Saturday, August 28, 2021

'The UCP has abandoned Albertans to the fourth wave': NDP rips COVID-19 comments by UCP caucus chair

Stephen Hunt
CTVNewsCalgary.ca Digital Producer
Friday, August 27, 2021 

UCP Caucus Chair Nathan Neudorf spoke on a Lethbridge-based newscast Friday about the province's expectation that the COVID-19 count will follow the pattern of the fourth wave in the UK and decline quickly.

CALGARY -- Alberta NDP health critic David Shepherd ripped UCP caucus chair Nathan Neudorf (Lethbridge-East) Friday evening, after Neudorf appeared on a Lethbridge-based newscast to discuss the province's approach to the recent spike in COVID-19 cases during the fourth wave.

Neudorf explained that the province was basing its actions on the pattern the Delta variant took in the United Kingdom, where the fourth wave struck before it got to Alberta.

"In the UK, we also saw a rapid rise of case numbers," Neudorf said. "But then of equally rapid decline as it finished going through the unvaccinated population, it didn't have anywhere to go."

"I'm very hopeful that we will see the same kind of trend (in Alberta)," he said. "Maybe a bit of an accelerated case (count), but then a very quick decline as well, allowing us to safely keep businesses open, so we don't have to add further restrictions."

Then, addressing the upcoming return to school, he added, "We will keep what we've got in place right now, allow the opening of school to see what happens there, but will continue to watch those numbers and monitor safely – but we want to keep the economy going as best we can as well."

SHEPHERD RESPONDS


Shepherd, who has been calling on the province to release its COVID-19 modelling, was critical of that approach.

“Albertans deserve a government that is focused on protecting their health, their families and their communities from the threat of COVID-19," Shepherd said, in a release issued Friday evening. "While we have not heard a word from the premier or health minister, the UCP caucus chair says the plan is clear: let ‘er rip."



"This government will let the Delta variant sweep through our unvaccinated population, causing more serious illness and death. No thought for the impacts on families who will suffer, on health care workers who are still trying to recover from the last wave, on businesses trying to get back on their feet or students returning to school in just a few days."

The health critic said he was in “disbelief” and that the UCP need to explain the recent surge in cases to Albertans while offering a plan to move ahead safely.

"The UCP has abandoned Albertans to the fourth wave," he said. “I demand (Alberta health minister) Tyler Shandro stand up and explain: is this really the plan? Because if not, Albertans deserve to know what it is.”

Shandro has not spoken in public since the end of July. Alberta Premier Jason Kenney has not appeared in public since Aug. 9.

Alberta Health Services announced 1,168 new cases Friday, the third consecutive day of more than 1,000 cases reported.

  


Absence of Alberta's premier, chief medical officer during COVID spike sparks public criticism

Premier Jason Kenney and Dr. Deena Hinshaw haven't spoken publicly in weeks

Sarah Moore · CBC News · Posted: Aug 27, 2021 
Alberta Premier Jason Kenney last appeared publicly at a news conference on Aug. 9, 2021, at the Labatt brewing plant in Edmonton. (Janet French/CBC)

Alberta's leaders are coming under increasing fire from the public and politicians for not speaking publicly as COVID-19 case counts soar in late August.

On this day last year, the province recorded 157 new cases of COVID-19. Both Alberta Premier Jason Kenney and Chief Medical Officer of Health Dr. Deena Hinshaw appeared in regularly scheduled updates several times that week, providing guidance to Albertans.

Today, 1,168 new cases of COVID-19 were recorded — a nationwide high. It's almost 400 more cases than Ontario reported today, a province with three times more people than Alberta.

It's the third day in a row that the count in Alberta has surpassed 1,000. Hospitalizations are also spiking. And the premier and chief medical officer have been silent for weeks.

The last time Kenney addressed Albertans was on Aug. 9 at a press conference to announce the expansion of an Edmonton brewery that promised to create 25 jobs.

Where has the premier been since?

His office said in a statement on Thursday that Kenney is on vacation for two weeks, but he is "still able to fully communicate with his cabinet and senior officials as required" and has "participated in numerous briefings on important subjects — including on COVID-19."

The statement did not say where Kenney is, only that he will be back at work next week — an absence that some politicians are criticizing.

"The alarm bells are ringing, yet the lights are off in the premier's office," said NDP health critic David Shepherd in a statement on Monday.

Some on social media have their own sarcastic theories on where the premier has disappeared to: he's on an all-expenses-paid tour of the Jameson's distillery in County Cork for doubling sales in Alberta; he flew to New Zealand to study their pandemic response first hand; he's on a space vacation with Elon Musk.

Hinshaw, meanwhile, hasn't spoken publicly since Aug. 13, when she delayed the province's plans to lift testing, tracing and isolation measures until at least Sept. 27.

In B.C. and Manitoba, broad mask mandates and restrictions are once again being implemented. But Alberta remains "open for summer" — with little guidance from the province's leaders.

Businesses and school boards have been left to their own devices, as have municipalities that are grappling with whether to reinstate mask mandates.

The lack of leadership from the province is worrying, said some experts.

"We need to have some leadership around the big policy options … vaccine cards, mandates and masks," said Timothy Caulfield, a Canada research chair in health, law and policy at the University of Alberta. "Also, we need to figure out as a community how we can get more people vaccinated."

Vaccination rates in Alberta have slowed to a crawl.

Without action, Alberta could be headed down a dangerous path. Modelling from the B.C. COVID-19 Modelling Group puts the doubling rate of cases and hospitalization numbers in Alberta at 8½ days.

Still no timeline for Alberta Health to release data used in COVID-19 decision making
DATAHere are the latest COVID-19 statistics for Alberta — and what they mean

That growth rate is concerning with the dominance of the delta variant among positive cases, said Ali Mokdad, a professor at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.

"Delta is a game changer, more infectious and of course when you put down your guard and you allow this virus to circulate, it is waiting for all of us, unfortunately," said Mokdad.

With files from Erin Collins and Elissa Carpenter.

Letter linked to UCP MLA asks government to stop Alberta employers from mandating vaccines

Timm Bruch
CTV News Calgary Video Journalist
Friday, August 27, 2021 

CALGARY -- As more and more Canadian companies and municipalities announce stringent vaccination policies, one Alberta MLA appears to be asking the province to go in the opposite direction.

A letter obtained by CTV News recommends the UCP government ban employers from enacting mandatory immunization in their own businesses.

The letter has an email signature from Airdrie-East MLA Angela Pitt.

It asks the party put forth "legislation that prohibits discrimination based on private, personal health records," citing the potential "segregation of our society."

The letter refers to "deeply divisive" decisions to implement vaccination requirements for staff members in the Town of Banff and at Calgary Flames hockey games.

CTV News has attempted to verify the legitimacy of the letter through multiple phone calls, emails and visits to Pitt's Airdrie office.

The UCP caucus was also contacted to either confirm or deny that the letter was sent by Pitt.

A staffer at Pitt's office was repeatedly asked the same question.

Neither party would comment.

"It is troubling that we continue to have members of the government caucus that are going against the science and against the public health recommendations," said NDP MLA David Shepherd.

"I certainly support folks that are looking to create a safe workplace for their employees, and we know that vaccination is the safest and most effective way."

The letter comes the same week as a lengthy Twitter thread from Health Minister Tyler Shandro, which reminded constituents that the "government has not and will not mandate a so-called ‘vaccine passport’ for domestic use."

The Alberta Government website says those private vaccine decisions made by businesses and municipalities "may be subject to legal challenges by individual Albertans."

Pitt previously made headlines for speaking out against her government's pandemic health restrictions.

In April, she urged Albertans to do their own research before receiving the vaccine. Pitt later said she would get vaccinated.

RELATED IMAGES


Airdrie-East MLA Angela Pitt (Facebook/MLA Angela Pitt)

Vaccine Mandates Reach Oil Industry

U.S. oil and gas supermajor Chevron has started to require thousands of its employees to get COVID-19 vaccinations. Chevron is also considering whether it will make vaccines mandatory for its broader workforce, The Wall Street Journal reported on Monday, citing people with knowledge of the plans.

Employees who travel internationally, employees on U.S.-flagged ships, and expatriate employees are now required to receive vaccinations, Chevron’s spokesman Braden Reddall told the Journal.

In addition, Chevron will also require offshore workers in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, as well as some support staff onshore, to have vaccinations by November 1, Reddall said.

“Chevron is committed to protecting the health of our people, and vaccinations are the strongest safeguard against this virus,” the company’s spokesman told the Journal.

Chevron is also evaluating whether vaccine mandates can be implemented throughout all business units, depending on the availability of vaccines in the countries where the company operates and the risk of infections at the various business units, according to the Journal’s sources.

Chevron, which has around 47,000 employees, saw the latest wave of COVID-19 infections delay its plans to return employees to offices in California and Texas.

Chevron is one of the first companies in the oil and gas industry to require vaccinations as the sector has been grappling with work and rotation delays on offshore platforms due to COVID outbreaks since the start of the pandemic.

But Chevron is not the only one. Hess Corporation and Valero Energy also have some vaccination requirements: Hess for offshore workers in the Gulf of Mexico to be vaccinated by November 1 and Valero for new hires, according to the Journal.

Refiner Phillips 66 does not require vaccinations, although it strongly encourages employees to get a vaccine, CEO Greg Garland told the WSJ.

In the UK, the offshore industry body OGUK said in June that it encourages all members of the workforce to take the vaccine when offered.

By Charles Kennedy for Oilprice.com


REPUBLICAN WANNABES
UCP Alberta government steadfast in opposition to vaccine passports

Author of the article: Jason Herring
Publishing date: Aug 26, 2021 •

Alberta reaffirmed its opposition to any sort of vaccine passport on Thursday. 
PHOTO BY DADO RUVIC /Reuters file


Alberta will not follow the lead of other Canadian provinces by introducing a vaccine passport, Health Minister Tyler Shandro said Thursday.


In a Twitter thread, Shandro said Alberta will not budge on its opposition to policies that would require Albertans to provide proof of immunization against COVID-19 to access government or private services.



“To be clear, the Alberta government has not and will not mandate a so-called ‘vaccine passport’ for domestic use,” Shandro said.

Though Alberta continues to resist a vaccine mandate, the province is advising people they may access their proof of vaccination records online if required for other reasons, such as international travel.

The records are accessible through MyHealth Records

There, Albertans can view their COVID-19 immunization records as well as other immunizations they have had. They can print a copy of their vaccine record or take a screenshot of it.

Shandro said Albertans will also soon be able to print a smaller paper proof-of-vaccination card. He said more than 800,000 Albertans currently have accounts with MyHealth Records, with registrations surging, including 2,000 logged Wednesday. Immunization records provided by pharmacies, doctors or AHS at the time Albertans got their shot can also be used as proof.

Several Canadian provinces have announced they will require proof of immunization to access a range of non-essential services such as dining out or going to the gym, with British Columbia most recently unveiling its vaccine cards earlier this week.

Within Alberta, numerous private businesses have announced similar mandates, including the Calgary Sports and Entertainment Corp., which will require all fans and staff at Flames, Hitmen and Stampeders games to be fully immunized. Even municipalities, including the Town of Banff, have introduced mandatory vaccine policies for employees.

The United Conservative government has remained steadfast in its opposition to such policies, however, with the province even moving this spring to repeal legislation that gives the government power to make vaccines mandatory.

In a frequently-asked-questions page about proof of immunization posted Wednesday, the province said vaccine mandates imposed by private businesses or municipalities are not the government’s decision — and these policies “may be subject to legal challenges by individual Albertans.”

In other Canadian jurisdictions that have imposed vaccine mandates, data shows the policies have helped bolster immunization rates, according to Dr. Craig Jenne with the University of Calgary. In B.C., for example, vaccine registrations shot up more than 200 per cent the day after the passport was announced.

“Providing not only the requirement for vaccines for some elective activities in the community — not essential services — and then providing a government-supported proof of vaccine did in fact increase vaccine rates,” said Jenne, an infectious disease expert. He added any vaccine mandate must consider those who are medically unable to get the shot.

Alberta currently has the lowest immunization rates among all provinces for both first and second doses. In total, 66 per cent of Albertans have had at least one shot, and 58.8 per cent are fully immunized. For those age 12 and over who are eligible for the shot, 77.6 per cent are at least partially immunized, and 69.2 per cent have received both necessary doses.

The surging fourth wave of COVID-19 cases in Alberta indicates current vaccine coverage is insufficient to combat the extra-contagious Delta variant, Jenne said.

“Clearly, there’s not enough protection in the community to stop the spread of the virus,” he said. “There is much room for improvement, and we need to explore all options that will get that vaccine rate up to generate some level of community protection.”

recent Angus Reid poll found a majority of Canadians support vaccine passports, with two-thirds agreeing immunization should be mandatory for large public events. That support was lowest in Alberta, but 52 per cent of Albertans polled were still in favour of a mandate.

jherring@postmedia.com
Twitter: @jasonfherring


Price of no passport: Alberta could lose big time without a vaccine passport, says TD Bank


Chris Epp
CTV News Calgary Anchor Weekend News at 6 & 11:30 | Video Journalist
Friday, August 27, 2021

Debate raging around vaccine passports

NOW PLAYING
Quebec, B.C. and maybe soon Ontario are adapting some version of a vaccine passport. Being a holdout may have economic consequences.


CALGARY -- Provinces that do not require proof of vaccination to access non-essential services may feel a financial pinch as a result, says one major Canadian bank.

Officials with Toronto-Dominion Bank told BNN Bloomberg that regions that don't require the passports could see a sharper increase in COVID-19 cases than those that do – and that could lead to slowdowns in the business sector and a possible return to health restrictions and mandated closures.

"Provinces who are more proactive in putting in measures that increase confidence in going to restaurants and concerts might do better than provinces who aren’t putting these measures in," said Beata Caranci, the bank's chief economist, during a phone interview this week.

The idea of a return to pandemic-related business closures doesn't sit well with a number of small businesses in Calgary.

Lariah Kirby manages Higher Ground cafe in northwest Calgary.

She says her business is finally picking up after grinding to a halt during the early days of the pandemic.

When it comes to the idea of passports in Alberta, Kirby says she'll leave the rules and regulations to politicians.

But she is sure of one thing – she doesn't want to be forced to shut down again.

"It was a bit rough there for a while," she said. "There was lots of anxiety for a few of my co-workers – what's going to happen, will they still have jobs."






ALBERTA INTRODUCES IMMUNIZATION CARD

So far, the Alberta government has been against vaccine passports for residents, but it does say it will be taking steps to make it easier for Albertans to prove they've had two doses of vaccine.

On Thursday, officials revealed it would create a "conveniently-sized paper card" that possess an individual's COVID-19 immunization record.

Those cards will be available for download by mid-September but provincial officials are adamant that they are not 'passports.'

"We understand how important it is for Albertans to have appropriate access to their immunization records right now," said Chris Bourdeau, spokesperson for Alberta Health, in an email to CTV News.

He encouraged Albertans to review the policies of businesses when it comes to vaccination proof prior to visiting them, but adds the cards will help smooth things over if necessary.

"It is recommended that Albertans use the paper immunizations record they received at the time of their immunization as a back-up."

ONTARIO FALLS IN LINE

So far, only two provinces have revealed their commitment to a vaccine passport.

Quebec will implement a system starting Sept. 1 while British Columbia will require patrons of certain social and recreational activities to show proof of vaccination starting Sept. 13.

According to the latest news from Ontario, the Ford government will release details of a vaccine passport system sometime next week.

The introduction of a vaccine certificate system would mark a significant reversal for Ford, who previously rejected the idea, saying he doesn't want to create a "split society."

(With files from BNN Bloomberg, CTV Edmonton and CTV Toronto)
RELATED IMAGES



A type of vaccine passport using a QR code is seen in this file image. (Shutterstock)


THEY HAVE NO DATA AND NO PLAN
Still no timeline for Alberta Health to release data used in COVID-19 decision making

Evidence used to justify changes in pandemic response coming 'in the near future'


Wallis Snowdon · CBC News · Posted: Aug 27, 2021 
Dr. Deena Hinshaw, Alberta's chief medical officer of health, apologized last week for failing to release internal health data used to shape the current public health orders for COVID-19. Alberta Health said Friday there is still no timeline for when the data will be released. (Government of Alberta)

There is still no timeline for when public health data used to justify changes in Alberta's COVID-19 regulations will be made public, a week after the province's chief medical officer of health again apologized for failing to release the information.

No date has been set for the release of data that Dr. Deena Hinshaw promised to deliver, a spokesperson for Alberta Health said in a statement to CBC News.
'Committed to transparency'

"Dr. Hinshaw has committed to releasing modelling data, and this will be completed in the near future," Alberta Health spokesperson Lisa Glover said in the statement Thursday.

"We are committed to transparency and have provided Albertans as much data and information as possible throughout COVID-19."

Alberta Health did not answer questions about what had caused the continued delay but said Hinshaw's team continues to work to provide "more information."

Hinshaw apologizes for delay in release of COVID-19 data used in decision making

Health-care workers and critics of Alberta's pandemic response have been asking that the information be made public since the province announced it would claw back public health restrictions about a month ago.

Since then, cases have surged. Alberta is leading the country in daily new cases while active cases and hospitalization rates continue to grow.
Delay undermines public confidence: doctor

The delay is unacceptable, said Dr. Shazma Mithani, an emergency room physician who works at Edmonton's Royal Alexandra Hospital and the Stollery Children's Hospital.

The lack of transparency undermines public confidence in Alberta's pandemic response, Mithani said Friday.

"If the data was enough for Hinshaw to take some pretty extraordinary measures … I would expect that data would be pretty compelling," she said. "It certainly makes me wonder what the strength of the evidence was."

Alberta reports 1,112 new cases of COVID-19 as hospitalizations top 300
THE LATESTEverything you need to know about COVID-19 in Alberta on Friday, Aug. 27

Hinshaw was due to release the figures last Thursday during a forum with frontline health-care workers. She said her team needed more time to "finish synthesizing" the evidence.

"I'm sorry that it's not available," she said during the online session where she faced criticism from her peers for a lack of transparency.

"Unfortunately, this is not something I can do by myself, and it's also something we can't release without moving through all of the processes that are necessary in government."

Hinshaw said she had no interest in releasing the data "in piecemeal." She said the information would be released in a "narrative" style report that would make the data easily understood.

WATCH | Alberta doctor on gaps in province's COVID-19 measures:


Alberta doctor disappointed province not reimposing mask mandate
7:05Alberta Medical Association's Dr. Michelle Bailey tells, Power & Politics, the delta variant and the lack of more pandemic measures contributed to an increase in cases in the province. 7:05


Province stalled plan to lift some measures


On Aug. 13, as infection rates began to surge, the province stalled plans to lift a slate of public health measures that had been set to expire Aug. 16 — including mandatory isolation, public testing and mandatory masking on transit.

While some of the protocol changes were delayed by six weeks, many pandemic restrictions had already been dropped. Quarantine for close contacts is no longer mandatory, but recommended. Contact tracers no longer notify close contacts. Asymptomatic testing is no longer recommended.

Mithani says the province has been tepid in its response to the fourth wave driven by the delta variant — a situation she believes has been made worse by the recent change in COVID-19 protocols.

"There's essentially radio silence," she said. "People were concerned that delta was on the rise, and that ICUs and hospitalizations were on the rise, and that's what happened."

Alberta, Saskatchewan not planning to follow B.C. and Manitoba on broad mask mandates

Alberta announced its highest new case number in months Thursday as 1,112 new cases were reported.

There were 308 people in hospital for COVID-19 as of Thursday, including 64 in intensive care. There are now 9,066 active cases in the province. Four more deaths were reported Thursday.

This is not the first time Alberta has failed to release data related to the pandemic that it had promised to make public.

On Jan. 20, Hinshaw indicated that sector-specific transmission data would be released to the public. Alberta Health did not respond to questions about their failure to release this modelling as promised.

STEALING OUR TAX DOLLARS AGAIN
Alberta tops list of provinces with the most COVID-19 money not budgeted for specific projects, according to new report

Author of the article:Ashley Joannou
Publishing date:Aug 25, 2021 • 
Premier Jason Kenney announced the COVID-19 Business Benefit for small and medium-sized businesses in February 2021. The largest provincially initiated business support programs were the relaunch grants for small- and medium-sized businesses, worth $575 million, and investments in carbon capture, utilization and storage, worth $323 million.

 PHOTO BY CHRIS SCHWARTZ /Government of Alberta file

The author of a new report on COVID-19 spending is raising concerns about budget transparency after the Alberta government more than doubled its unallocated COVID-19-related funds in the 2021 budget, giving the province the most money in the country not earmarked for specific plans.

According to the report from the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA) released late Wednesday, the province substantially increased its unallocated COVID-19 funds for the 2021-22 fiscal year, from the $750 million it had expected to use to almost $1.8 billion after the 2021 budget was released.

While that isn’t the largest amount per capita — that title belongs to Manitoba — it’s now the largest in absolute terms, the report says.

Overall, unallocated money makes up more of the budget than the $1.1 billon in COVID-19 related spending that is budgeted for specific projects.


The unallocated money includes a $1.25 billion contingency fund on top of a separate “recovery plan” contingency fund worth $500 million. Another $18 million in the Department of Jobs, Economy and Innovation hasn’t yet been designated to a particular program.


The report’s author, CCPA senior economist David Macdonald, said while all provinces have unallocated money, large unallocated funds make it difficult to examine what the money will be spent on until after it has been spent or announced through individual press releases, making it harder to scrutinize government spending.

“In other provinces, and at the federal level, there has been an attempt to estimate what programs they want to implement in the next year and how much those programs would cost,” he said.

“Now, that’s not to say that those estimates might not change over time … but to have really substantial funds, like the one that’s in play in Alberta, I think speaks to budget transparency.”

Macdonald said unallocated money could disappear off the budget sheet if it is not spent, and result in a lower deficit.


“The other possibility is that you incorporate these unallocated funds in your public relations as to how much you’ve spent upfront, and then at the end of the year, they remain unspent, and the deficit goes down,” he explained.

“And so you can have it both ways, you can have both the appearance of higher commitments to resolving the impacts of COVID-19 and a smaller deficit. I’m not sure if that’s what’s going to happen in the case of Alberta, but it’s certainly one of the possibilities.”

Vast majority of allocated COVID-19 money coming from Ottawa


Of the money Alberta has earmarked for specific projects, the vast majority of the cash is coming from the federal government.

At $12,350 a person, Alberta had the highest level of allocated COVID-19 support of any province. About 92 per cent of that money is coming from Ottawa and only eight per cent from the province, the report says.

Commitments to Alberta businesses are, on a per capita basis, the largest of any province, Macdonald said.

The largest provincially initiated business support programs were the relaunch grants for small- and medium-sized businesses, worth $575 million, and investments in carbon capture, utilization and storage, worth $323 million, the report says.

Individual supports including the CERB, providing $8.8 billion, the CRB, worth $3.5 billion, and EI enhancements, providing $1.3 billion, is almost all federal money, as is most health-related spending.

“Although Alberta, as well as several of the western provinces, are quick to complain about the federal government not providing them the support they are due, in this case Alberta received by far the most federal support of any province,” he said.

Ontario placed second to Alberta with the equivalent of $11,470 per person in allocated money to combat COVID-19.

Macdonald said he is concerned that provinces will say that COVID-19 expenses have meant large expenditures and cutbacks are necessary to balance the books.

“And so my hope is that many provinces like Alberta would be careful about claims that COVID-19 programs meant that they have to cut back in the future when most of that money was federal money,” he said.

In a statement Friday, Jerrica Goodwin, acting spokeswoman for the Alberta Ministry of Treasury Board and Finance, called contingency funds “a prudent budgetary measure to deal with rapidly changing and unknown circumstances as a result of COVID-19.”

“Albertans have a full understanding of where the money is going, both at the time contingency allocations are made through public announcements and when quarterly updates are produced,” she said.

The first quarter update is expected to be announced Aug. 31.

:

Why some First Nations people hope Cancel Canada Day boosts Indigenous turnout in 2021 federal election

Movement to highlight the colonialism in governments could inspire Indigenous voters, some say



Sam Samson · CBC News · Posted: Aug 27, 2021 

Normally Winnipeg is a sea of red and white on Canada Day. This year, Winnipeggers took to the streets in droves clad in orange to remember the children who died while attending residential schools. (Andrew Friesen/CBC)

For Tara Martinez, this is the most important federal election in her lifetime — especially for First Nations, Métis and Inuit people in Canada.

"You can't ignore us anymore. We're here. And when we vote, we can swing the vote," she said.

Martinez, from Little Saskatchewan First Nation, says the momentum behind Cancel Canada Day events is fuelling that feeling of urgency.

On July 1, thousands of people across the country walked in city streets to protest Canada Day. Instead of celebrating confederation, the crowds were calling attention to the unmarked graves on the grounds of former residential schools.

On Canada Day, thousands of Manitobans honour residential school survivors, those who died

Martinez was at the march in Winnipeg and helped organize some of the participants. She said she was trafficked years ago as a teenager. As a result of her experience, she says she dedicates her time to grassroots work preventing children from being abused and raising awareness around missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls.

Though Cancel Canada Day called out governments and their colonial pasts, Martinez said voting can be a way for Indigenous peoples to make major changes, especially in the way the federal government acknowledges what happened at residential schools.

"I think that Cancel Canada Day got a lot of coverage on issues that have been ignored for a really long time," she said.

"A lot of us are realizing the importance of voting and who we vote for."

Tara Martinez helped organize participants of the Cancel Canada Day march in Winnipeg on July 1. Crowds across the country protested against Canada's colonial past and urged action on unmarked graves at residential school sites. (Jeff Stapleton/CBC)

Voting 'a very reflective process'

It's a topic Réal Carrière has had several times with his students — and himself.

"The choice to vote can be a very reflective process for many Indigenous peoples," said Carrière, who's from Cumberland House Cree Nation in Saskatchewan and is a political science professor at the University of Manitoba, specializing in Indigenous politics and governance.

"Does it mean I am surrendering my self-determination and participating in a colonial state that's been actively eliminating my peoples? Or does it mean ... despite that act of ongoing genocide, I want to participate to give the candidates a message?"

Carrière cast his first election ballot during Stephen Harper's time as prime minister in the mid-2000s. Years later, several movements led by Indigenous people gained momentum in 2015 to vote Harper out of office.

VIDEO  Indigenous Rock the Vote organizers celebrate victory at polls

"I come from Treaty 5 and the underlying philosophy of the treaty is it's possible to share," he said.

"That has made me think, well, it's possible to participate in a Canadian election, one that isn't mine, because I have that shared voting participation."

Réal Carrière, pictured on his canoe on the Red River, is a political science professor at the University of Manitoba, specializing in Indigenous knowledge and governance. 
(Sam Samson/CBC)

Right to vote a recent one for Indigenous people

Under the Indian Act in 1876, First Nations people were only allowed to vote in federal elections if they gave up their Indian status. It wasn't until 1960 that First Nations people were allowed to vote while keeping their identities.

Métis people had the same voting rights in legislation as other Canadians, but Inuit were specifically excluded from voting in 1934. That changed in 1950 when they received the right to vote in federal elections.

In 2015, Indigenous voters helped put Justin Trudeau and the Liberals into power with a record turnout — 61.5 per cent of people living on First Nation reserves cast ballots. The turnout wasn't as high in 2019.

Carrière said he's curious as to how Cancel Canada Day will affect this year's voter turnout among all Indigenous communities.

"There's more people on the front lines — activists voicing their concerns and not backing down," he said, citing the Wet'suwet'en demonstrations as one example.

"That is a form of political participation. Whether those people vote or not, we see Indigenous peoples growing more and more active in politics."
'If we don't vote, then we don't choose'

Mary Burton is hoping people in her riding will vote, just like she has in every election she's been eligible to. That's why she's hosting a candidate forum in Winnipeg North next week — a Manitoba riding with historically low voter turnout.

Voter turnout drops under 50 per cent in Manitoba's northernmost riding

"Indigenous people weren't even considered people for a very long time," said Burton, a co-founder of Fearless R2W, an education and advocacy group in Winnipeg that focuses on child welfare, housing and poverty.

"We should be voting because they fought long and hard for that. I think it's a right that we should not just throw away."

Burton is from Norway House Cree Nation and said she hopes Cancel Canada Day will boost Indigenous voter turnout across the country.

Mary Burton, co-founder of Fearless R2W, says she hopes Cancel Canada Day boosts voter turnout in Indigenous communities. (John Einarson/CBC)

"It's a very colonial system, but it's the only system we have right now," she said.

"Our Indigenous systems, we're trying to bring those back, but they're not there yet. And I think this is the best way to actually fight and get what we want."

Burton encourages all her relations to vote if they can. And if they don't know who to vote for, spoil the ballot, she said.

"The message I'm trying to send is I'm not comfortable with who's running this country, but I still want to have a right to say that I voted," she said.

"I can say you're not doing right by me. You're not doing right by my community. Fix it now."


First Nations people hope Cancel Canada Day boosts Indigenous vote
Cancel Canada Day events this summer called out the colonial past of this country's governments. Now, some First Nations voters hope the movement's momentum will keep going, all the way to election day. 

  


ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Sam Samson
Journalist
Sam Samson is a multimedia journalist who has worked for CBC in Manitoba and Ontario as a reporter and associate producer. Before working for CBC, she studied journalism and communications in Winnipeg. You can get in touch on Twitter @CBCSamSamson or email samantha.samson@cbc.ca.

 

Olymel's employee union rejects Quebec labour minister's call for arbitration

Union says negotiations should continue because agreement is near

The labour dispute at the Olymel slaughterhouse and pork processing plant has been dragging on for nearly four months. (Sebastien Vachon/RadioCanada)
The union representing workers at the Olymel slaughterhouse and pork processing plant
has said no to arbitration.

On Wednesday, Quebec Labour Minister Jean Boulet took to social media and said he's called a meeting between representatives of both the employer and the union in hopes of finding a resolution.

The strike at the Olymel plant, located in the Beauce region, is nearing its fourth month. Boulet proposed the two sides enter arbitration.

On Thursday morning, the employer agreed, but by the end of the day, the union had refused.

In a news release, the union said negotiations should continue because it believes an agreement in principle is not far away.

Olymel has threatened to cut 500 jobs if no agreement is reached by Sunday.

Singh seen as most likeable leader in election as Trudeau’s popularity craters: poll

By Sean Boynton Global News
Posted August 27, 2021 2:00 am
Updated August 27, 2021 6:27 pm


NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh has emerged as the most likable of the federal party leaders as Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau’s popularity sinks amid the election campaign, a new poll suggests.

The Ipsos poll conducted exclusively for Global News found Singh was the only party leader who was viewed more positively than negatively, with 45 per cent approval versus 39 per cent disapproval among those surveyed.

Trudeau, by contrast, had the highest unfavourability rating of any leader at 53 per cent, while 41 per cent said they viewed him favourably.

“(Singh) represents the most serious challenge to Justin Trudeau and his leadership,” said Darrell Bricker, CEO of Ipsos Public Affairs.

“Those (progressive) voters, which is the largest group of voters that we have in the Canadian electorate, they’re now dividing their loyalties between the two of them. And that’s not a situation Justin Trudeau has faced since 2015.”

READ MORE: Liberals, Conservatives in dead heat as Trudeau’s popularity dips: election poll

The poll, which surveyed 1,500 Canadians online last weekend, suggests Conservative Leader Erin O’Toole and Green Party Leader Annamie Paul are struggling to connect with voters — even within their own parties.

Only 28 per cent of respondents said they viewed O’Toole favourably while 48 per cent viewed him unfavourably, though 24 per cent said they don’t know the new party leader well enough to have an opinion.

Yet only 69 per cent of likely Conservative voters were favourable about O’Toole, compared to 93 per cent of Liberal voters saying the same about Trudeau and 92 per cent of NDP voters supporting Singh.

“One of the things that’s really uncommon in an election campaign is to see a political leader who’s offside with his party,” Bricker said. “So he’s in a difficult position with both his party and with the Canadian electorate.

“But the dissatisfaction level with the prime minister at the moment is making the possibility of Erin O’Toole improving those numbers very realistic.”

The poll results show Paul is in an even worse position. Although she had the highest number of respondents say they didn’t know her well enough, at 42 per cent, just 15 per cent said they viewed her favourably versus 43 per cent unfavourably. And only 54 per cent of Green voters had a positive opinion, with 22 per cent negative and 24 per cent unsure.

Bricker says Paul, who is still trying to get a seat in the House of Commons, is struggling to replicate the appeal and awareness that former leader Elizabeth May had. That, coupled with recent infighting within the party, has put more pressure on her than most of the other leaders to perform well at the upcoming debates.

“If she does a good job, you’ll probably see some of these numbers start to turn around,” Bricker said. “But right now, she’s not the asset to the party that Elizabeth May was, it’s very clear.”

Bloc Quebecois Leader Yves-François Blanchet was the only leader to see equal numbers viewing him both favourably and unfavourably, at 39 per cent of those surveyed in Quebec, while 89 per cent of likely Bloc voters saw him in a positive light.

Maxime Bernier, who leads the People’s Party of Canada, had the widest gulf between favourability and unfavourability. Just 14 per cent viewed him positively versus 52 per cent negatively.


Trudeau in trouble

Just a week ago, Trudeau was seen as the best choice for prime minister among those surveyed by Ipsos, even though a plurality of voters found him untrustworthy.

But new polling this week has shown the Liberals have lost their advantage over the Conservatives, with the two parties statistically tied in the popular vote. The NDP, meanwhile, is gaining ground and has the potential to win back at least some of the seats it lost in 2019.

The most recent survey shows Singh is outperforming Trudeau among voters aged 18 to 34 — 53 per cent of whom viewed the NDP leader favourably, versus 44 per cent for Trudeau — and those aged 35 to 54 (42 per cent versus 37 per cent). Both demographics are key to the Liberals’ success.

Bricker says that, combined with the ground gained by the Conservatives in just a week of campaigning, spells trouble for Trudeau.

“What we’re seeing at the moment is that the Liberal Party is struggling with fighting on two fronts, and it hasn’t had to really do that to the same extent as it did back in, say, 2011, as they are right now,” he said.

“Something has to be done (by the Liberals) not just to slow down Mr. O’Toole, but in particular for Justin Trudeau — given the importance of his leadership to the Liberal Party — something also has to be done to reduce the level of appeal for Mr. Singh. And what that is, is not obvious.”
2:18Canada election: The concerns of undecided voters in B.C.Canada election: The concerns of undecided voters in B.C.

O’Toole, meanwhile, will face a challenge from Blanchet in seat-rich Quebec, given Blanchet’s popularity compared to the Conservative leader. That will be particularly apparent during the French language debates, Bricker says.

“O’Toole has made some commitments about what he’s going to do for the province of Quebec,” he said. “And nobody can challenge him like a hometown hero like Mr. Blanchet. So it’ll be interesting to see how he deals with that.”

As for Singh, Bricker says he now has plenty of momentum — particularly given that early polling at the start of the election found the NDP was a clear second choice among many undecided voters.

“He’s a credible alternative right now to Justin Trudeau,” he said. “So he’s absolutely an asset to the NDP ticket.”

These are some of the findings of an Ipsos poll conducted between August 20 and 23, on behalf of Global News. For this survey, a sample of n = 1,500 Canadians aged 18+ was interviewed online, via the Ipsos I-Say panel and non-panel sources. Respondents earn a nominal incentive for their participation. Quotas and weighting were employed to balance demographics to ensure that the sample’s composition reflects that of the adult population according to Census data and to provide results intended to approximate the sample universe. The precision of Ipsos polls which include non-probability sampling is measured using a credibility interval. In this case, the poll is accurate to within ± 2.9 percentage points, 19 times out of 20, had all Canadians been polled. The credibility interval will be wider among subsets of the population. All sample surveys and polls may be subject to other sources of error, including, but not limited to coverage error, and measurement error. Ipsos abides by the disclosure standards established by the CRIC, found here: https://canadianresearchinsightscouncil.ca/standards/
Singh says he could make good on NDP's $10B universal pharmacare pledge by late 2022


The Canadian Press Staff
 Friday, August 27, 2021

NDP leader Jagmeet Singh responds to a question surrounded by health care workers during a news conference in Thunder Bay, Ont. on Friday, August 27, 2021.
 THE CANADIAN PRESS/Paul Chiasson


THUNDER BAY, ONT. -- Universal pharmacare would start as early as next year under a New Democrat government, leader Jagmeet Singh said Friday, though the path to achieving that goal remains murky.

At a campaign stop in Thunder Bay, Ont., the New Democrat leader said millions of Canadians can't afford the medication they need, and that his single-payer public plan would save an average family $550 per year while costing Ottawa billions.

Singh said he would negotiate prices with pharmaceutical companies and work with the provinces to make prescription drugs free, saving provincial health systems money and costing employers who provide benefits less.



Go to election.ctvnews.ca for all our federal election updates


"People won't get sick because they couldn't get medication they needed. People won't get even worse because they couldn't maintain their health," he said.

The plan, which Singh would aim to implement by late 2022, would cost the federal government $10.7 billion annually but ultimately save provinces $4.2 billion in prescription drug spending, the NDP said.

It would also require provinces to leverage their collective negotiating power and haggle for lower prices, he said, a complex undertaking.

"I know it's going to be hard work but it's going to save families money, it's going to be good for our health-care system," Singh said, speaking from the city represented by Health Minister Patty Hajdu.

"When we started with universal health care, which is now one of our national treasures -- something that everyone believes in -- initially every province didn't agree. Once a province agreed, we signed an agreement," he said. "We would like that as well."

Universal pharmacare folds into a sweeping NDP pledge to create national plans for dental and mental health care, and seeks to distinguish New Democrats from a Liberal party that has stressed similar issues and included pharmacare in its platform as far back as 1997. Conservative Leader Erin O'Toole has also made mental health care one of the "five pillars" of the Tory platform.

Singh has pointed to NDP moves in the House of Commons that were opposed by Liberal and Conservative MPs over the past year, including a private member's bill to usher in universal drug coverage and a motion to abolish for-profit long-term care.

"The Liberals have this strategy: 'Why deliver something when we can just promise it?"' said Singh, making his pitch ahead of the Sept. 20 election.

In 2019, an advisory council appointed by Justin Trudeau's Liberal government recommended a $15 billion-per-year, single-payer pharmacare system. Dr. Eric Hoskins, who chaired the council, acknowledged "significant incremental costs" to crafting universal coverage, but said in the now-shelved report that Canadians already pick up that tab.

The scheme, which he said should take five years to reach comprehensive coverage, proposed $2 co-payment for common drugs and $5 for rarer medications. The fee would be waived for low-income patients.

The Conservatives' platform says they will negotiate constructively with the industry to cut drug prices while the Liberal budget in April repeated the government's 2019 pledge of $500 million for a program covering high-cost drugs for rare diseases.

The NDP plan would cover a "very broad formulary," rather than the 125 drugs covered under the initial stage of a plan proposed by the Ontario NDP in 2017, Singh said.

New Democrats would "absolutely" include medical use of cannabis under their single-payer system, he added.

Singh also reiterated his pledge to revive domestic production of vaccines and "critical" prescription drugs by establishing publicly owned manufacturing facilities.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Aug. 27, 2021.


VULCANOLOGY

Underwater Volcano Fukutoku-Okanoba Explodes

Fukutoku Okanoba Explodes Annotated

August 13, 2021

The eruption of an underwater volcano near South Iwo Jima sent a plume soaring into flight paths and created an expansive raft of floating rock.

Over the past decade, the Japan Coast Guard has occasionally spotted patches of milky blue water about 5 kilometers (3 miles) north of South Iwo Jima island. The discolored water has been a subtle reminder that the summit of an active volcano—Fukutoku-Okanoba—lurks about 25 meters (80 feet) below the water surface.

On August 13, 2021, there was much more than just discolored water. A photograph taken by a Coast Guard aircraft flying near the volcano showed a towering plume of gas rising several kilometers into the air—a sure sign that explosive “Surtseyan” eruptions were happening.

Satellite observations and follow-up flights filled in more details. The Japanese geostationary satellite Himawari 8 was among the first satellites to observe the eruption, showing its beginning stages at about 21:00 UTC (6 a.m. local time) on August 12, 2021. When NASA’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on the Terra satellite acquired its first image of the event on August 13, it showed a bright plume—likely steam and volcanic gases—streaming from the vent and stretching hundreds of kilometers to the west.

The longevity and vigor of the plume surprised some scientists. “What was remarkable about this eruption is that it went straight from being a submarine event to an eruption cloud reaching the lower boundary of the stratosphere,” explained Andrew Tupper, a meteorologist with Natural Hazards Consulting and a specialist in hazards to aviation. “That is not very common for this type of volcano. We normally see lower-level plumes from submarine eruptions.”

Fukutoku Okanoba August 2021 Annotated

August 17, 2021

On August 14, NASA’s Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) sensor detected the plume reaching as high as 16 kilometers (11 miles) above the surface, according to Ghassan Taha, an atmospheric scientist based at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

The amount of water in the vicinity of the vent plays a key role in determining the explosivity of submarine eruptions. “Explosivity is linked to the proportions of water and the erupting ‘stuff’—volcanic gases, ash, and lava,” explained Erik Klemetti, a volcanologist at Denison University. “Volcanoes with lots of water relative to erupting stuff are less explosive. Volcanoes with less water relative to the erupting stuff are more explosive. If this eruption was in shallow water, say just a few meters, then the presence of that water would have enhanced the explosivity.”













Scientists and aviation groups track volcanic eruptions closely because ash can pose a risk to aircraft. Volcanic ash is made up of tiny, jagged rock and glass particles that can damage jet engines and even cause them to fail. Ash poses a particular threat when it rises above the normal cruising altitude of jets—about 10 kilometers (6 miles). “The problem with fresh eruptions is that it can be very difficult to work out if it is safe for pilots to fly underneath due to the risk of falling ash,” said Tupper. In this case, the Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center at the Japan Meteorological Agency issued an ash advisory to pilots within a few hours of the eruption. Multiple Philippine Airlines flights to Japan were canceled as a result.

Fukutok-Okanoba left its mark on the sea surface as well. In the Landsat 8 image above, the sides of a new parentheses-shaped island outline the volcano’s caldera. It is unclear how long these features will last; the volcano has created ephemeral ash and pumice islands in the past that eroded away not long after their formation. According to Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Program, the volcano’s most recent island formed in 1986.

Fukutoku Okanoba Pumice Rafts

August 17, 2021

Landsat 8 imagery also show several floating rafts of pumice drifting northwest of the eruption site. The satellite’s Operational Land Imager (OLI) captured a remarkable image (above) of expansive gray pumice rafts on August 17, 2021, a few days after the eruption began.

Pumice is one of the only types of rock that can float due to a combination of surface tension and the many air-filled holes and cavities found within the rock. Rafts of the rock can drift in the ocean for months or even years. As they drift, the volcanic rocks often pick up various forms of life, ranging from bryozoans to barnacles to crabs.











But what is home for marine life can be hazardous to ships. In addition to scratching hulls and propellers, floating chunks of pumice can clog cooling systems and engines. “Aviation and marine warning systems for remote submarine volcanoes are still very much developing,” said Tupper. “Combining cutting-edge satellite data with surface observations gives us the best possible chance to respond in time.”

NASA Earth Observatory images by Joshua Stevens, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey and MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview


   



Volcanoes could be our fiery allies in the fight against carbon emissions

Weathering is key to locking up some of the atmosphere's natural carbon dioxide.


BY ANGELY MERCADO | UPDATED AUG 27, 2021

Volcanoes emit a lot of carbon while erupting—but are able to balance themselves out. Brent Keane from Pexels

Along with the belt of volcanoes that dot the ocean floor across the globe, there are about 1,500 potentially active volcanoes around the world—many of which are in the Pacific “ring of fire”, a ring of active volcanoes and earthquakes along the Pacific Ocean. Their presence has sparked legends and origin stories, such as the true story of the volcanic eruption of Nabukelevu.

It turns out that volcanoes provide important climate mechanisms as well. Researchers at the University of Southampton found that volcanoes are responsible for both emitting and removing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which has helped stabilize the Earth’s surface temperature over millions of years. The findings were recently published in Nature Geoscience.


The scientists worked alongside colleagues at the University of Ottawa, University of Leeds, the Australian National University (ANU), and the University of Sydney. They investigated the combined impact of processes in the solid Earth, oceans, and atmosphere over the past 400 million years— aka how different processes including how the ocean helps capture some of the atmosphere’s CO2 is connected to other naturally occurring processes.

[Related: Did the dip in carbon emissions during the pandemic really help the atmosphere?]

“It’s a balancing act. On one hand, these volcanoes pumped out large amounts of CO2 that increased atmospheric CO2 levels. On the other hand, these same volcanoes helped remove that carbon via rapid weathering reactions,” says coauthor Martin Palmer, a professor of geochemistry at the University of Southampton via a press release.

The researchers worked together to create an “Earth network” using machine-learning algorithms and plate tectonic reconstructions. This network helped them interpret how different interactions in the Earth’s systems, including systems of volcanoes, have changed over time and have affected the CO2 in the planet’s atmosphere.

One process they extensively researched is chemical weathering releases calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sodium ions. These elements form minerals that lock up CO2 from the atmosphere, regulating global climate over geological time. Volcanic rock is fragmented and chemically reactive and can rapidly weather down and end up in the oceans to help trap CO2.

These new findings cast some doubt over the long-held idea that the ocean is the largest driving factor for weathering and natural carbon capture. Lead author Tom Gernon, an associate professor of earth science at the University of Southampton, calls volcanoes a “geological thermostat” that helps regulate the earth’s CO2 levels. When asked if volcanoes can be used to mitigate the current climate crisis, Gernon points out that CO2 emissions are at record high levels.

“Conventionally, it’s assumed that global weathering is driven by a kind of an interplay between … the continental interiors and the oceans—the seafloor. That’s often assumed to be the main drivers [of weathering] … we show that actually, that may not be true,” says Gernon.

This means volcanoes could be important in the weathering process as well. But are volcanoes the answer to our record-high carbon emissions and rapidly changing climate? It’s trickier than it seems, Gernon says.

[Related: Why can’t we burn our trash in volcanoes?]

“The volcanoes certainly aren’t a solution, in themselves,” Gernon says. “If we can kind of engineer that system, and try to maybe deploy certain compositions of rocks as an enhanced weathering tool to draw down CO2 [that] may play some role … [but volcanic rock] is not a silver bullet solution to the climate crisis. It has to be just one part of many solutions needed for different mitigation measures that the IPCC has advised.”

He hopes that the machine learning tool and the data collected can lead to potential solutions that involve volcanic rocks in the future. Using broken-down rocks can in fact pull some CO2 from the atmosphere, according to a 2020 study showed that spreading dust rock on farmland can “remove about half of the amount of that greenhouse gas currently produced by Europe,” according to the Washington Post. This works because the carbonate materials in the rock dust will dissolve when it comes in contact with water. CO2 is drawn in to form bicarbonate ions that then become carbon-storing carbonate minerals after they’re washed away into the ocean.

“I have colleagues who are working on enhanced weathering mineral carbonation—using grinding up minerals doing experiments on what compositions and grain size distributions work best [for weathering],” he says. “Those experiments need to be done to demonstrate the applicability or the effectiveness of this approach.”

AN IMMENSE VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN 1257 A.D. AFFECTED OUR ENTIRE PLANET. 

BUT WHICH VOLCANO EXPLODED?


Rinjani volcano lets off a puff of ash and steam in July 2013. The still-active volcano is part of what used to be Samalas volcano, which exploded in 1257 A.D. Credit: Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images


Aug 27, 2021, 9:00 AM EDT

A titanic volcanic eruption in 1257 A.D. spewed out colossal amounts of ash, sulfur, and glassy pumice, and affected climate over the entire planet. It was one of the largest if not the largest eruption in the past 7,000 years, and evidence of it can literally be found from pole to pole.

But... what volcano erupted?

Weirdly, until recently no one knew just which volcano on Earth had exploded. This had geologists scratching their heads until just a few years ago, when multiple lines of evidence pointed towards the literal smoking gun: The Samalas volcano on the island of Lombok in Indonesia.

The strongest evidence of such a catastrophic eruption came from ice cores, both from the Arctic and Antarctic. Every year, a fresh layer of ice is laid down in these areas, trapping gases and particulates in the atmosphere. They can be dated extremely accurately, making them crucial in determining ages of global climactic events.

Volcanic sulfate deposits spike hard in ice deposits dated to 1257/1258 A.D., indicating an eruption far larger than both Krakatau (in 1883) and Tambura (1815), eight times and twice as powerful, respectively.

The new work looking at the eruption examined evidence from radiocarbon dating, tree rings, the geochemistry of volcanic deposits, and even an ancient historical record called the Babad Lombok, written in Old Javanese on palm leaves, that documents the explosion.

Aerial view of Rinjani volcano on Lombok Island in Indonesia, the site of a catastrophic eruption in 1257 A.D.
Credit: Reinhard Dirscherl/ullstein bild via Getty Images

The Babad Lombok talks about an eruption from a volcano called Samalas, now part of a volcanic complex that includes Mount Rinjani (which towers over 3,700 meters above sea level) and a huge caldera that is partially filled with water, forming a crater lake called Segara Anak. This complex is still active, with eruptions still occurring now. A developing cone, called Gunung Barujari, has been growing for some time, including via eruptive events in the mid-'90s.

The Babad Lombok puts the eruption in the mid to late 13th century, consistent with the ice cores. In 1258 the northern hemisphere experienced an unseasonably cold summer, with heavy rains and flooding that resulted in widespread crop failures in Europe. This too is consistent with a huge eruption; dark particles can rise in to the stratosphere and block a fraction of sunlight, dropping temperatures.

Compellingly, tephra — pieces of rock and ash blown out by volcanic eruptions — dated to around that time have been found in both northern and southern hemispheres, implying the volcano itself was near the equator.


The Gunung Barujari volcano is part of Rinjani volcano, and a relatively new cinder cone that grew rapidly in the 1990s. 
Credit: Matthew Williams-Ellis/Education Images/Universal Images Group via Getty Images

Assuming the Babad Lombok did describe this eruption, geologists looked to the Samalas caldera and surrounding areas for evidence. Burnt tree trunks and branches were dated to 1257 A.D. using carbon-14 (a radioactive form of carbon that can quite accurately determine the ages of events that affect living matter), and no young trees were found after that date, indicating catastrophic conditions at the time.

Field work in the Samalas caldera and surrounding islands shows tephra deposits all over the region. Glass shards in the deposits match the chemistry of similar ones found in the ice cores dated to the event as well. Mapping the tephra deposits in the area, the scientists found it totaled up to 7.5 cubic kilometers — as much as 7 billion tons of fallout.

But the total volume erupted was much, much larger: Models of the pre-eruption volcano indicate it rose to a height of about 4,200 meters above sea level (about 13,800 feet — roughly the size of the largest mountains in Colorado’s Rocky Mountain National Park). During the eruption the peak collapsed. Looking at all the components of the event, the scientists find that at least 40 cubic kilometers of material were blown out, and the ash plume would have risen a staggering 43 kilometers into the sky, possibly as high as 50 km. It would have been visible from hundreds of kilometers away.


Rinjani volcano lets off a puff of ash and steam in July 2013. The still-active volcano is part of what used to be Samalas volcano, which exploded in 1257 A.D. Credit: Ulet Ifansasti/Getty Images

Looking at the event in total, it would have rated about a 7.0 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, a logarithmic scale where, for example, the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption rates a 5 and the last Yellowstone caldera supereruption 600,000 years ago was an 8. The Samalas eruption was therefore among the largest in the past 12,000 years.

The eruption was apocalyptic, and must have been terrifying to the local population (the capital of the Lombok kingdom, a city called Pamatan, was wiped out, and remains undiscovered; if ever found it may be resemble Pompeii). There were steam explosions as hot magma reacted to sea water (called phreatic eruptions), followed by a magmatic explosion that blasted pumice and rocks out to great distances (several hundred kilometers). After that there were pyroclastic flows; hot ash and gases that can move at hundreds of kilometers per hour and be scorching hot. Deposits on Lombok Island reached depths of 35 meters — the height of an eight-story building.

Mind you, all of the evidence for this until a few years ago was indirect and scattered. This work ties it all together, including the newer climate change effects in the northern hemisphere.

Speaking of which, and given the recent release of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report on climate change, you might hear some folks saying that volcano eruptions account for much of the carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere; I saw a tweet making this claim myself. This is not only wrong, but utterly wrong; human activities emit more than one hundred times the carbon dioxide of all the volcanoes all over the world. An eruption by something like Samalas would actually cool us down due to dark particulates that blanket the atmosphere, but only a little, only for a little while, and at great, great cost.

Immense events like the Samalas eruption can change the course of human history, but on the scale of the planet can prove difficult to pin down. Human activity, on the other hand, has the ability to change the planet as well, and that can be found everywhere. I was horrified to read about the power of this ancient eruption, but was sobered to remember that we ourselves are doing far worse, and we do so continuously.

Unlike the planet, we have a choice.

How a Volcanic Surge 56 Million Years Ago Cut Off The Arctic Ocean From The Atlantic


(SinghaphanAllB/Moment/Getty Images)

DAVID NIELD
28 AUGUST 2021

Travel back in time 56 million years, and you'd arrive during a period of heightened volcanic activity on Earth. The activity triggered significant shifts in the planet's climate, effectively turning some parts of the far north into a tropical paradise.


The outpouring of carbon dioxide is one cause for this warming, but it seems there's more to the story. According to a new study, the volcanism plugged up the seaway between the Arctic and Atlantic, changing how the oceans' waters mixed.

While the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is a well-known event in the geological history of Earth, the remote area of northeast Greenland studied here hasn't been the subject of much geological research – even though it lies at a crucial point for volcanic activity and the flow of water between the Arctic and the Atlantic.

Through a combination of sedimentary analysis across hundreds of kilometers, the study of microfossils, and the charting of geological boundaries through seismic imaging, a team of researchers led by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) found that an uplifting of the geology in the area at this time caused a level of fragmentation that more or less cut two major oceans off from one another.

"We found that volcanic activity and the resulting uplift of the edge of the Greenland continent 56 million years ago led to the formation of a new tropical landscape and narrowing of the seaway connecting the Atlantic and Arctic oceans," says paleontologist Milo Barham from Curtin University in Australia

"So not only did the spike in volcanic activity produce an increase in greenhouse gases, but the restriction of the seaway also reduced the flow of water between the oceans, disturbing heat distribution and the acidity of the deeper ocean."

The uplift, created through a combination of tectonic plate movements and rock made from cooling lava, would have narrowed the seaway separating Greenland and Norway (which is much bigger than it used to be). Deep waters would have been transformed into shallow estuaries, rivers, and swamps.

Then as now, these ocean connections play a major role in shaping the circulation of winds and weather around the globe. In this case, the waters of the Arctic would have been almost entirely isolated from the waters of the Atlantic, compounding the warming that was already happening.

There was another consequence, though: more land meant more migration options for the flora and fauna of the area. The researchers think many animals may have taken advantage of the extra space to move to cooler locations.

"The volcanic surge also changed the shape of Earth's continents, creating land bridges or narrowed straits, and enabling crucial migration responses for mammalian species such as early primates, to survive climate change," says geologist Jussi Hovikoski from GEUS.

Fast forward to today: While we don't have molten lava extending the size of the continents, the oceans and the air currents that move above them are just as important in terms of managing the climate of the planet.

The current climate crisis means some of the crucial weather patterns that we've come to rely on are now starting to collapse. As and when they do, that will mean severe consequences for how the planet continues to cool down or warm up in the future.

Our current condition has drawn many comparisons with the PETM – a time when there were palm trees in the Arctic – and through understanding how the climate has shifted in the past, we should be able to better prepare for the future.

"Recent studies have reported alarming signs of weakening ocean circulation, such as the Gulf Stream, which is an ocean current important to global climate and this slowing may lead to climatic tipping points or irreversible changes to weather systems," says Barham.

"As fires and floods increasingly ravage our ever-warming planet, the frozen north of eastern Greenland would seem an unlikely place to yield insights into a greenhouse world. However, the geological record there provides crucial understanding of environmental and ecological responses to complex climate disturbances."

The research has been published in Communications Earth & Environment.