mooney-Seus, a spokeswoman for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the United States, which administered the tag.

"It is behaving normally and making quite long trips up and down the coast of Vancouver Island."

The animal is part of a small group of about 250 grey whales that spend their summers in the waters off British Columbia and Washington state.

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada designated the Pacific Coast Feeding Group endangered in 2017 and the pod is under consideration for protection under the Species at Risk Act. It is not considered endangered in the United States.

Stephen Raverty, a veterinary pathologist with the B.C. government's Animal Health Centre, said the whale is being monitored for the same type of fungal infection linked to a tagging that killed an endangered orca in 2016.

NOAA temporarily suspended its tagging program after the death of the whale known as L95.

"Fungi is certainly a consideration in this case as well, however there's no real way to determine whether there is a fungal infection involved in this site," Raverty said.

The breath samples are being studied for fungal culture, as well as viral and bacterial content, but results will take two to three weeks, he said.

Martin Haulena, a veterinarian with the Vancouver Aquarium and Marine Mammal Rescue Centre, said there's likely bacterial inflammation around the tag but the antibiotics are mainly designed to prevent a more serious spread.

"Their purpose is to prevent an overwhelming secondary and systemic infection," Haulena said.

The whale was tagged Sept. 8 by researchers with NOAA Fisheries, said Sharon Melin, program manager of its California Current Ecosystems Program.

The tags are designed so that the whale's body will reject them over time and heal over, a process that can take from one month to over a year.

Safety protocols, including sterilization of the tag before deployment, were followed, another official said.

The lesions were spotted both around the tag and on the opposite side of the animal on March 16 by a NOAA contractor.

A panel of scientists determined on March 31 that the lesions do not pose an imminent danger to the animal's health, Melin said.

"The consensus of the panel was that the lesion around the tag site was within the range of reaction that would be expected as the body extruded the tag, however it was unusual compared to other records of whales tagged with similar tags," Melin said.

The panel does not know if the lesions on the other side of its body are related to the ones around the tag, she said.

NOAA said in a statement that it is hopeful that once the tag falls off, the tissue around the site will heal.

Satellite tags are an important part of the way scientists learn about the whales' migration, habitat, feeding and breeding areas, as well as identifying where they share the waters with humans, Melin said.

There are about 20,000 whales in the entire Eastern North Pacific grey whale population, including this whale's small group. The larger group has fully recovered from the historic whaling era and was taken off the endangered species list in the United States in 1994.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published April 13, 2021.

Amy Smart, The Canadian Press

Cargill temporarily closes its London, Ont., poultry plant due to COVID-19 outbreak


LONDON, Ont. — Food giant Cargill Limited says it has temporarily closed its London, Ont., poultry processing plant due to a COVID-19 outbreak among some of its workers.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

The company says there is an active case count of 82 and that 900 people work at the facility.

In a release Tuesday the company says it has no definite timeline on when the plant will reopen.

Cargill says it made the decision out of an abundance of caution as its workforce deals with the community-wide impacts of COVID-19 and employees will receive a weekly guarantee of 36 hours of pay.

It says it has made testing available to all its employees and has encouraged anyone who is sick or has been exposed to anyone with COVID-19 in the last 14 days to stay home.

Cargill says it is working closely with public health officials to ensure appropriate prevention, testing and cleaning in its facilities and that employees are following quarantine protocols at home.

"As we continue to prioritize the health and safety of Cargill employees, we have decided to temporarily idle our London protein facility," Derek Hill, general manager for Cargill’s London plant, said in an email.

"Our focus is on continuing to keep our employees safe and getting our facility back to normal operations."

Cargill noted that safety measures at the facility, including temperature testing, enhanced cleaning and sanitizing, face coverings, screening between employee stations, prohibiting visitors, adopting social distancing practices, offering staggered breaks and reducing carpooling have been in place for months.

Cargill's website says its London facility processes 80,000 chickens per day.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published April 13, 2021

The Canadian Press

CEOs say the Trump tax cut created the best economy ever. The data disagrees.
bwinck@businessinsider.com (Ben Winck)

Trump holds an example of what a new tax form may look like during a meeting on tax policy with Republican lawmakers in November 2017. Evan Vucci/AP

Many CEOs are fighting President Joe Biden's planned corporate tax hike.

CEOs surveyed by Business Roundtable say reversing Trump's 2017 cuts boosted growth and employment.

Data disagrees, showing the Trump cuts did little to stimulate the US economy despite costing trillions.

The inflation debate is dead. Long live the tax-hike debate.

President Joe Biden's spending spree was just getting started when he signed a $1.9 trillion stimulus into law on March 11. The administration now aims to spend up to $4 trillion more, split between two infrastructure packages.

Included in the proposal are tax hikes set to offset most of the new spending. Biden aims to lift the corporate tax rate to 28%, implement a global minimum corporate tax rate, and lift federal income taxes on households earning more than $400,000. The measures would undo some of the key elements of President Donald Trump's 2017 tax cuts, which is setting up a new argument between economists and business leaders.

In one corner, 98% of CEOs surveyed by the Business Round Table said Biden's proposed hikes would have a "moderate" to "very" significant negative impact on competitiveness. About 66% said the changes would stifle wage growth in the US, and more than seven in 10 said it would make hiring more difficult.

"As we look toward recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, keeping competitive tax policies in place is needed to help reinvigorate the US economy and lead to more opportunity for Americans," Gregory J. Hayes, chief executive of Raytheon and chair of the Business Round Table Tax and Fiscal Policy Committee, said in a statement.

The 2017 cuts drove economic growth before the pandemic, dragged the unemployment rate to a 50-year low, and lifted middle-class wages, Hayes added.

Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell echoed the CEOs on Tuesday, saying a reversal from Trump's policy will do far more harm than good.

"This tax bill of 2017 undone would create an extensive loss of jobs in our country, do exactly the wrong thing, and move us in the wrong direction."

Economists largely disagree. The previous president's cuts padded balance sheets while doing little to solve tax avoidance, Nobel laureate Paul Krugman said in a New York Times blog post published Friday.

Strong demand, not lower tax rates, was the primary factor lifting business investment after 2017, economists at the International Monetary Fund said in a 2019 paper. The investment response to the 2017 cuts was also smaller than those seen after previous cuts, they added.

© Scott J. Applewhite/AP Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY). Scott J. Applewhite/AP

What happened to the rocket fuel?

To be exact, Trump deemed his tax cuts "rocket fuel for our economy" that would kickstart a "rebirth of American industry." That rebirth did not arrive, as evidenced by various indicators of economic growth and labor-market health.

To start, connecting the tax cut to the record-low unemployment rate seen before the pandemic ignores several previous years of growth. The expansion that ended in March 2020 predated Trump by several years and was the longest in US history; job creation from 2012 to 2019 trended at about 2 million to 2.5 million nonfarm payrolls per year.

And after the 2017 tax cut? Job gains in 2018 were only slightly higher than those seen the year prior, and they actually went down in 2019 to the lowest since 2011, signaling the tax cut didn't spark a hiring spree.

The unemployment rate tells a similar story. The headline gauge's pace of decline was roughly the same after 2017 despite Republicans touting the cuts as a boon for the labor market.

Trump also claimed his tax policy would supercharge business investment, but data details an increase that paled in comparison to prior expansions. Domestic business investment climbed by roughly $251 billion from the first quarter of 2017 to its peak in the first quarter of 2019. Yet gains were just as large and more sustained during the dot-com boom of the 1990s and in the immediate wake of the financial crisis.

Productivity did increase in the years after the tax cut, but the trajectory only tells half of the story. The gauge - which measures output per hour of labor - remains well below levels seen just before the financial crisis and the peak seen after the 1990s expansion

As for Biden and his corporate tax hike? He's arguing for an expanded definition of infrastructure that includes mass availability of high-speed broadband and an electrified federal fleet. Time will tell whether the policy can drive the kind of growth Trump promised, or the kind that corporate leaders are still claiming was exceptional, data notwithstanding.

But with the Biden administration claiming its infrastructure plan will create millions of jobs, Democrats argue it's high time the government gets its shot at providing the kind of "rocket fuel" that could create a stronger economy.

These ants can shrink and regrow their brains 

Troy Farah 

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC

4/13/2021

For most ant colonies, there’s a straightforward hierarchy: a single queen lays all the eggs, while a caste system of workers manages everything else—foraging for food, nursing baby ants, going to war, and so on. Only males and queens can reproduce, and the rest of the ants are sterile. If the queen dies, the colony usually does, too.

© Photograph by Clint Penick Ant with an ability to regrow its brain

OVARIES GROW BRAIN SHRINKS

Things are different for the Indian jumping ant, a species with forceps-like jaws and large black eyes that inhabits forests along India’s western coast. In these colonies, if the queens die, workers host bizarre competitions in which the winner becomes the monarch—and capable of producing eggs. The triumphant female ant’s ovaries expand and her brain shrinks up to 25 percent.

But new research shows these queens can be taken off their pedestal, reverting back to workers. This causes the ovaries to shrink again, and the brain to regrow, an extraordinary feat not previously known to occur in insects.

“In the animal world, this level of plasticity—and especially reversible plasticity —is pretty unique,” explains Clint Penick, the lead author of the study documenting this discovery, published Wednesday in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

Game of ants

Penick, an assistant professor of ecology, evolution, and biology at Kennesaw State University, in Georgia, has spent years studying Indian jumping ants, known as Harpegnathos saltator. When these workers shift into queen-like reproductive mode, scientists call them gamergates (not to be confused with the online harassment campaign tied to video games). The term gamergate comes from the Greek for “married worker” and was coined in the 1980s; The “gam” in gamergate rhymes with “ham.”

Every member of H. saltator can reproduce, but this can only occur if an individual wins a drawn-out series of dominance tournaments that take place after a queen dies. Like a tiny jousting championship, the ants take turns rapidly jabbing each other with their antennae.

Half the colony can become engaged in these boxing matches, which can last up to 40 days, and all the ants save for the sole winner remain workers.

Complex behaviors to sort out dominance are known in other insects; queen wasps, example, compete for the ability to produce offspring, says Rachelle Adams, who studies ant evolution and chemical ecology at Ohio State University. But “in this case, it’s workers that are fighting for the reproductive role, which is really neat.”

When a gamergate takes over, it goes through many internal changes. Most notably, its brain shrinks by a quarter, “which is just a massive loss in brain mass,” Penick says. The researchers also found that these queen-like ants stop producing venom and also change behaviorally, hiding from intruders and stopping all hunting behavior.

To learn more about the ant’s brain plasticity, and to see if these changes could be reversed, Penick and his colleagues picked 60 gamergates and painted them specific colors to tell them apart. Half the ants were randomly chosen and put in isolation for a few weeks. The other 30 acted as controls. The isolation seemed to reduce the queen-like ants’ fertility, and when they were introduced back to the colony, they were immediately seized and detained by other workers.

This is called being “policed,” Penick explains, which researchers think is how these ants prevent their colonies from having too many reproductive members. If a queen-like ant with partially developed ovaries is detected, other workers will bite and hold the ant for hours or even days, albeit without causing bodily harm. “It’s almost like putting them in ant jail,” Penick says.

Scientists theorize that the stress of this situation triggers a cascade of chemical changes that revert the gamergates back to a workers, usually within a day or so.

“Once we sacrificed them and did the brain scans, we found that they completely reverted in every trait,” Penick says. “Their ovaries shrunk down, they started producing venom again … and then their brain grew back to its original size.”

‘Another thing entirely’

Significant changes in brain size and complexity have been recorded in a few other species, such as hibernating ground squirrels and some birds. For example, white-crowned sparrows will grow as many as 68,000 new neurons when breeding season begins to help them learn new mating calls. By winter, when food is scarce, an equivalent number of neurons die back. When spring returns, the cycle repeats. But the phenomenon is new for insects.

“There are lots of insects with documented plasticity in all of the traits here—but none that I know of with this level of reversible plasticity,” says Emilie Snell-Rood, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Minnesota. “Many social insects show changes in these brain regions as they transition between phases of their worker life, or move from foraging behavior to queen behavior. But shifting neural investment once, and then back later, is another thing entirely.”

Adams says these types of reversible brain changes may not be as rare as we think—we just haven’t looked hard enough. “I wouldn't be surprised if we see more of this,” she says.

She suggests looking at ant species that can have multiple queens, one example being Australian meat ants. When queens divide their labor, with some remaining in the colony and others foraging, this might be accompanied by corresponding difference in brain size or function, Adams says.

The more this question of reversible plasticity is investigated in all species, the more implications it could hold for understanding human brains as well. “Very, very, very far downstream, there could be insights into like the way human brains develop,” Penick says.

Such research could, for example, teach scientists more about the genes related to neural plasticity and how they work.

“Someone may wonder ‘why study this random ant species’ but they may have, over evolutionary time, stumbled on some fascinating mechanism of neural plasticity,” Snell-Rood says. “I think we have a lot to learn from amazing neural adaptations across animals.”

KULTURA HISTORIKA BUILDING
Russia detains two after huge Saint Petersburg fire

AFP 4/13/2021

Russia on Tuesday detained two people after a huge fire gutted a historic factory in Saint Petersburg, as firefighters continued putting out the blaze.

© Olga MALTSEVA Firefighters work to extinguish the blaze at the historic factory in Saint Petersburg on Monday

On Monday, a fire broke out over several floors of the red-brick Nevskaya Manufaktura building in Russia's second city. The inferno killed one firefighter and left two more hospitalised with serious burns.

The fire continued burning into Tuesday over an area of 500 square metres (5,400 square feet), the emergencies ministry said, adding that nearly 40 firefighters were involved in extinguishing the blaze and clearing the debris.

© Vincent LEFAI Map locating Saint-Petersburg in Russia where a massive fire destroyed an historic factory.

The Investigative Committee, which probes major crimes, said that it launched a criminal probe into a death caused by negligence and added that law enforcement had detained the general director of Nevskaya Manufaktura and his deputy.

© Provided by AFP Aerial shots of massive fire at historic Saint Petersburg building

Investigators cited a "number of violations" regarding fire safety and said that management "knew for a fact" that the premises could not be operated.

They estimated the total area of the blaze at some 4,000 square metres, causing a large part of the roof to collapse and even spreading to nearby trees.

Aerial shots of massive fire at historic Saint Petersburg building

Listed by the Saint Petersburg city government as a cultural heritage site, the building was home to one of Russia's largest textile companies in the 19th century.

In recent years parts of the building continued to operate manufacturing cloth, while others were rented out as office space and some areas had been abandoned.

Fires are relatively common in Russia due to dilapidated infrastructure or non-compliance with safety standards.

mak-as/em

What is the MLB antitrust exemption? Baseball's century-old golden goose becomes political cudgel

Gabe Lacques, USA TODAY 4/13/2021

For a century, Major League Baseball’s golden goose has been its antitrust exemption, a gift from Congress and the Supreme Court that allows it to operate, in essence, as a monopoly.


On May 29, 2022, the exemption will mark its 100th anniversary – though don’t expect MLB to mark such a crucial moment in time with any grand celebrations or fanfare.

No, this has been the league’s hero in the dark, better left unseen and unheard from – at least until politicians periodically find something surrounding MLB with which they disagree and raise non-specific threats to revoke it.

These threats can originate across the political spectrum, be it progressive independent Bernie Sanders taking the league to task for poorly paying minor-leaguers or trimming minor-league franchises, to right-wing Sens. Ted Cruz, Josh Hawley and Mike Lee objecting to MLB revoking its All-Star Game from Atlanta.

© Aaron Doster, Aaron Doster-USA TODAY Sports The 2021 MLB All-Star Game was moved to Denver from Atlanta.

A few facts on MLB’s unique exemption, and why it remains a potential political cudgel:

The origin

MLB’s antitrust exemption resulted from a 1922 Supreme Court ruling that stated, somewhat incredulously, that the business of Major League Baseball did not constitute “interstate commerce,” thus making it exempt from the Sherman Act, which prevents businesses from conspiring with one another in an effort to thwart competition.

The Supreme Court decision came seven years after the Federal League first filed suit against the major leagues, but the nascent league’s claims of collusion went unheard by the presiding judge, future baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis. The Baltimore Terrapins were the only Federal League franchise to press the issue, but an initial victory was overturned and ultimately the Supreme Court ruled against it, with Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes writing that “personal effort, not related to production, is not a subject of commerce.”

Baseball, it determined, was just a game. You wonder if Justice Holmes had any inkling this game would blossom into an $11 billion industry controlled almost entirely by one entity.

The challenges

Long before the MLB Players’ Association asserted itself as one of the most powerful unions in the country, players had far fewer avenues to seek relief against the major leagues.

More often, that came through the courts, which presided over early attempts by players to achieve free agency and, more broadly, challenge the antitrust exemption. The first was George Earl Toolson, a pitcher for the Newark Bears, the Class AAA affiliate of the New York Yankees, who sought escape from the reserve clause and the ironclad system that binded him to the Yankees.

The three decades from Holmes’ decision to Toolson’s 1953 case against the Yankees only hardened the exemption enjoyed by the league and its franchises; a 7-2 Supreme Court ruling in favor of the Yankees was brief, noting simply that “[t]he business [of baseball] has ... been left for thirty years to develop, on the understanding that it was not subject to existing antitrust legislation.”

Baseball’s true reckoning - at least regarding the reserve clause – would come nearly a quarter-century later, after Curt Flood challenged it all the way to the Supreme Court after he was traded from the St. Louis Cardinals to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1969.

Flood sat out the 1970 season, noting famously in his letter to commissioner Bowie Kuhn, “After 12 years in the Major Leagues, I do not feel that I am a piece of property to be bought and sold irrespective of my wishes.” His lawyer argued that the clause violated antitrust laws and 13th Amendment prohibitions against peonage and involuntary servitude.

But Justice Harry Blackmun, in an at times insipidly nostalgic 1972 opinion, reinforced MLB’s antitrust exemption but left an opening that the reserve clause could be resolved through collective bargaining. With future Hall of Famer Marvin Miller now helming the players’ union, that albatross fell three years later in an arbitration ruling.

Other, less prominent challenges to the antitrust clause never made it to the highest court, including a 2018 refusal to hear arguments from a group of baseball scouts claiming MLB clubs were colluding to suppress salaries and from property owners near Wrigley Field who argued that the Chicago Cubs’ expansion plans blocked their coveted - and lucrative - views of the stadium.

The future

It has endured long enough to see both the Model T and the Tesla. Yes, this antitrust exemption is sturdy, thanks largely to court precedents and also good zone defense on baseball’s part.

The league opened a lobbying office in Washington in 2016, and spent at least $1.32 million in the three years that followed, according to Open Secrets. That figure dropped to $1.24 million in 2020, but the short-term issues that arise rarely subside, be it its control over minor leaguers to relations with Cuba.

Yet the ever-present motivation is retaining the antitrust exemption. While spreading your chips across the table may not be a great strategy for craps players, it behooves MLB to cozy up to a wide range of politicians, occasionally throwing some cash at a candidate who runs afoul of its stated values or having to shutter the effort in the wake of unprecedented events.

But the diversified portfolio strategy is generally sound, and the clause sturdy against good-faith efforts to challenge it, and the occasional longshot bid to steal a few headlines.

Machine learning can help keep the global supply chain moving

Karen Roby 

TECHREPUBLIC

4/13/2021

© Image: Busakorn Pongparnit/Moment/Getty Images

© Provided by TechRepublic
The last year showed that the global supply chain is fragile
Watch Now


TechRepublic's Karen Roby spoke with Noel Calhoun, CTO of Interos, an artificial intelligence supply chain solution, about AI in the supply chain. The following is an edited transcript of their conversation.

Karen Roby: Noel, we're going to talk a little bit about AI today in our supply chain. You spent many years in the public and the private sectors, working with the CIA. When we talk about our supply chain, I mean, never before has the light been put on it as much as it is right now. I mean, I think the vulnerabilities are really showing through.

Noel Calhoun: It absolutely is true. I mean, basically every day some event is happening that is showing companies how fragile their supply chains are. It's so complicated and so convoluted sometimes as to where all of your material, where all of your software, where all of your services come from, that a lot of people have a tendency to put it in a box and pretend that it's working fine until the day it's not. Then they're made really brutally aware of how fragile it is. I think that's what we've seen over the last year, year and a half, especially with COVID, but with trade wars, with China, with software attacks, like SolarWinds, with ships going crazy in the Suez Canal. I mean, it's just a never-ending string of things that really disrupt the flow of material and services and goods. That's been something that has brought the issue of supply chain really to the fore, I think, in the last six months especially.

Karen Roby: Talk a little bit about how is machine learning helping with the supply chain? And down the road, how much more can it be involved to really make a difference in terms of securing our supply chain?

Noel Calhoun: There is a lot of talk about AI and machine learning. I think they're siblings in a way. AI tends to get a lot of buzz because people didn't think of Terminator, and Sarah Connor and protecting the future, and all these things. I know certain celebrities have helped propagate that to some degree. But really I think from a practical perspective, what we're really talking about is the ability to develop machine learning software that can interpret the facts, the things that are going on around the world in a way that a human would. Then being able to figure out what's anomalous, what's weird. What has happened that maybe you haven't seen happen before, and isn't a trend that you don't really want to go that particular way. Identifying that and alerting you to that, or making it really clear when something happens that you can really quickly investigate something without having to spend weeks digging through a bunch of information.

When I was at CIA, everyone, all analysts at CIA are considered all-source analysts. Which means that you're not focusing on one particular type of information, human-reported information, signal-intercepts from NSA, or you're not recording. You're not thinking about any one particular type, you're thinking about all the types of information that you could possibly bring to bear on a problem. That's the way I think machine learning and the current trend is to do an all-source analysis approach toward the supply chain. Is it a news story? Is it a weather event? Is it the position of a ship in the Suez Canal? Is it telemetry on satellites? What information do you need to give you the insights on your supply chain?

Any one of those streams would be too much for a human to process constantly day in and day out. You would have to hire tens, if not hundreds, or thousands of analysts all day to be looking at the information, to figure out, what's going on in my supply chain and how does this affect me? Everyone realizes that's not doable. I think machine learning really is the solution there where it's not perfect, you're going to have errors. You have human errors too, so it's not like humans are perfect. But you apply machine learning to basically process all the information and give you a superpower to really observe everything that's going on without having to invest all that human research and effort into it.

Karen Roby: I know when you talk about the acceptance, do people really get that, that this is where we are, and this is the technology we need to look to? Because there are so many layers here. I mean, and like you said, you just can't wrap your brain around how many humans it would take to analyze all of this on a daily basis. Is the level of acceptance there?

Noel Calhoun: It's interesting, I think, I would almost say the level of acceptance is there, but in a very uninformed way, I think people are looking for a silver bullet, and saying, can AI solve my problem? Can machine learning solve this problem? The answer, for those who have worked in this space for a very long period of time is, it is one tool in the toolbox, and it's a very important one, and one that probably has not been used as much in the past. But just as equally important is how you apply that and the data that you apply to that problem. It's being able to pull in all the right data at one time and in real time analyze it. That in and of itself is a challenge.

This is a combination of machine learning, which everyone gravitates to and says, "OK, if I could just apply some AI to this, I would solve my problem." But what they ended up finding out is that's the shiny surface of it. Underneath is months and months and months, if not years of grunge work going through data and combining it together, putting it into a place where you can analyze it and apply the machine learning algorithms to it. That's a little bit of an education for most people. You're not three or four months away from a magic solution, if you can just get some AI, bring an AI team in and apply it to your data. There's a lot more to it. That's where, from my perspective is, always, at the CIA, at Kensho my previous company. Today it's always been that data, that data groundwork, that data plumbing that ends up taking up a big portion of your time, and that's true for, I think for most machine learning engineers.

Karen Roby: 2020 and now into 2021 have been teaching us a lesson when it comes to our supply chain. What has it really taught us this last year?

Noel Calhoun: I think it's taught us you can't take anything for granted. I think probably the worst thing to happen to the supply chain was probably Amazon because you basically got used to the fact that you could request something from Amazon and it would show up magically the next day or the day after. What the last year and a half has shown us is that even Amazon is dependent on these things. I went looking for a piece of woodworking equipment and it doesn't ship until 2022. I mean, that's how messed up some of the supply chains are right now. It's just amazing machinery. The demand on manufacturing, the demand on machinery, idling car factories for weeks because there are no microchips. You just can't take for granted that if it's needed and you have money to pay for it, it's just going to show up. It may not.

Karen Roby: Yeah. I think my teenagers need to learn that lesson because that's all they've ever known, right? They click on their phone, "I want something." In three days, two days, some of them the next day, it's on the front porch, right?

Noel Calhoun: Exactly.

ONTARIO UNIVERSITY DECLARES BANKRUPTCY

'An ugly stain for years to come': Laurentian University students, staff reeling from cuts

CBC/Radio-Canada 

4/13/2021

© Adam Kirkwood/Supplied Adam Kirkwood, a PhD student in the boreal ecology program at Laurentian University, one of the graduate programs left unscathed by cuts announced Monday, said Tuesday the school community is 'going through a lot.'

The emotionally charged reaction to deep cuts to staff and programs at Laurentian University continued to pour in Tuesday, a day after the news first hit students, staff and other interests in the Sudbury, Ont., community.

On Monday, roughly 100 faculty members lost their jobs and dozens of programs were axed.

Adam Kirkwood, a PhD student in Laurentian's boreal ecology program, one of the grad programs that avoided the cuts, said Tuesday he's experiencing, sadness, fear and guilt.

"I am one of the lucky ones where my supervisor wasn't terminated and my program wasn't terminated. But I'm watching everyone being cut and terminated, and all of my friends who are losing supervisors," he said.

"They're going through a lot. I don't even think they or their supervisors know what their plans are. And definitely there's a lot of fear for those students, and I feel absolutely terrible for them."

As Laurentian manoeuvres the insolvency process, the job and program cuts are the most stunning development yet, the result of an academic senate vote last week that aims to help the financially beleaguered university restructure operations.

Laurentian's court proceeding under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA) started Feb. 1. The insolvency process allows for creditor protection, so organizations can keep operating while undergoing changes to regain financial footing.

Kirkwood said people are reaching out and asking how this incredible situation unfolded.

"There's decades of mismanagement that came to a head and then, unfortunately, some decisions were made that weren't in the best interest of preserving the university," he said.

"The university has really just been reduced to a numbers game, and trying to satisfy creditors and balance the books rather than thinking about the people at the university and community of the university."

Kirkwood acknowledged finances are important for a university, but he doesn't believe it's a business.

"It's a place of higher education where people are able to go and learn, and develop critical thinking skills and learn about so many different aspects of life or science or art," he said.

"And if you're running it as a business, then things become a product. And I think that, at some point, defeats the purpose of what a university is purposed to do."

Earlier Tuesday, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau weighed in on the evolving situation at Laurentian, shifting the focus to the Ontario government.

"Our francophone institutions, particularly for minority communities like franco-Ontarians, are extremely important that we protect," he told reporters in Ottawa.

Trudeau gave assurances that Minister of Official Languages Mélanie Joly has reached out to her Ontario counterparts "to see what their plan is to support and protect this institution."

"The federal government will be there to support. But it is a provincial jurisdiction, and therefore they need to figure out what the plan is. And we will be there to support because we know how important it is to protect official language minorities across the country."

Province on 'the sidelines'

On Tuesday morning, Sudbury MPP Jamie West delivered a passionate member's statement at the Ontario Legislature, detailing ways students, faculty and the broader community are being affected by the Laurentian situation.

West also called out the province for not stepping in to provide funding and prevent the cuts.

"Conservatives aren't defending francophone and Indigenous programs ... The Conservatives are responsible for every single one of these job losses, and [the] Conservatives could have stopped this from happening and are simply refusing to get off the sidelines."

Students, staff and faculty have felt as if they've been on the sidelines since Laurentian surprisingly launched its financial insolvency. Little has been said to the school community as administrators swiftly moved to try to find solutions.

Monday's cuts were a gut punch for people including political science student Katlyn Kotila.

"I found out the news on my program on Twitter ... but then to see it officially confirmed in the email was just absolutely heartbreaking," said Kotila.

"It's an absolute loss, not just for the university, but especially for students.These students came to Laurentian to study with academics who are top of the class in their field. Many of these professors are doing incredible things in the fields that they study."
Faculty, dismissed or not, also react

"I've got friends and colleagues whose lives are destroyed. It's brutal," said Albrecht Schulte-Hostedde, a professor in the department of biology and a Canada Research Chair.

"I have to go back to work, and how am I going to handle working for an administration that implemented this grossly inhumane and cruel plan? It's very difficult."

The biology department is not part of the School of the Environment, which has been shuttered, but the discontinued ecology and restoration biology programs are within the department where Schulte-Hostedde works.

"The entire legacy of the re-greening of Sudbury has been wiped out," said Schulte-Hostedde. "The university uses its expertise in environmental science and environmental studies in its marketing. Its strategic plan points out our expertise and productivity in those areas. It has wiped out the whole school of the environment.

"I am deeply deeply worried about my colleagues and friends. I am worried about the mental health state of all of the people who have endured this inhumane process we have been asked to go through," he said.

"Every aspect of what made Laurentian unique — its Indigenous character, the francophone programs — all of that stuff is just gone."
Losing academic programs will 'hurt,' prof says

Gone as well will be money flowing into the Greater Sudbury economy, something David Robinson, an associate professor of economics at Laurentian, said will be in the tens millions of dollars.

In the wake of the cuts, the professional programs were left intact.

"Which is kind of appropriate for the city; it's the right general direction," said Robinson.

"This is Canada's big mining town. Right? This is the mining university for Ontario. And I see that they haven't cut that part of the university."

© Yvon Theriault/CBC David Robinson, a Laurentian economics professor, says the cuts will come with 'a whole cascading bunch of effects,' including to the school's reputation.

But the more academic programs are gone, which "will hurt a bit," said Robinson.

"We don't have a lot of people coming to Sudbury," he said. "When you don't have a decent arts scene, it's hard to get partners to move to Sudbury in many cases.

"There is a whole cascading bunch of effects. The reputation effect is one. It doesn't look good for a city that has been seen as a dirty mining town — and had changed its image to a large extent — to suddenly have its intellectual sector collapsing. That doesn't look good at all."
Impact on Indigenous learning

A spokesperson for the Canadian Federation of Students-Ontario (CFS-Ontario), which represents 350,000 students, said French-language students are being targeted.

Midwifery, the only bilingual program of its kind and the only one in the North, is among the close to 40 French-language programs dropped, representing a big proportion of the cuts.

"Laurentian University is one of the most significant francophone institutions in the province," said Sébastien Lalonde, president of CFS-Ontario.

"Francophone students are being told that their education, language and culture aren't worth saving."

In a statement, CFS-Ontario also points out that Laurentian's mandate is tricultural, and a hub for Indigenous learning and research. It says the program cuts will have severe and negative impacts on Indigenous learning and language degrees.

"These groundbreaking programs have made significant contributions to Indigenous sovereignty, self-determination and decolonization through research and expansive curriculum," the statement said.

"These cuts counter the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's Call to Action #16: 'We call upon post-secondary institutions to create university and college degree and diploma programs in Aboriginal languages.'"

"It is unacceptable that students, who have invested so much in their education, are impacted by financial challenges created by reckless administrative decisions and the erosion of public university funding," said Kayla Weiler, CFS-Ontario's national executive representative.

"The manufactured crisis at Laurentian could be stopped at any time by the Ontario government. The 2021 budget is the third budget in a row with reduced funding for post-secondary education. It is time to invest in all students no matter where they live in Ontario."

Push for provincial funding help

For its part, the Ontario Confederation of University Faculty Associations (OCUFA) is calling for the resignation of Minister of Colleges and Universities Ross Romano, and for the province to provide immediate investment in Laurentian.

"If Ross Romano had done his job, none of these cuts would have occurred," said OCUFA president Rahul Sapra.

"Romano and the Ford government knew about the depths of Laurentian's financial difficulties for months, if not years. They had numerous opportunities to take action to avert this crisis. Instead, they chose to do nothing and betrayed the trust of Ontarians."

For students like Kotila, whose future as a student is now up in the air, Monday's news will be "an ugly stain on Laurentian University for many years to come."

"We're losing so many incredible academics and in the process. We're also going to be losing many students who will likely leave and go on to pursue academics elsewhere now that their program is being cut," she said.

"I urge people to pay attention, because what happened at Laurentian can happen anywhere. And so hopefully this never has to happen to any other … post-secondary institution ever again."