CRIMINAL CRYPTO CAPITALI$M

Pegasus Spyware Maker NSO Group Throws Cash at New Ventures to Survive

Davide Scigliuzzo
Tue, December 21, 2021




(Bloomberg) -- Israeli spyware firm NSO Group burned through most of its cash this year in a desperate bid to move past the scandal surrounding its phone-hacking tool Pegasus, according to a person with knowledge of the matter and private financial documents seen by Bloomberg News.

NSO has been spending heavily to build up drone-monitoring technology and a big-data analytics platform that executives are pitching as key assets in discussions with two U.S.-based funds that have expressed interest in acquiring the company, according to the person, who asked not to be identified because the talks are private.

The strategy shows NSO fighting for a path to survival as it battles accusations that its Pegasus software has been used by government clients to spy on political dissidents, human-rights activists and journalists. With its loans trading at deeply distressed levels, the company has been exploring options including shutting down Pegasus and selling itself in an effort to tackle its $500 million debt load.

The NSO unit that controls Pegasus used up two-thirds of its $44 million of cash during the first nine months of 2021, ending the third quarter with just $16 million in its coffers, according to the financial documents provided to lenders. Part of that money was used to fund NSO’s new ventures, which sit in separate entities, the person said.

A representative for Herzliya-based NSO declined to comment.

Phone Surveillance

Last month, the Commerce Department placed the company on an export blacklist for engaging in activities that it said “are contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States.” Pegasus software can track a user’s mobile phone, and the product allegedly was supplied to governments that used it to spy on political enemies. Pegasus was also reported to have been used in recent months to hack the mobile phones of State Department employees.

NSO has disputed the allegations and said that it shuts down service when clients misuse it.

Two American funds have expressed interest in NSO’s Eclipse technology -- which can detect, commandeer and land drones -- and in its new big-data analytics platform, for which the company signed its first contract this quarter, the person said. Pegasus would either be shut down or brought under the same umbrella as the other businesses in a bet that U.S. ownership would improve its standing, according to the same person.

NSO’s dwindling cash has put it at increased risk of default and was one of the factors that led Moody’s Investors Service to downgrade its rating on the company last month. Traders have been quoting NSO’s debt at between 60 cents and 70 cents on the dollar in recent weeks, levels that suggest bets on a default.

On Dec. 17, Jefferies Financial Group Inc. notified lenders of NSO of its intention to resign from performing key administrative tasks on the company’s debt, a move that could precede a debt restructuring.

Tough Quarter

The third quarter appears to have been particularly tough for NSO, the financial documents obtained by Bloomberg show.

Revenue declined 4.4% from a year earlier, while the cost of sales rose three times as fast. An increase in research-and-development spending as well as general expenses more than offset lower sales and marketing costs, leading to a 24% drop in operating profit.

Looking at the first nine months of 2021, the picture looks healthier, with the company’s core operations holding up relatively well in the first half. From the beginning of the year through the end of September, NSO recorded revenue of $176 million, up 4.1% from the same period in 2020, while operating income fell by a smaller 7.2% to $45 million.

If annualized, the 2021 revenue numbers are not far below the approximately $250 million that NSO reported in 2018, according to the person. That was the year before private equity firm Novalpina Capital acquired a majority stake in the company following a buyout orchestrated with NSO’s management. Revenue in 2019 was slightly above $290 million before falling to a little over $225 million in 2020, the person said.

Since 2019, the company has shut down services to at least seven customers with contracts worth a combined $80 million to $100 million in annual revenue after deciding that it would no longer do business with them, the person said.

Cash Burn

NSO generated $9.7 million of cash through its operations in the first nine months of 2021, a 9.2% increase from the year before. After taking into account the effect of investments and financing activities, however, the company used $29 million of cash over the period, more than seven times the amount it spent in the comparable period of 2020.

NSO started 2020 with $50 million of cash and managed to keep that balance roughly stable through the worst of the pandemic by drawing its entire $30 million bank credit line, the financial documents show. Nearly half of those funds were used to pay a $15 million distribution to shareholders that was also used to finance new investments, the person said.

A UAE agency put Pegasus spyware on phone of Jamal Khashoggi's wife months before his murder, new forensics show


A UAE agency put Pegasus spyware on phone of Jamal Khashoggi's 

wife months before his murder, new forensics show

Dana Priest
Tue, December 21, 2021

LONG READ

Emirates flight attendant Hanan Elatr surrendered her two Android cellphones, laptop and passwords when security agents surrounded her at the Dubai airport. They drove her, blindfolded and in handcuffs, to an interrogation cell on the edge of the city, she said. There, she was questioned all night and into the morning about her fiance, Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi.

The next day, at 10:14 a.m. on April 22, 2018, while her devices were still in official custody, someone opened the Chrome browser on one of the Androids.

They tapped in the address of a website "https://myfiles[.]photos/1gGrRcCMO", on the phone's keyboard, fumbling over the tiny keys, making two typos, and then pressed "go," according to a new forensic analysis by cybersecurity expert Bill Marczak of Citizen Lab. The process took 72 seconds.

The website sent the phone a powerful spyware package, known as Pegasus, according to the new analysis.



Over the next 40 seconds, the phone sent 27 status reports from its web browser to the website's server, updating the progress it was making installing the spyware.

The spyware had been developed by an Israeli firm, NSO Group, for what it says is use against terrorists and criminals. The website was configured by NSO for a United Arab Emirates customer, said Marczak, whose research group is based at the University of Toronto and devoted to uncovering cyberespionage.

The new analysis provides the first indication that a UAE government agency placed the military-grade spyware on a phone used by someone in Khashoggi's inner circle in the months before his murder.

"We found the smoking gun on her phone," said Marczak, who examined Elatr's two Androids at The Washington Post's and her request. Emirati authorities returned them to her several days after her release.

Marczak said he could see the Android trying to install Pegasus, but he could not determine whether the spyware had successfully infected the phone, which would enable Pegasus to steal its contents and turn on its microphone. But he said the UAE operator did not type the website address in a second time, which would ordinarily be expected in the event of a failed first attempt.

Elatr's phone was confiscated just after she and Khashoggi had gotten engaged and were in a long-distance relationship. Because both traveled frequently, with Elatr based in Dubai and Khashoggi in Washington, they often discussed travel and meeting plans in the United States and abroad using apps on their phones, according to Elatr and her phone records.

Marczak discovered the https://myfiles[.]photos address in 2017 while researching the presence of Pegasus spyware on global networks. By scanning the internet, Citizen Lab was able to identify a network of computers and more than a thousand web addresses used to deliver Pegasus spyware to the phones of targets in 45 countries, according to group's landmark "Hide and Seek" report. The methodology has been used by other cyber-researchers to identify Pegasus hacks worldwide.

The researchers found a particular set of web addresses, including https://myfiles[.]photos, associated with Pegasus targets primarily in the UAE.

Working with an international journalism consortium led by the Paris-based nonprofit Forbidden Stories, The Washington Post reported in July that an unknown operator employing Pegasus sent five SMS text messages over an 18-day period in November 2017 and a sixth one on April 15, 2018, according to an analysis by Amnesty International's Security Lab of Elatr's Androids. The research could not determine if the texts resulted in Pegasus being installed inside the phone.

Marczak's research advances the understanding of what happened to Elatr's phone by identifying a UAE agency operator in the process of trying to install Pegasus on the device while she was in UAE custody. He also found forensic data indicating her Android was also trying to install Pegasus.

Following The Post's report in July, NSO Group chief executive Shalev Hulio said a thorough check of the firm's client records showed none had used Pegasus to attack the phones of Khashoggi or Elatr before a Saudi hit team murdered him in Istanbul on Oct. 2, 2018.

"Regarding the wife of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi . . . We checked and she was not a target," Hulio told an Israeli technology publication in July. "There are no traces of Pegasus on her phone because she was not a target."

After The Post's most recent reporting, NSO's attorney, Thomas Clare, said, "NSO Group conducted a review which determined that Pegasus was not used to listen to, monitor, track, or collect information about Ms. Elatr. The Post's continued efforts to falsely connect NSO Group to the heinous murder of Mr. Khashoggi are baffling."

Clare said the premise was "deeply flawed" and the details "make no sense from a technical standpoint." He said Pegasus is installed remotely and that it would therefore be "completely unnecessary and make no sense" that a human would type the address of a Pegasus-linked website into a target's phone.

That capability is described in NSO's own marketing materials, first published in an unauthorized leak in 2014. The documents were filed as an exhibit in an ongoing lawsuit WhatsApp brought against NSO in 2019, alleging that Pegasus used the WhatsApp messaging service to infect phones. The materials state, "When physical access to the device is an option, the Pegasus agent can be manually injected and installed in less than five minutes."

Clare acknowledged that the spyware uses SMS texts to send website links that deliver Pegasus attacks. But he said that "technological safeguards prevent" this method from being used six times in an 18-day period. The NSO marketing materials say that "the system operator can choose to send a regular text message (SMS) or an email, luring the target to open it . . . although the target clicked the link they will not be aware that software is being installed on their device."

Clare said the marketing materials "are outdated and do not necessarily provide accurate descriptions of the software's capabilities and limitations as of 2018."

The Israeli Ministry of Defense requires NSO to get its approval before selling Pegasus to a foreign country to ensure the sale is in Israel's national interest. NSO says it has sold Pegasus to 60 government agencies in 40 countries.

NSO said it has no visibility into the real-time targeting of individuals by its clients after it licenses its software to them. But the firm can demand access to customer records to investigate allegations of abuse. The company has said it has shut down five clients in the past several years and foregone millions of dollars in revenue because of its concern for human rights. It also said its technology has saved many lives by enabling law enforcement agencies to catch terrorists and criminals.

"There is one thing I want to say: We built this company to save life. Period," Hulio told The Post in July.

He said of the reports of the attacks on journalists and other abuse: "It's horrible. I am not minimizing it. But this is the price of doing business. . . . This technology was used to handle literally the worst this planet has to offer. Somebody has to do the dirty work."

The international investigation found that authoritarian governments have used Pegasus against journalists, human rights defenders, diplomats, lawyers and pro-democracy opposition leaders. New revelations continue to roll out. France found traces of the spyware on the phones of five ministers. The U.S. State Department announced that indications of Pegasus were found on the phones of 11 employees in Uganda. After initial denials, Hungary admitted it used the spyware.

Countries have responded forcefully. The United States, Britain and France each spoke with high-level Israel officials to express their consternation. The Biden administration blacklisted NSO Group from receiving access to certain U.S. technologies last month, adding it to an "entities list" reserved for companies whose activities are "contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States." NSO said it was "dismayed" by the move and is seeking its reversal. Apple is suing NSO to prevent it from targeting iPhones with Pegasus in the future.

"I'm glad governments are beginning to understand that the lack of regulation can lead to deadly consequences," said Randa Fahmy, Elatr's Washington-based pro bono attorney.

The UAE, a federation of monarchies in the Persian Gulf, has been one of NSO's most notorious clients. It has used Pegasus against anti-regime activists, journalists and even a royal princess attempting to escape her father, the international media investigation and others have found. In October, a British court revealed that NSO Group ended its contract with the UAE because Dubai's ruler had used it to hack the phones of his ex-wife and her lawyer, a member of Britain's House of Lords.

The UAE continues to deny all allegations against it. The UAE Embassy in Washington did not respond to multiple requests for comment. In the past, the UAE has denied allegations that it used Pegasus against human rights activists and other civil society figures.

The UAE is a longtime ally of Saudi Arabia. In 2013, the two countries signed a mutual security agreement promising cooperation on intelligence and law enforcement matters. The UAE has spied on Saudi dissidents abroad and sent them to Riyadh, according to human rights groups and a recent lawsuit filed in federal court in Portland, Ore., on behalf of an imprisoned Saudi human rights activist.

- - -

Three years ago, Hanan Elatr was a globe-trotting supervisor for the Emirates airlines. She was married to a pro-democracy icon and earning a salary that allowed her to support her mother and siblings. Today, she said, she fears for her life.

"Every day when I see the daylight, I don't know why I'm still alive, because I'm the second victim after Jamal in this tragedy," she said in a recent interview, tearing up. "I lost my life . . . I used to provide for my family and now I can't even find my own food."

She has spent most of her savings and for a time was sleeping on an air mattress in an empty apartment. At age 53, she recently moved into a basement bedroom of a stranger while waiting for her political asylum case to work its way through the system.

With the help of Rep. Jamie Raskin, D-Md., she recently received a temporary work visa. In addition to organizing her new life, she dresses in her finest clothes and high heels, does her makeup and hair and then takes the Metro or buses to job interviews at local hotels and restaurants. Last week she landed a job as a waitress for $2.70 an hour plus tips.

Elatr said she feels forgotten in the wake of Khashoggi's murder. She found out he had disappeared via Twitter after waking up from a long flight, alone in her apartment in Dubai. While she was dealing with the likelihood he had been murdered, she was also learning that he was planning to marry another woman, an accepted practice among Muslims in some countries.

His new fiancee, Hatice Cengiz, was waiting for him outside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. He had gone there to obtain a document necessary to marry her. Instead, he was murdered with the approval of Saudi leader Mohammed bin Salman, U.S. intelligence agencies later concluded. Mohammed has denied any involvement, and some of his underlings have been convicted and sentenced for the crime.

Cengiz, whom Le Monde later dubbed the "unofficial heiress of Jamal Khashoggi," became an effective spokeswoman in front of the crowd of television cameras that gathered outside the consulate.

Elatr, meanwhile, has struggled for attention. She was Khashoggi's fourth wife, after his three divorces. Many of Khashoggi's friends in Washington did not know about his marriage to her in Virginia in June 2018.

"Nobody knew her. Jamal had kept it a secret," said Sarah Leah Whitson, a longtime human rights advocate and the executive director of Democracy for the Arab World Now (DAWN), a Mideast-focused organization founded by Khashoggi. "I don't know what was going on in his head."

Amnesty International's initial steps to help Elatr as far back as May are still tangled in bureaucracy and miscommunication seven months later, according to correspondence between the organization and Elatr's attorney. The organization said it has been overwhelmed by surges in refugees and said that "unfortunately there were unexpected delays" in handling Elatr's case, but it intends to reconnect with her to complete a review of the matter.

In Turkey, Cengiz's life has been demolished, too, she told The Post in an interview in Istanbul this summer. Turkey has assigned her constant bodyguards, and safety considerations prevent her from traveling in the region and remaining in her academic position.

"In the case of both Hanan and Hatice, their lives have been completely upended. Both have paid a tremendous price," said Whitson. "Hanan has been interrogated and harassed by the UAE and is in dire financial straits and Hatice," too, is suffering.

- - -

On the evening of April 21, 2018, Elatr had finished a 15-hour flight from Toronto to the UAE, weary and ready for bed, when she entered immigration as usual at Dubai International Airport. She immediately noticed a cluster of official-looking men staring at her. She knew that Khashoggi was a target because of his human rights advocacy. She rushed to the bathroom to call her sister.

"Something is not right," she remembers telling her in the toilet stall. She quickly deleted WhatsApp, which she and Khashoggi used to communicate. When she came out of the restroom, a large man trapped her on one side and the sole woman in the group on the other. "Walk with us quietly and behave," the man whispered.

She felt sick and began shaking uncontrollably, she said. The agents drove her to her home, blindfolded and in handcuffs, to search for documents and computers, according to her sworn affidavit in her asylum case. Three friends of Elatr's have given her lawyers affidavits attesting that Elatr recounted the same facts to them soon after she was released.

Then they drove her to the Al Awir Central Jail, a large high-security complex, on the edge of the city. She was fingerprinted. Agents took a DNA swab from her mouth. They photographed her face from various angles. And then more intense questions about Khashoggi began late at night and into the morning.

She recalled them asking: What are Jamal's activities? Who is Jamal's network? What is Jamal's income? How is Jamal's health? She answered every question, she said. She said she told them there was no network preparing to topple the Gulf monarchies. Yes, Khashoggi wanted political activists freed from Saudi prisons. Yes, he favored democracy and respect for human rights in the Arab world. But the royal families should have roles, too, like those in Britain and Sweden. When the agents left her alone, she slid onto the floor to sleep.

The agents brought her back to her house after 17 hours, but she was put under house arrest for 10 days. The interrogations and months-long stints of house arrests continued over the next year, as did phone harassment by her intelligence agency handler, who called himself Mohammed Abdu, she said. Elatr's siblings in Dubai and Egypt also were interrogated and had their passports confiscated when they tried to travel to see their ailing mother or visit Elatr.

Unbeknown to Elatr, the Emiratis had been using Pegasus to try to spy on her as far back as November 2017, according to Amnesty's Security Lab. It was a period of telephonic courtship between two people always on the go, as she traveled for the airlines and he gave speeches and met associates in Europe and Turkey.

The profilers designed fake SMS messages to get her to click on a link and infect her phones: They tempted her with a flower bouquet she would receive at home with one click, photos from her sister Mona if she would click on another link, a package waiting at the office of a common Emirati carrier, if she would click on yet another.

The beginning of April was a big week for Elatr and Khashoggi. He had proposed to her on April 3, she said, and gave her an engagement ring. Pegasus was used in an attack on one of her phones again on April 15, 2018, with an SMS message using the "myfiles[.]photos" website address, the same one the agent would type into one of the Androids a week later.

The couple continued to meet and communicate by phone, using multiple new apps that Khashoggi told Elatr he hoped would make it harder for him to be surveilled. Just past midnight on Sept. 7, their last in-person meeting, she texted him after she had landed in New York City. They planned to stay together at the Sheraton Hotel.

Three weeks later she sent him her flight schedule, which had her arriving at Dulles International Airport on an Oct. 20 flight to Washington, where they planned to meet again.

On Sept. 30, Khashoggi was in Turkey arranging to marry Cengiz but sent Elatr birthday greetings from two phones. One message read: "Bless you, happy birthday, may you be well and happy this year."

On Oct 1, at 2:12 a.m., she replied: "I appreciate it a lot and hope you are well and happy . . . from the plane back to Dubai."

The next day he was murdered.

Elatr intends to ask Turkish authorities for his phones. The authorities have refused to release them or to publicly share what they have learned. As relations warm between Turkey and Saudi Arabia and the UAE, Elatr doubts she will ever get answers.

"I feel very devastated that I might be the tool to watching Jamal," Elatr recently told The Post. "I want to know how many countries were watching my husband move and what were the tools used against my husband."


Video:

 http://www.washingtonpost.com/video/national/investigations/i-lost-my-life-jamal-khashoggis-widow-shares-her-story/2021/12/21/60ca106d-c0da-4307-9e8c-7911bb9aae3c_video.html

Declassified papers show U.S. asked Japan for SDF support during 1990 Gulf crisis

A Maritime Self-Defense Force's minesweeper leaves the MSDF Kure Naval Base in Hiroshima Prefecture for deployment to the Persian Gulf in April 1991. | KYODO

KYODO, JIJI
Dec 22, 2021

In the wake of the Gulf crisis of August 1990, then-U.S. President George H.W. Bush urged Japan to provide logistical support to the U.S. military via its Self-Defense Forces, despite constitutional constraints, according to diplomatic records declassified Wednesday and testimony from former government officials.

The request was made directly to then-Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu.

Japan did not fulfill Bush's request to dispatch the SDF to the Gulf War effort. However, it did deploy minesweepers in the Persian Gulf as a postwar contribution, reflecting the United States' strong influence on Tokyo's security policy.

A top secret diplomatic cable that recorded a meeting between Kaifu and Bush on Sept. 29, 1990, revealed that the former president told Kaifu that he was aware Tokyo was considering ways to contribute militarily to international efforts in the Middle East, after Iraq invaded Kuwait.

Bush added that such an action would be beneficial and appreciated by the world, expressing hope that Japan would contribute without delay.

This is the first time it has been publicly revealed that the U.S. president attempted to persuade Japan to dispatch the SDF in connection with the crisis.

Koichiro Matsuura, a former Japanese ambassador to France who served as head of the Foreign Ministry's North American Affairs Bureau, said Bush had asked earlier, in a phone call on Aug. 14, for the SDF to sweep mines and transport weapons.

In a series of talks, Kaifu responded by expressing the need to protect the war-renouncing Article 9 of the postwar Constitution, while stressing his desire to cooperate.

He sought to compromise by establishing a nonmilitary U.N. peacekeeping operations team and having some SDF personnel be part of that. But the plan ran into difficulties after a bill aimed at allowing Japan to cooperate in U.N. peacekeeping operations was scrapped in November of that year due to public opposition.

Japan was embroiled in a heated debate at the time over dispatching the SDF overseas under the constraints of the pacifist Constitution. In a meeting of political party leaders held before Kaifu's trip to New York for the summit meeting, the Japan Socialist Party and Komeito expressed their opposition to SDF deployment overseas.

According to diplomatic cables and former government officials, the United States effectively notified Japan of its intention to use force on Jan. 14, 1991 — three days before the Gulf War began.

Then-U.S. Secretary of State James Baker secretly told his Japanese counterpart Taro Nakayama during his visit to the United States that the blood of Americans would be shed.

The records and testimonies also revealed that of the $13 billion Japan provided to the multinational coalition in aid, $9 billion was added in response to a request by then-U.S. Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady during a meeting with his Japanese counterpart Ryutaro Hashimoto in New York.

Multiple former Japanese government officials have testified that while there was no basis for the total amount sought by the United States, there was "no other choice" but to meet the request.

But Japan's response to the Gulf War was internationally criticized as "too little, too late," making it a traumatic experience for lawmakers and government officials that have strongly influenced the course of the country's security and foreign policies ever since.

Taizo Miyagi, a Sophia University professor who specializes in the history of international politics, said Japan was "overwhelmingly strong as an economic superpower" at the time of the Gulf War, and that U.S. "dissatisfaction" with Tokyo's reluctance to bear "a reasonable burden" is reflected in the diplomatic records.

"The Gulf War became a trauma for Japan, and the axis for evaluating foreign affairs since then has become the perspective of the United States," Miyagi said.

The two countries also discussed Japan's involvement in the Gulf War at a meeting between then-U.S. Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Robert Kimmitt and then-Japanese Ambassador to the United States Ryohei Murata on Aug. 22 the same year, before the summit meeting.

Noting that West Germany was considering amending its Basic Law at the time, Kimmitt said that Japan would suffer from being bound to its historical position and not being able to respond to new challenges, according to the diplomatic documents.

Bush's request for an SDF deployment was treated as top secret within the Japanese government. Although some news outlets reported the contents of the summit meeting, the First North America Division of the Foreign Ministry prepared a document that denied Japan had received a request to dispatch the SDF.

The denial was likely made out of fear of harsh reactions from the public and from opposition parties.

Kaifu was unable to pass the bill on U.N. peacekeeping cooperation under his administration. Legislation that enabled full-scale deployment of SDF troops overseas was enacted under the administration of Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa in June 1992.

Legal changes now allow the SDF to be dispatched to overseas peacekeeping operations even if they are not under the control of the United Nations.

Still, sending the SDF abroad for Japan's defense or international security cooperation needs to meet some conditions and remains a sensitive issue under the pacifist Constitution.

WHY THE US WILL DECRIMINALIZE

Marijuana Is on the Minds of Young Conservatives at Turning Point USA’s AmericaFest

Natasha Yee
Tue, December 21, 2021

Trump Supporters In Phoenix Hold "America First" Event - Credit: Spencer Platt/Getty Images

It’s day two of Charlie Kirk’s AmericaFest, and freedom is in the air. At a gathering aimed primarily at Gen Z and Millennial conservatives, the theme is threaded throughout the event, and it can be seen everywhere: Never has the American flag been donned in some many iterations. The red, white, and blue motif graces blazers, cowboy hats, and high heels, as well as the photo backdrops and stage lighting.

Freedom is the implicit message of Sunday’s opening worship led by Sean Feucht, a Christian musician and former worship leader at Bethel Church in Redding, California. Feucht hosted a mass religious gathering in downtown Nashville in October 2020, to the chagrin of city health officials. Thousands of young adults and students pile in as early as 7:30 a.m. to hear his tunes.

Who Needs a License? New York Weed Dispensaries Are Already Opening

An hour or so later, Donald Trump, Jr. takes the stage and reminds the young MAGA fans what they’re nominally here for. “You guys are the frontline of freedom. Fight for your country because it’s worth it,” he urges, between laughing at the military for promoting transgender pilots and calling “Let’s Go Brandon” the biggest cultural phenomenon of the last 50 years. He calls Democrats hypocrites. “If I was doing crack, you probably wouldn’t give me the pass,” he says, alluding to Hunter Biden.

A familiar herby floral scent wafts toward me and I avert my gaze from Trump Jr.’s dogged comedy show. The guy in the next seat asks if I’d like a hit from his vape pen. “THC?” I ask. He nods mischievously.

It’s a surprise, but it’s not all that surprising. The young people here displayed traditional values with a penchant for partying, and — like many young conservatives — their views on cannabis legalization and drug decriminalization are complicated.

Eighteen states, two territories, and the District of Columbia currently allow recreational marijuana use, while 36 states and four territories allow medical use. According to Pew Research Center, 63% of Republicans ages 18 to 29 believe that marijuana should be legal for recreational and medical use. But as age increases, that number decreases: 53% of those ages 30 to 49, 48% of those 50 to 64, and just 27% of Republicans 65 and up favor making marijuana legal recreationally and medically.

Oregon decriminalized non-commercial amounts of illegal drugs like cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine through Measure 110, which went into effect on February 1st. The jury is still out on the consequences for a state that didn’t have the robust recovery systems in place to prepare for decriminalization.

“Marijuana should be legalized,” says Tyler Pemberton, a 27-year-old donning a khaki cowboy getup.

“The war on drugs is a losing war. I don’t partake recreationally, but as long as it’s used in moderation and not abused, it’s fine,”says the Grand Canyon University student. “I’ve never heard of anyone overdosing on marijuana, but I have heard of people overdosing on meth and heroin. But I don’t think throwing people in jail helps. The only thing that should be criminalized is the intent to distribute.”

At AmericaFest, views on marijuana are mixed, but questions about harder drugs gleaned a more hesitant approach.

Ishmael Sharif, a 20-year-old from Chicago, doesn’t stand by recreational legalization of marijuana. “Marijuana legalization is a gimmick in Illinois to extract more revenue from communities. I don’t think the state believes in it and I don’t believe in it,” he says. They’re just doing it to make money off people.” Sharif said that he could get behind medical legalization, but advised against the decriminalization of hard drugs.

Illinois residents could buy recreational marijuana starting on January 1st, 2020. The state collected $205 million in tax revenue from its sales last year, according to Marijuana Moment, and $31 million of that went to nonprofits.

The attitudes here reflect a broad public reimagining of how to deal with drugs and the people who use them — a shift that politicians are slowly catching up with. In June, Democrats initiated a bill to end President Nixon’s famous “War on Drugs” declaration 50 years prior. The Drug Policy Reform Act, introduced by Reps. Cori Bush (D-Mo.) and Bonnie Watson Coleman (D-N.J.) would decriminalize personal use and possession of all drugs, expunge current records and allow for re-sentencing and invest in health-centered responses to drug addiction.

Rep. Nancy Mace (R-S.C.) introduced the States Reform Act in November, which would decriminalize cannabis at the federal level, delisting it as a Schedule I drug under Drug Enforcement Agency rules. The bill would also allow for expungement of federal convictions in nonviolent cases and lay the groundwork for federal regulation and enforcement in states that allow marijuana sales.

As I talk about drugs with TPUSA attendees, for many of them, it comes back to freedom, or at least, to the absence of government. “The less government the better when it comes to marijiuana legalization; it has clearly shown promise for pain relief,” says Czeena Devera, a 31-year-old children’s book publisher from Michigan. “But harder drugs are a different story and have the potential to wreck a society. Those need to be regulated.”

STATEHOOD OR INDEPENDENCE
Puerto Rico Oversight Board Sues to Stop New Pension Benefits


Jim Wyss
Tue, December 21, 2021

(Bloomberg) -- The Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico said it filed a lawsuit to stop the local government from offering public workers billions in new retirement benefits that it says will undermine the island’s long-sought plan to restructure its debt.

In a statement issued late Monday, the board said it had filed the suit in Puerto Rico District Court to stop the pension measures -- known as Act 80, Act 81, and Act 82 -- because they are being pushed forward without sufficient analysis about how to pay for their costs.

The board estimates the three laws could increase government expenses by as much as $8.3 billion over the next 30 years. Even partially implementing Act 80, which promotes early retirement, could cost the government an additional $61 million in the first year alone, the board said.

The lawsuit comes as Puerto Rico nears the end of a four-year bankruptcy process. The island, along with the oversight board and other interested parties, have negotiated a plan that would reduce public debt by $33 billion.

While public workers would not see their benefits cut, the board is seeking to eliminate cost-of-living increases and freeze the pensions of teachers and judges to switch them to a defined-contribution plan, similar to a 401(k). The new laws would freight the island’s pension system with new expenses.

On Tuesday, Puerto Rico general obligation bonds with a 5% coupon and maturing in 2035 traded at an average of 100.87 cents on the dollar, a 3.3% yield on a yield-to-worst basis, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. That compares with an average price of 100.581 cents on the dollar last week with a 3.7% yield on a similar basis. The securities can next be called at par in July 2022

The federally appointed oversight board said it had been negotiating with Governor Pedro Pierluisi for more than a year to explore ways to make the new obligations affordable, but no agreement had been reached. Pierluisi has repeatedly clashed with the board over attempts to modify public pensions.

“The Oversight Board would have preferred to work with the government to find a viable alternative that would provide teachers, police officers, and other government employees with a real plan that Puerto Rico can afford rather than falling back into the old ways of making promises that cannot be fulfilled,” Oversight Board Chairman David Skeel said in a statement.

Last week, U.S. District Court Judge Laura Swain, who is overseeing the island’s record-setting bankruptcy proceedings, threatened to reject the debt plan if the board didn’t provide more details to justify overriding local laws, including the three pension measures.

“The government and the Oversight Board both hope the court will confirm the plan,” Skeel said. “The last thing Puerto Rico needs is more fiscal mismanagement, just as it is on the verge of getting out of bankruptcy and returning to prosperity.”

Starbucks workers are reportedly pushing to unionize stores across the country following a successful vote in Buffalo — here's the list so far

Mary Meisenzahl
Tue, December 21, 2021

REUTERS/Lindsay DeDario


Starbucks workers in Buffalo, New York voted for the chain's first US union on Thursday.

Now workers at other locations are pushing for union votes, according to reports.

So far there are reported campaigns in Arizona, Boston, New York, and Seattle.

Starbucks officially has its first unionized company-owned US store in Buffalo, New York, and the successful campaign is inspiring baristas across the country to organize their own stores.

The Elmwood location in Buffalo was one of three that were voting on a unionization drive over the last few weeks. It was the only store that definitively voted in favor of the union so far. The unionization vote failed to pass at a second location by a vote of 12 to eight, though a lawyer for the union indicated a possible future challenge over votes he says were not counted. At the third location, yes votes were leading 15 to nine, but the NLRB was unable to call the election because of ballots challenged by both parties.

Here are some other locations where Starbucks workers are reported to be organizing unions.

Mesa, Arizona

Starbucks barista.REUTERS/Mike Blake

Six employees at a store in Mesa, Arizona announced plans to organize their Starbucks location in mid-November. The workers wrote a letter to Starbucks CEO Kevin Johnson.

"We are organizing a union because we feel that this is the best way to contribute meaningfully to our partnership with the company," workers wrote in the letter. This location appears to still be in the early stages of the organizing process.

Buffalo, New York

REUTERS/Lindsay DeDario

Workers at three more Buffalo stores have filed paperwork to hold their own votes. which have not yet been scheduled. The stores are located in Buffalo suburbs of Cheektowaga, Amherst, and Depew. The NLRB is currently reviewing workers' petitions for elections and testimony from recent hearings before it will make a decision on holding elections, WIVB reported.

Boston

REUTERS/Mark Makela

Workers at two Boston area stores, in Allston and Brookline, announced plans to organize unions at their locations on December 13. They are working with the Workers United Labor Union, the same organization that workers in Buffalo organized with. So far, 36 out of 47 workers at the two locations have signed cards showing their intent to form a union, organizing members told WGBH.

"Buffalo is that first domino, and we hope that the Coolidge Corner and Allston stores can be the next domino here in Boston," Kylah Clay, a member of the organizing committee, told WGBH. The Boston workers cited stores in Buffalo and Arizona as part of the inspiration behind their drives.

Seattle

Ted S. Warren/AP

Starbucks workers at a location in Seattle filed to hold a union vote with the NLRB on December 20, The Seattle Times Reported.

"We do not see our desire to unionize as a reaction to specific policies, events, or changes, but rather a commitment to growing the company and the quality of our work. We see unionizing as a fundamental and necessary way to participate in Starbucks and its future as partners," four organizing workers wrote in a public letter to CEO Kevin Johnson.

Starbucks started in Seattle 50 years ago and is still headquartered in the West Coast city.

"Starbucks started here in Seattle 50 years ago and we intend to make the next 50 even greater with a union," workers wrote in the letter.

Starbucks Shop in Coffee Giant’s Hometown Joins Union Effort

Matt Townsend
Tue, December 21, 2021



(Bloomberg) -- Workers at a Starbucks Corp. store in Seattle, the coffee giant’s hometown, say they aim to unionize, adding momentum to the organizing efforts at the chain.

“We believe that partnership comes with a weight and responsibility on all sides, one that can only be fulfilled with equal power and accountability,” the workers said in a letter to Chief Executive Officer Kevin Johnson. “We are organizing a union because we believe the best way to uphold our end of the partnership is by creating a voice for ourselves.”

A Starbucks representative pointed to a recent letter by Rossann Williams, the coffee chain’s executive vice president for North America, saying that the company values working directly with its employees. “From the beginning, we’ve been clear in our belief that we do not want a union between us as partners, and that conviction has not changed,” Williams said.

Earlier this month, Starbucks employees successfully voted to unionize a store in Buffalo, New York -- marking the company’s first union location. Attempts to organize are being made at a handful of other locations. The company has agreed to negotiate with newly formed union.

Starbucks shares rose 1.3% at 10:02 a.m. Tuesday in New York.

Starbucks takes hard line on unions, insists will ‘come to the table’ with Buffalo workers

Brooke DiPalma and Dani Romero

Mon, December 20, 2021

Starbucks (SBUX) on Monday reiterated its tough stance against unionizing, saying that while the movement was not in the best interests of its workforce, it would “bargain in good faith” with one location that voted to organize.

Recently, partners at a store in Buffalo scored a big win after voting to form the coffee giant's first ever union. On Friday, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) confirmed the vote, according to an internal memo obtained by Yahoo Finance. Yet the Seattle-based coffee chain remains opposed to the effort. 

“From the beginning, we’ve been clear in our belief that we do not want a union between us as partners, and that conviction has not changed,” Rossann Williams, Starbucks EVP and president of U.S. Retail and Canada wrote to all U.S. partners, which Starbucks call its employees.

She added that: “We have also said that we respect the legal process,” insisting the company would "bargain in good faith with the union that represents partners in the one Buffalo store that voted in favor of union representation. Our hope is that union representatives also come to the table with mutual good faith, respect and positive intent."

The 50-year-old company actively lobbied against the Buffalo effort, saying it's more than 8,000 company-owned U.S. stores operate best when it works directly with its employees.

Voting wrapped up last week, where a second cafe narrowly rejected the measure, and a third coffee shop is still waiting on results amid a number of challenges to individual ballots.

Starbucks Workers United, a union representing the workers, filed objections with the NLRB for two elections on Thursday. Union organizers claim that Starbucks “dramatically” and “negatively” affected the results of the vote at the second cafe store.

Meanwhile, union representatives of the Buffalo Starbucks location will begin to negotiate a contract for better wages, benefits and working conditions.

It’s unclear when the results for the third store will be finalized. However, the Starbucks union movement has now spread to Arizona and Boston, as workers at two locations in the city are taking up their effort to form a union.

Starbucks to ‘stay true to Mission and Values'

The upscale coffee giant is one of many companies confronting a pandemic-era reckoning with a stressed out and underpaid workforce, and has moved to address quality of work and pay issues.

In late October, Starbucks announced its plans to increase all U.S. hourly wages to at least $15 an hour, up from the current $12 rate, by the summer of 2022. This will bring the average pay for all U.S. Starbucks’ hourly partners to nearly $17 per an hour.

The memo sent Monday morning emphasizes the company’s desire to remain directly connected with its partners.

“We stand for fairness and equity for our partners. We stand for growing and learning together," executives wrote. 

"We stand for the Starbucks Experience, and building a company together where partners and the business can thrive and share success. Most importantly, we always stand together as one Starbucks. Always,” the letter said.

Shares of Starbucks have been mixed, losing ground recently but up 5.2% year-to-date. Analysts continue to view the vote as neutral to the coffee giant’s bottom line if the unionization takes hold, given its vast resources and pricing power.

“We do not believe the recent news creates a need to adjust our model at this time, but have chosen to provide a backdrop scenario analysis to assess what it could mean, should the situation become more pervasive," Brett Levy, executive director at MKM Partners, wrote in a research note last week.

While reiterating the stock as a "Buy," Levy said higher labor costs could push up operating expenses across 15% of its stores, translating into a bottom-line hit of around 3%.

Brooke DiPalma is a producer and reporter for Yahoo Finance. Follow her on Twitter at @BrookeDiPalma or email her at bdipalma@yahoofinance.com.

Dani Romero is a reporter for Yahoo Finance. Follow her on Twitter: @daniromerotv

Documents show FPL wrote bill to slow rooftop solar’s growth by hampering net metering

Mary Ellen Klas, Mario Alejandro Ariza

MIAMI HERALD
Mon, December 20, 2021


Rooftop solar power generation in Florida is still a nascent industry, but Florida Power & Light, the nation’s largest power company, is pushing to hamstring it — by writing and delivering legislation the company asked state lawmakers to introduce, according to records obtained by the Miami Herald and Floodlight.

FPL, whose work with dark-money political committees helped to secure Republican control of the state Senate in the 2020 elections, asked state Sen. Jennifer Bradley to sponsor its top-priority bill: legislation that would hobble rooftop solar by preventing homeowners and businesses from offsetting their costs by selling excess power back to the company, an arrangement known as net metering.

Records from the Florida Senate show that FPL drafted the bill, and lobbyist John Holley delivered it to Bradley, R-Fleming Island, and FPL’s parent company followed up with a $10,000 contribution to her political committee. Bradley filed the bill in November. A week later, state Rep. Lawrence McClure, R-Plant City, introduced an identical version in the House.

Only about 90,000 Florida customers, about 1% of the state’s more than 8.5 million customers, sell excess energy back to the electrical grid, but the arrangement has driven significant rooftop solar expansion in Florida. The proposed legislation could seriously curtail that growth. FPL is pushing for it as Florida’s biggest utility — it has 5.5 million customers, about 65% of the state. Duke has 2 million customers, followed by TECO with 800,000 and then many other smaller utilities.

The solar industry — companies that make, sell, install, lease and maintain rooftop solar equipment — is fighting back fiercely, suggesting that the bill will devastate its business.

“This is a tired tactic that utilities have used to maintain their monopoly grip on electricity markets,” said Will Giese, southeast regional director for the Solar Energy Industries Association. “Net metering is a popular program that gives people the right to choose the energy that works for them, provides benefits to all ratepayers and creates thousands of energy jobs across Florida.”

But FPL is arguing rooftop solar could cost Florida utilities about $700 million between 2019 and 2025, according to documents submitted to the Florida Public Service Commission. That’s a trend nationwide, as power company profits are threatened by the rise of distributed renewable energy — a technology which scientists say is essential to limiting the pollution that causes the climate crisis.

FPL spokesperson Chris McGrath said the company doesn’t oppose net metering but wants to see the current law revised. He argued that customers with rooftop solar are being subsidized by other customers who continue to buy electricity and pay to maintain the power grid.

“We simply believe rooftop solar customers should pay the full cost of this investment,” McGrath said.

A long, political battle

The bill is just one front in a decade-long battle against the policy. For years, FPL has been one of the largest contributors to legislative Florida political campaigns. It backed a failed ballot amendment in 2016 that would have allowed regulators to impose fees and barriers to rooftop solar installation. FPL has also invested millions into groups with untraceable, anonymous donors that launched attacks on state and local politicians.

According to reporting by the Orlando Sentinel, FPL executives have been tied to a series of ‘dark-money’ nonprofits, one of which figures prominently in the Miami-Dade state attorney’s investigation into a scandal involving a “ghost” Senate candidate. Under the scheme, a candidate with no political background was on the ballot as a no-party option in an effort to confuse voters and dilute support for the Democrat in the race, helping Republicans maintain their majority in the state Senate.

FPL CEO Eric Silagy was directly involved in steering money to dark-money groups led by the consultants who controlled Grow United, the organization used to promote the ghost candidates, according to documents obtained by the Sentinel. Holley, the FPL lobbyist who delivered the net metering language to the Senate, worked to promote Republican Senate candidates in the close races. FPL denied any wrongdoing related to political campaigns.

“Any report or suggestion that we had involvement in, financially supported or directed others to support any ‘ghost’ candidates during the 2020 election cycle is patently false, and we have found absolutely no evidence of any legal wrongdoing by FPL or its employees,” McGrath, the FPL spokesperson said in response to questions for this story. Records obtained by the Sentinel also show overlap between Grow United and previous campaigns to overhaul net metering.

Rooftop solar customers in Florida can sell excess power they generate back to their utility company. A bill written by FPL for legislators aims to change that arrangement.

One person affiliated with Grow United is Abbie MacIver, who formerly worked for Energy Fairness, a group that encourages policymakers to consider the “cost of energy choices, as well as their benefits.” Last year, McClure sent a letter to state regulators at the Florida Public Service Commission citing the result and urging it to update its net metering rule.

The commission held a workshop, which drew 16,000 messages from solar advocates urging it to leave the net metering program alone. Commissioners said it was the highest response rate they had received on any issue and concluded that no immediate changes to net metering needed to be made.

“What people may not realize is that public opinion is very much in our favor,’’ said Bryan Jacob of the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy. “They’ve got the lobbying power, and we’ve got the people power.”
How the bill came to exist

Bradley, who received FPL’s draft bill, is a first-term senator who is close to Senate leadership and chairs the Community Affairs Committee and the Subcommittee on Congressional Reapportionment. Bradley is married to former state Sen. Rob Bradley, an influential politician who was head of the Senate budget committee.

Bradley said the bill language emerged after a meeting she had with Holley and other members of the utility industry.

“I looked at the language. It was based on our discussion, and it was one that I could support as a starting point,’’ she recalled.

Emails show that Bradley’s staff followed up with FPL after that discussion. On Oct. 8, 2021, Bradley’s legislative aide Katie Heffley emailed Holley with the subject line: “Net Metering Bill.”

“Good afternoon, Hope you’re doing well,’’ she said. “I just wanted to check in and see if you had any follow up information or language in regards to the net metering bill you discussed with Senator Bradley.”

Holley replied eight minutes later: “I do. Can I bring it to you all later today?’’ he wrote. Heffley suggested that he could “send it via email today or we will be at the Capitol next week.”

Holley declined to provide an electronic version and offered to “drop it off” in person the following week. Ten days later, Heffley wrote Holley again. “I just want to reach out and see if I could get an electronic copy of the net metering bill so I can put it into drafting.”

A staffer in Sen. Jennifer Bradley’s office asked FPL for an electronic copy of the bill the company drafted.

Two days later, Florida Division of Elections records show, FPL’s parent company, NextEra Energy, gave $10,000 to Bradley’s political committee, Women Building the Future.

McClure’s political committee, Conservative Florida, did not receive any utility money during this time but on Nov. 4 did receive a $10,000 contribution from Associated Industries of Florida’s political committee, Voice for Florida business, which promotes FPL’s agenda and whose consultants have also worked on the dark money campaigns, according to the Orlando Sentinel reporting.

NextEra Energy said its political committee did not make its contribution to Bradley’s campaign “with an expectation of favor.”

The email records were provided to the Herald and Floodlight by the Energy & Policy Institute, a watchdog organization that works to counter misinformation about renewable energy.

Most states allow net metering

Florida is one of 47 states that allow households and businesses that produce power to sell it back to the grid at a set rate. However, those policies are coming under fire as utilities become increasingly concerned about how the growth of distributed solar energy affects their bottom line.

In California, regulators plan to increase fees on rooftop solar customers. Even some environmental advocates say the change is fair and necessary because of the fast rate of rooftop solar development in that state.

Rooftop solar, while critical to fighting climate change, is a threat to the traditional utility business model.

Electricity companies like FPL make money off of the things they build: mainly large power plants and the power lines that bring that energy to customers. They don’t make money off of the solar power generated from rooftops.

Under Florida’s current arrangement, homes and businesses that generate less than 2 megawatts of solar power can sell the excess back to their utility in exchange for a bill credit of 11 cents per kWh. FPL argues that arrangement is unfair to customers who don’t generate their own power but continue to pay for the costs of maintaining the grid that rooftop solar customers also use.

Rooftop solar in Florida expanded slowly until 2018 when the Florida Public Service Commission allowed electricity customers to lease solar systems with little or no upfront costs. That decision catapulted the growth of small-scale solar capacity in the state. It grew by 57% in 2020, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

FPL says the cost of subsidizing its 24,000 net metering customers was $30 million in 2020 (about $1,250 per customer).

The solar industry disagrees, pointing to research that shows rooftop solar penetration is low enough in most states that “the effects of distributed solar on retail electricity prices will likely remain negligible for the foreseeable future.”

But utility experts have testified to the Florida Public Service Commission that rooftop solar in the state could grow at a rate of 39% a year until 2025 if Florida’s current net metering system is left in place.

That growth has the utilities, and legislators, worried.

“As a result of the current system, my constituents are being forced to subsidize the decisions of neighbors in other counties who are in a position to be able to put these expensive systems on their homes,’’ Bradley said.

FPL wrote the language for a bill on net metering and gave it to bill sponsors in the Florida House and Senate for the upcoming legislative session.

What the bill would do

Under Bradley’s bill, net-metering customers whose solar panels deliver energy back to the utility grid would no longer receive credits based on the retail cost of energy, but instead receive credits based on a lower wholesale cost. That cost is based on the “avoided cost” that the utility would have incurred if it were to install a comparable system.

The bill also allows utilities to charge rooftop solar customers more, by adding in facility charges, grid access fees and minimum monthly payments. Customers who are already using rooftop solar power before 2023 would be grandfathered in and keep their previous compensation rates for 10 years.

Bradley said she is open to discussing alternative models for her bill, including a system in use in the Carolinas to compensate rooftop solar customers who provide extra power for the grid when it is most needed, during peak hours.

Florida now has the second-largest solar workforce in the country — about 11,000 direct jobs and 31,000 indirect ones, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association. It ranks third among states for installed solar capacity, although much of that is large-scale, utility-owned solar.

Justin Vandenbroeck, the president of the Florida Solar Energy Industries Association who also owns an Orlando-based solar installation company, said the solar industry consists mostly of independently owned small businesses. “If this bill passes as it is, it has the potential to send Florida back to 2013, as if the advances of the last 10 years didn’t happen,’’ Vandenbroeck said.

McClure conceded the bill “is not baked.”

“Very early on in this bill’s ride, I think it has a real chance to settle out in a way that most parties are not upset,’’ he said. He added that the net metering law has not been updated in 13 years and now is time to discuss it.

“We need to have the debate,’’ he said. “I’m not afraid if the conclusion is it’s not the time to do this. I feel rooftop solar is beneficial to the environment, and Floridians. I am concerned that it will result in significant costs here, but I also don’t want to destroy the rooftop solar industry in Florida.”

Katie Chiles Ottenweller, Southeast director for Vote Solar, an Atlanta-based advocacy organization, is optimistic but wary given FPL’s clout in the Florida Legislature and its role in drafting the bill.

“Companies do not pass legislation. Legislators pass legislation,’’ she said. “I’m hopeful this is a conversation starter but, at the same time, it’s really hard to have a conversation when you have a gun to your head. The bill as it is written will decimate this industry.”

Mary Ellen Klas can be reached at meklas@miamiherald.com and @MaryEllenKlas

This story is a collaboration with Floodlight.

Wisconsin museum working to return hundreds of human remains to Indigenous nations

Frank Vaisvilas, Green Bay Press-Gazette
Tue, December 21, 2021, 5:02 AM·3 min read

BELOIT – Researchers at Beloit College are working to repatriate the remains of hundreds of individuals unearthed during archeological excavations at ancient Indigenous burial sites.

Some of the bones had once been used as teaching materials, but scientists have since realized that was an unethical practice.

“We don’t believe it’s ethical for us to continue teaching with human remains because our threshold is consent,” said Nicolette Meister, director of the Logan Museum of Anthropology, a teaching museum at Beloit College.

RELATED: Group works to preserve ancient Indigenous burial mounds across Wisconsin

Online archeological group deciphers arrowheads, artifacts found regularly in Wisconsin

Twenty ancient Indigenous burial mounds are located on the college campus. There were originally 25 mounds that date back 1500 years, but some mounds were destroyed during archeological excavation, which ceased during the 1970s when college museum staff and students started working with Indigenous nations in northern Wisconsin.

About 80% of ancient burial mounds in Wisconsin have been lost since the early 1800s due to farming, development, erosion or looting.

Beloit staff and archeologists in the mid-1980s worked and succeeded in convincing state legislators to pass some protection for burial mounds in Wisconsin.

In 1990, Congress passed the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), administered through the National Park Service, that requires certain Native American remains, funerary objects, sacred objects and objects of cultural patrimony be returned to their rightful tribes.

“NAGPRA makes museums accountable and consult with the tribes,” Meister said. “That wasn’t the case in the past when only the museum had the authority. … We recognize the history and legacy of colonialism is inescapable, especially in anthropology museums.”

She said the Logan Museum has a long history of NAGPRA compliance and consulting with tribal neighbors, but it wasn’t until earlier this year that museum received a federal grant to help repatriate the, at least, 400 individual human remains in possession of the museum.

The museum will use the up to $89,000 NAGPRA grant to help identify which tribes the remains belong to.

The college is located on the ancestral land of several cultures, including the Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi, but the museum had collected artifacts from around the world.

The museum was established in 1894 based on a collection and acquisitions of artifacts from the 1893 World Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

It has since grown to curate about 350,000 objects.

Meister said the NAGPRA grant will help to accelerate consultation and eventual repatriation of the human remains to their respective tribes once the work is complete to determine where they should go.

“We’re not just consulting with one group,” she said. “Much of this work is focused on building trust and building relationships. There’s an understanding that our common goal is to repatriate. Everyone is working on return of these ancestors to the earth.”

The museum also has worked to repatriate cultural items in the past, including a headdress to the Hopi Nation in Arizona, a drum to the White Earth Ojibwe Nation in Minnesota and metal artifacts to the Odawa Nation in Michigan.

These artifacts were acquired by the museum around 1900.

“The work of NAGPRA is important human rights legislation,” Meister said. “And the museum is focused on anti-racism, equity and inclusion.”

Frank Vaisvilas is a Report For America corps member based at the Green Bay Press-Gazette covering Native American issues in Wisconsin. He can be reached at 920-228-0437 or fvaisvilas@gannett.com, or on Twitter at @vaisvilas_frank. Please consider supporting journalism that informs our democracy with a tax-deductible gift to this reporting effort at GreenBayPressGazette.com/RFA.

This article originally appeared on Green Bay Press-Gazette: Researchers working to return human remains to Indigenous nations

Maine's sparrows are being wiped out by mercury and climate change

Sam Schipani, Bangor Daily News, Maine

Tue, December 21, 2021

Dec. 21—Pollution and sea-level rise are putting Maine's most unique birds in jeopardy.

Tidal marsh songbird offspring are less likely to survive long enough to leave the nest when the mother bird has high levels of mercury in its blood, according to new research from the University of Maine. Even so, the birds, which have already seen extreme declines over the past two decades, are more sensitive to sea level rise.

The tidal marsh is a unique habitat, situated at the border of land and sea. The birds that live there — particularly the native saltmarsh sparrow and its closely related sister species, the Acadian Nelson's sparrow — have uniquely adapted to survive there.

"They're one of relatively few terrestrial or land species that live in tidal marsh," Kate Ruskin, a UMaine lecturer in ecology and environmental sciences who led the study.

The birds are also in danger. The saltmarsh sparrow, a native Maine species, is slated to be considered for Endangered Species protection in 2024 and predicted to be extinct by 2060. Previous studies from the University of Maine showed that saltmarsh sparrow populations are declining 9 percent annually across the northeastern U.S., while Acadian Nelson's sparrows are declining 4.2 percent annually.

"Those numbers are pretty huge," Ruskin said. "I remember thinking it wasn't quite that bad when I heard it, but from year one to year two, that's from 100,000 to 91,000 [birds], and by year 10, that's down to 39,000 birds."

Scientists thought that this may be because tidal marshes are also breeding grounds for mercury, which can impede bird reproduction. Mercury floats through the air over to Maine from coal fired power plants from even as far away as the Midwest, but it takes the special bacteria like the kinds found in tidal marsh to convert mercury into a form organisms can consume.

Ruskin and her fellow researchers set out to find out if mercury was to blame for the decline in these special sparrows. Over the course of three breeding seasons, the researchers sampled more than 100 birds to determine whether mercury was accumulating in their blood and, if it was, whether that correlated to their offspring not making it out of the nest.

The study yielded a number of interesting results. First, though the birds from Maine had the lowest total mercury concentrations in their blood, Ruskin said the variability between plots that were only a few miles away from each other was vast.

"It's variable on a small spatial scale and that's a good takeaway for conservation," Ruskin said. "That suggests small conservation action can make a difference."

The levels of mercury in the birds' blood also changed so much over the course of the years that the researchers determined that the toxic substance wasn't bioaccumulating, or staying in the birds' systems to build up over time.

However, when the birds did have high levels of mercury in their blood, the researchers saw that the baby birds were less likely to live long enough to leave the nest.

A more pressing concern, though, was flooding caused by sea level rise in these sensitive intertidal areas. Nests were at least twice as sensitive — and at most, 17 times more sensitive — to flooding than they were to mercury exposure. The researchers even found that study plots where the mercury was highest had relatively high nest survival — and happened to have some of the lowest nest flooding levels.

Doug Hitchcox, staff naturalist at Maine Audubon, said that knowing which factors are contributing to the species decline — and how important they are compared with one another — is essential to saving them.

"While we know mercury levels in many of Maine's birds, including our iconic Common Loon, can negatively affect nesting success, this study shows that these sparrows nesting in tidal marshes are at a greater threat to increasing sea level rise from climate change, a threat that we need to act as soon as possible to slow," Hitchcox said.

Losing the saltmarsh sparrow could send a ripple throughout the ecosystems of Maine in a way that will affect more than just birdwatchers. Hitchcox pointed to the fact that saltmarsh sparrows feed on pesky, biting greenhead flies during the summer.

"Without those sparrows, some of our favorite summer outdoor activities may become much less enjoyable," Hitchcox said.

Ruskin hopes that her research will be useful — and hopeful — to conservationists looking to preserve the unique ecosystems of Maine.

"We found some negative effects from mercury but addressing that is not going to prevent them from going extinct this century," Ruskin said. "Making sure they have a place to live where the nests aren't getting flooded, that's the key to survival in the next century."

Research shows Permian Basin air pollution on the rise as EPA works to finalize new rules




Adrian Hedden, 

Carlsbad Current-Argus

Tue, December 21, 2021

Methane emissions continued to rise in the Permian Basin this fall, and environmentalists used their own research on the matter to advocate for stricter federal air pollution controls on the oil and gas industry.

The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) last week released the results of an aerial survey of 900 oil and gas sites in the Permian Basin, which spans southeast New Mexico and West Texas, finding “significant plumes” of methane coming from 40 percent of the sites.

About 14 percent of the emissions were from malfunctioning flares, the report read, while 30 percent of the surveyed pipelines were releasing methane into the air and about half of all midstream facilities studied also had emissions.

Methane is a greenhouse gas known to be a byproduct of oil and gas production and can lead to respiratory illness or cancer after long-term exposure to people.

The study conducted between Nov. 12 and Nov. 21 and released Dec. 14 was the eighth as part of the EDF’s broader PermianMAP project to track emissions in the region – the U.S.’ most active oilfields.

Researchers attached infrared cameras to a helicopter to study emissions at sites previously observed in past PermianMAP studies, allegedly finding about half of the measured sites had reoccurring releases of methane.

The study also looked at specifically smaller-producing sites and the reoccurrence of emissions within a week, finding a third of such facilities had emissions that continued for days.

Dave Lyon, senior scientist with the EDF said the research indicated stronger policy was needed to reduce emissions and thus air pollution from oil and gas operations.

He said requirements to increase inspection frequency and repair leaks and malfunctioning equipment was an important step to mitigating the industry’s contributions to climate change.

More: 'The time is now': New Mexico taking action on oil and gas-induced earthquakes

“There are dozens of reasons why a site might be emitting high levels of methane. The only way to know what’s going on and to ensure things are operating properly is to regularly check sites for problems that lead to massive pollution,” Lyon said.

“Our research has consistently shown that leaks can and do happen at all types of facilities – including smaller, leak-prone wells – and the best way to control emissions is to find and fix them.”

Jon Goldstein, senior director of regulatory and legislative affairs said the federal government must take action to ensure oil companies in all states operate under adequate pollution controls.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was developing new rules targeting methane emissions, seeking to expand the regulatory applicability to not only newly-built oil and gas facilities but existing sites throughout the U.S.

The EPA recently extended a public comment period for the drafted rules, which include added leak detection and repair requirement, to Jan. 31, 2022, contending that when enacted the proposal would cut nationwide methane emissions by 30 percent by 2030.

“The EPA has a real opportunity to change the game and make a meaningful dent in our methane pollution,” Goldstein said. “This research makes clear that the agency must tackle frequent, large emissions from smaller wells if we’re going to have a shot at achieving our climate goals and protecting communities from air pollution.”

More: Smaller 'independent' oil and gas producers leading Permian Basin growth, study says

EPA Administrator Michael Regan said the regulations would ensure “long-lasting” pollution reductions while also encouraging technological advancement within the industry aimed at addressing environmental concerns.

The Agency’s data showed the oil and gas industry was the U.S.’ largest emitter of methane emissions, and that a third of greenhouse gasses, which cause global warming, were generated by human activities.

The industry in the U.S. emits more methane and greenhouse gas than 164 countries combine, per the EPA, also including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants.

More: Benefits of oil and gas debated in Congress as feds ready to lease more land in New Mexico

The EPA estimated its proposed rules would prevent the release of 41 million tons of methane from 2023 to 2035, and also recover up to $49 billion in natural gas that would otherwise go to waste during that timeframe.

“With this historic action, EPA is addressing existing sources from the oil and natural gas industry nationwide, in addition to updating rules for new sources, to ensure robust and lasting cuts in pollution across the country,” Regan said.

“By building on existing technologies and encouraging innovative new solutions, we are committed to a durable final rule that is anchored in science and the law, that protects communities living near oil and natural gas facilities, and that advances our nation’s climate goals under the Paris Agreement.”

More: Interior's proposed fossil fuel reforms criticized by industry, New Mexico environmentalists

But the proposal drew concern from oil and gas industry leaders who said the cost of compliance with such rules could threaten economic prosperity brought on by fossil fuel development.

In public testimony given by Kevin O’Scannlain, vice president of upstream policy with the American Petroleum Institute, he argued the EPA must take into account the cost and availability of equipment that would need to be retrofitted at oil and gas sites to comply with the rules.

He said the Institute – of the industry’s largest, national trade groups, support federal regulation of methane but that the rules must reflect the needs of the industry along with environmental protection.

“With respect to rule implementation, we urge EPA to carefully consider the availability and cost of equipment, labor and other required resources needed to comply with the proposed standards,” O’Scannlain wrote in his submitted testimony.

“These aspects are especially critical in setting workable implementation timelines, given the hundreds of thousands of existing sources that may require retrofit, and current well-documented supply chain shortages.”

Adrian Hedden  achedden@currentargus.com or @AdrianHedden on Twitter.

This article originally appeared on Carlsbad Current-Argus: Research shows Permian Basin oil and gas air pollution on the rise