Wednesday, February 02, 2022

ALBERTA 
Mounties being assaulted on 4th day of Coutts trucker border standoff: Kenney

By Alanna Smith The Canadian Press
Posted February 1, 2022


A trucker blockade in southern Alberta at the United States border turned violent Tuesday after some protesters breached police barriers to join the demonstration and some Mounties were reportedly attacked.



“I’ve received reports in the last hour of people aligned with the protesters assaulting RCMP officers, including one instance trying to ram members of the RCMP, later leading to a collision with a civilian vehicle,” said Premier Jason Kenney in a news conference that began around 4:30 p.m.

“This kind of conduct is totally unacceptable.

“Without hesitation, I condemn those actions and I call for calm.”


2:07Kenney calls reports of abuse towards RCMP officers at Alberta border crossing blockade ‘unacceptable’

RCMP were not immediately available to comment on the assaults.

Events moved swiftly after RCMP announced Tuesday afternoon that negotiations to have the protesters leave on their own had failed and it was time to enforce the law at the Coutts, Alta., crossing.


READ MORE: Remaining trucker convoy protesters won’t leave until COVID-19 restrictions ease

As teams of officers approached truck cabs, some drivers began slowly peeling off and heading away.

0:44Trucker protests: Raw video shows scene on the ground at Coutts border crossing

At the same time, however, north of Coutts, other protesters breached a police barricade and drove down the highway to join the blockade.

Two of those protesters were seen in tractors with Canadian flags, racing down a ditch along the highway.
Police said what may have begun as a peaceful assembly quickly turned into an unlawful blockade and though they’ve tried to find a resolution, protesters have chosen not to comply.

Under the Critical Infrastructure Defence Act, a highway is considered essential infrastructure. Those who “wilfully obstruct, interrupt or interfere with the construction, maintenance, use or operation of any essential infrastructure in a manner that renders the essential infrastructure dangerous, useless, inoperative or ineffective” could be arrested and/or charged, RCMP said.


“We (began) to remove some vehicles from the protest area. A few left. I didn’t get an exact count of how many went out. And then we received notification that additional protesters were arriving on the scene and came around our secured area,” said RCMP Cpl. Curtis Peters.

The blockade has snarled and stalled traffic at the border crossing since Saturday, leaving travellers and truckers on both sides stranded and locals unable to access goods and services, including medical care.

The RCMP noted that while peaceful assembly is allowed, the demonstrators were contravening federal and provincial laws that forbid anyone from impeding access to critical infrastructure.

2:55Ever-changing Coutts standoff stretches into Tuesday evening in southern Alberta
Kenney condemns blockade, RCMP assault


Kenney said the situation in Coutts remained fluid and urged travellers to use border crossings at other points of entry in the province.

The premier said he is working with the federal government to see if they can extend service and working hours at those locations.

“We can expect there will continue to be some interruption at the Coutts border crossing perhaps for some time to come as the RCMP deals with the road blockage there,” said Kenney.

In his first news conference since the start of the border blockade in his province, Kenney both condemned and encouraged those protesting public health mandates.

But he said he had no plans to meet with protesters in the blockade.

“I’m not going to cross-thread myself with the operational decisions of the police, I think that would be unhelpful,” the premier said.

“The RCMP did attempt to have a dialogue. They had their specialists engaging protest groups and they thought they were getting somewhere.”

The premier said he, the acting justice minister and transportation minister received a briefing from the RCMP on the weekend’s events and on Tuesday, he shared a report of protesters allegedly trying to assault RCMP officers, including with a vehicle.


“Without hesitation, I condemn those actions and I call for calm among anybody who feels sympathetic to those engaged in this blockade.”

He said he sympathized with the “vast majority of lawful protestors,” adding it is “unfortunate to see a small number break the law, create a public safety hazard and enormous inconvenience for law-abiding Canadians.”

“I understand the concerns and frustrations that (protesters) have. And for those opposed to the quarantine requirement for (truckers to cross the border), not only do I hear you, but I agree with you.”

Kenney and acting Justice Minister Sonya Savage said there was no need for a court injunction against the blockade.

“You don’t need an injunction to uphold the law,” the premier said.

2:05 Alberta Premier Jason Kenney addresses Coutts trucker border standoff, says Mounties assaulted


The demonstration started in solidarity with demonstrations countrywide and in Ottawa against cross-border truckers having to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and other public health measures.

Early Tuesday, the line of trucks had thinned out but still stretched two abreast as far as the eye could see in chilling wind and -20 C temperatures.

A aerial look at the trucker protest at the Coutts border crossing Tuesday, Feb. 1, 2022. Courtesy, RCMP

Canadian flags flew from some trucks. Others sported upside-down Maple Leafs and homemade signs and placards: “True North Strong Proud and Free.” “Mandate Freedom or Liberation is Coming.” “No Fear, Freedom Rules.”

Coutts Mayor Jim Willett has said the protest was isolating the village’s 250 residents.

Mail delivery had been stopped and some children were forced to stay home from school Monday because their bus could not get into the community. There were reports of residents not receiving at-home medical care.

1:53 Coutts blockade stalls cross-border deliveries, costing truckers money


The blockade also left truckers stranded in the U.S.


Lovepreet Singh said he arrived in Edmonton on Tuesday after waiting in Montana with 150 other trucks and a full load of fruit and vegetables for more than two days.

Singh said it was a frustrating wait that put the health of some truckers at risk.

“That’s not how Canadians behave,” said Singh in an interview.

“There are people (who) have medical issues like blood pressure issues, thyroid issues, asthma.”

He said many of those waiting ate pizza every day from a nearby store while listening to a constant refrain from police to sit tight and wait.

Singh said he eventually detoured through icy roads in British Columbia at a cost of seven extra hours and $400 in gas.

Some truck drivers who left earlier risked driving through snow squalls, he said. One rig hit the ditch.

“We don’t make enough money to survive in these kinds of situations,” said Singh.


“It’s even hard for us to pay all the bills and (provide) for our family.”

READ MORE: Coutts border blockade enters 3rd day

Alberta NDP call on government to act

Alberta NDP transportation critic Lorne Dach, along with Edmonton-Meadows MLA Jasvir Deol, held a virtual news conference Tuesday afternoon.

The pair was joined by two other truck drivers who were stuck on the U.S. side of the border: Sam Chahal and Kulwant Singh.

“Both the RCMP and the premier have called this blockade illegal, but members of the UCP government caucus have participated in this illegal blockage and cheered it on — this is totally unacceptable and MLAs Shane Getson and Grant Hunter cannot continue to sit in the government caucus,” Deol said.

“This blockade has obstructed emergency access to goods and it’s preventing children from going to schools, they are harming Alberta’s economy, and they have left many working professionals stranded on both sides of border.”


2:39 RCMP begin taking action on trucker blockade near Alberta-Montana border

Both Chahal and Singh spoke via Zoom inside their trucks, where they said the line was getting very long near Coutts.

It is the only border crossing in the province where live animals are permitted, along with it being the direct route for the major Alberta beef packing plants and feedlots.

​”This is a lot (of) cost burden for us,” Chahal said when explaining that the truck loads were planned prior to the trucker convoy — meaning there was no time to cancel the initial pickup down in the U.S.

Anti-mandate demonstrators gather as a truck convoy blocks the highway the busy U.S. border crossing in Coutts, Alta., Monday, Jan. 31, 2022.
 THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jeff McIntosh

Anti-mandate demonstrators gather as a truck convoy blocks the highway the busy U.S. border crossing in Coutts, Alta., Monday, Jan. 31, 2022. JMC
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View image in gallery mode
The Canadian flag is reflected in a wheel hub as anti-mandate demonstrators gather as a truck convoy blocks the highway the busy U.S. border crossing in Coutts, Alta., Monday, Jan. 31, 2022. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Jeff McIntosh

Chahal said had they known the protest would cause the border to be closed off, truck drivers would have been able to charge extra for the added fuel, food and supplies needed; however, because they were expecting the border to stay open, many are incurring those costs that they likely won’t get back.

“Sometimes the trip is only 200-300 kilometres in total but if we have to divert to a new border crossing, it becomes up to 1,100 to 1,200 kilometres which (means) the trip is going to take about two days with a job that could be finished within three hours.”

Ending protests a ‘delicate’ task: Law professor

One Alberta law professor said the negotiating an end to mass protests is a “delicate moment,” saying law enforcement officers’ first tactic is de-escalation.

“That’s always going to work better than mass arrests for the very reason that simply moving in and sending everybody off to prison immediately may in fact escalate the situation, may draw more supporters to the protest and may make the situation worse, not better,” University of Alberta law professor Eric Adams said.

1:01Trucker protests: Transport minister says Coutts blockade must disband to allow stranded truckers to go home

“Police know through tried and true trial and error that, at the end of the day, it’s often in the public interest to try as best as you can to negotiate an end to these moments, even if it is painful and even if it is slow,” Adams added.

“At the end of the day, it might work better in keeping the border open in the weeks and months to come.

“It’s an art, not a science, to ending protests.”

— With files from Adam Toy and Jessika Guse, Global News, and Fakiha Baig, The Canadian Press

© 2022 The Canadian Press

Kenney calls for calm, says RCMP officers assaulted at Coutts border crossing

Article content

Alberta Premier Jason Kenney is calling for calm after he says RCMP officers were assaulted by “people allied with the protesters” at the Coutts border crossing.

At a press conference Tuesday, Kenney said officers were assaulted, including one instance of people trying to ram members of the RCMP leading to a collision with a civilian vehicle.

“This kind of conduct is totally unacceptable. Assaulting law enforcement officers who were simply doing their job to maintain public safety and the rule of law is completely unacceptable,” he said.

“Without hesitation, I condemn those actions and I call for calm amongst anybody who feels sympathetic to those engaged in this blockade.”

A spokesperson for the RCMP was not able to provide any details about what happened by deadline.

The blockade entered its fourth day on Tuesday, stopping traffic through the busy U.S. border crossing with Montana in protest of COVID-19 health measures.

On Tuesday afternoon RCMP said those blocking the highway or aiding the blockade may be arrested or charged under Alberta’s Critical Infrastructure Defence Act.

“We have been engaged with protesters at the Coutts border crossing in an effort to find a peaceful and safe resolution for all involved. We thought we had a path to resolution, the protesters eventually chose not to comply,” RCMP said in a news release Tuesday afternoon.

“What may have begun as a peaceful assembly quickly turned into an unlawful blockade … This event is not a peaceful assembly.”

On Tuesday Kenney reiterated much of his statement from earlier in the week that protesters have freedom of expression and assembly but that a “small number” of people are breaking the law and creating “a public safety hazard and enormous inconvenience for law-abiding Canadians including thousands of other truckers by blocking the border at Coutts.”

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Kenney estimated that approximately 100 people remained at the blockade Tuesday afternoon.

The premier said it would not be helpful for him to meet with the protesters.

“Part of the rule of law means that we trust the judgment of our law enforcement agencies on operational matters and for a politician to get cross-threaded into that I don’t think would be helpful,” he said.

Washington visit ‘fruitful’

Kenney returned to Alberta Monday after spending the weekend in Washington, D.C., at the National Governors Association annual meeting where he discussed concerns about the impact of the quarantine requirements for truckers crossing the border.

Both Canada and the U.S. have requirements that truckers be vaccinated or quarantine when crossing the border.

Kenney has spoken out against these requirements — one of the many COVID-19 restrictions protesters are angry about. He called the Washington visit “fruitful.”

“I certainly didn’t meet a single governor who was supportive of the Canada/U.S. policy with respect to the quarantine requirement for cross-border truckers and received assurances from many of my colleagues that they would be raising this with the U.S. federal administration.”

Kenney ‘expressed concern’ about MLA’s presence at the border

On Saturday, Taber-Warner UCP MLA Grant Hunter posted a picture on Facebook that has since been deleted with family standing amongst stationary vehicles on a roadway, saying he brought his grandkids to the border to “show them the importance of standing up for freedom and liberty.”

That led to calls from the NDP Opposition for Hunter to be kicked out of caucus.

On Tuesday Kenney said he spoke to Hunter and “expressed concern” about his presence at the border on Saturday.

“Grant explained to me that he went down to visit his constituency, wanting to see what’s going on and it was his intention to show moral support for law-abiding and peaceful protesters,” Kenney said.

“He said that while he was there, there was no blockade of the highway and that seems confirmed to me when I was briefed earlier by the RCMP who indicated that through most of Saturday, the convoy was operating as a loop. It was a moving convoy.”

— With files from Lisa Johnson and Jason Herring

annou@postmedia.com


'They're not good protesters': Alta. MLA defends the message at Coutts, but not the blockade
Police officers at the scene of a blockade near Coutts, Alta., on Feb. 1, 2022.

Sean Amato
CTV News Edmonton
Published Feb. 1, 2022

A UCP MLA who drove his dump truck in a vaccine mandate protest through Edmonton says he supports the Coutts protesters, but not the act of blockading a border crossing.

"As far as blocking the access, no. They're not good protesters because they've never done this before, so they've gone over the boundaries," Shane Getson said in an interview with CTV News Edmonton Tuesday afternoon.

"I think what you're seeing, and why it's taking so long, is the RCMP is cognizant of that too. They understand that there isn't malicious intents here, there's folks whose emotions might be high and hopefully they can diffuse it and they can get things moving once again."

Getson represents Lac St. Anne-Parkland west of Edmonton.

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He does not support a federal rule mandating that cross-border truckers be vaccinated to avoid testing and quarantine requirements.

Getson has also spoken out against his own government's pandemic rules.

He refuses to say if he's vaccinated, and he announced on his website that he does not use the Alberta QR code out of protest.

"I didn't tell people what my vaccination status is, just because I don't believe in it. I'm not saying I don't believe in vaccinations," Getson said.

The Alberta NDP has called on Premier Jason Kenney to kick Getson out of caucus because of his social media posts.
'FRANKLY DANGEROUS RHETORIC'

"This MLA is undermining the public health effort. He is spreading misinformation that could ultimately cost lives. He must go," NDP Leader Rachel Notley tweeted Tuesday.

"This is utterly irresponsible and frankly dangerous rhetoric from an elected official and one has to question why the premier would choose to let it stand from a member of the UCP Caucus," David Shepherd, the NDP health critic, said, including a post where Getson suggested the air force may need to fly supplies due to a "fragile" supply chain.

CTV News Edmonton reached out to the premier's office Monday to ask if Getson will be removed, but a response was never received.

"I'm not worried. Quite frankly, this is the fourth or fifth time the NDP has asked for my resignation. That seems to be their mantra," Getson said, adding that he wants to stay in the UCP because he's able to voice his opinion.

Getson, meanwhile, called the protesters involved in the convoys "good people" and said it felt "like winning the Stanley Cup" when he was driving in one.

Getson again called on Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to exempt truckers from vaccine rules.

"The supply chain has been running non-stop for two years. The vaccines are not very effective at all for the Omicron variant, so to all of a sudden take a run or a shot at that supply chain, it's not just foolhardy, it's reckless," Getson said.

As for the swastikas and defacing of statues in Ottawa, Getson said nothing like that happened in the Edmonton convoy.


Alberta MLA Shane Getson during an anti-vaccine-mandate convoy on Jan. 29, 2022. (Source: Facebook/Shane Getson)



Scientists find oldest evidence of humans in Israel — a 1.5 million-year-old bone

An ancient vertebra from an archaic hominin species child gives ‘unambiguous’ evidence of migrations out of Africa, Israeli researchers say

Today, 12:04 pm

The 'Ubeidiya archaeological site in the Jordan Valley, where researchers found a 1.5 million year old human vertebra. (Courtesy/Dr. Alon Barash)

An international group of Israeli and American researchers has discovered a vertebra from a hominin species dated to 1.5 million years ago that lived in the Jordan Valley. The bone was from a child aged 6-12 and is the most ancient evidence of a human presence in today’s Israel, as well as the second oldest human remain found outside of Africa.

The stunning find shines light on the most ancient human migrations out of Africa by offering a sign that multiple waves of different hominin species left the continent, the researchers said in an article published Wednesday in the prestigious peer-reviewed Scientific Reports journal.

“We now have unambiguous evidence of the presence of two distinct dispersal waves,” said the researchers.

Human evolution can be traced back around 6 million years through fossil and DNA evidence. Hominins are primates that are modern humans’ direct ancestors or closely related to us. Homo sapiens, our modern form, does not appear in the fossil record until around 200,000 to 300,000 years ago.

Evolution is not a straight path, but a tree, with many branches leading nowhere. It occurs on a long continuum and there have been many hominin species that went extinct, the most famous being the Neanderthals. (The famous ancient skeleton dubbed “Lucy,” found in Ethiopia in 1974, was a pre-Homo sapiens hominin from 3.2 million years ago.)
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Around 2 million years ago, there is evidence that some archaic human species began to leave Africa. The first human remains of groups that left Africa were found in modern Georgia in the Caucasus region and are dated to around 1.8 million years ago. Archaeologists found their remains and tools at a site called Dmanisi.

The new vertebra found in Israel is evidence of a second wave out of Africa by another species hundreds of thousands of years later, the researchers said.

The top (a), rear (b), bottom (c) and front (d) view of the vertebra discovered at the ‘Ubeidiya site. (Courtesy/Dr. Alon Barash)

Archaeologists found the tiny bone in 1966 at a prehistoric site called ‘Ubeidiya, near Kibbutz Beit Zera, just south of the Sea of Galilee. During these previous excavations from 1960 to 1999, archaeologists uncovered ancient stone and flint tools that resemble finds in eastern Africa; extinct animal bones including sabertooth tigers, mammoths and giant buffalo; and bones from species no longer in the region, including baboons, warthogs, hippopotamuses, giraffes and jaguars.
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For the new study, researchers renewed excavations at the site and made use of new technology to better classify and date previous finds.

The ancient child’s vertebra was discovered while examining fossils from the previous excavations that are kept at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The bone had previously been examined but had not been identified.

They identified it as a human lumbar vertebra, from the lower part of the back, dating to 1.5 million years ago.

The researchers said there is an ongoing debate over whether humans left Africa at once, or in multiple waves, and the new find supports the second theory, since it appeared to be from a different human species than the skeletons in Georgia.

A pre-human skull found in 2005 in the ground at the medieval village Dmanisi, Georgia, pictured on October 2, 2013. (AP Photo/Shakh Aivazov)

Stone tools found in Georgia and at the Israeli site were also different. Researchers initially believed they were produced by two different cultures, but in the new report, the archaeologists said they were likely made by different species.

The new study also uncovered that the two known sites of early human habitation had divergent climates that contributed to the distinct cultures.
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“One of the main questions regarding the human dispersal from Africa were the ecological conditions that may have facilitated the dispersal. Our new finding of different human species in Dmanisi and ‘Ubeidiya is consistent with our finding that climates also differed between the two sites. ‘Ubeidiya is more humid and compatible with a Mediterranean climate, while Dmanisi is drier with savannah habitat,” said Prof. Miriam Belmaker of the University of Tulsa, whose grant facilitated the new excavations.

Study researchers from left to right: Dr. Omry Barzilai, Y. Merimsky, who discovered the prehistoric site at ‘Ubeidiya, Prof. Miriam Belmaker and Dr. Alon Barash (Bar-Ilan University)

The Israeli researchers’ analysis showed the bone found in Israel was from an individual who was between 6 and 12 years old at his time of death. He was tall for his age, and would have reached around 5 feet 9 inches tall (180 cm) as an adult.

His size was similar to other large hominins in eastern Africa around the time. The species in Georgia was shorter, the researchers said.

“It seems, then, that in the period known as the Early Pleistocene, we can identify at least two species of early humans outside of Africa,” said Dr. Alon Barash of Bar Ilan University, one of the lead researchers.

“Each wave of migration was that of different kind of humans — in appearance and form, technique and tradition of manufacturing stone tools, and ecological niche in which they lived,” he said.

The study was led by researchers from Bar-Ilan University, Ono Academic College, the University of Tulsa and the Israel Antiquities Authority.

Vertebra discovered in the Jordan Valley tells the story of prehistoric migration from Africa

A new study published in the journal Scientific Reports, suggests that ancient human migration from Africa to Eurasia was not a one-time event but occurred in waves.

The first wave reached the Republic of Georgia in the Caucasus approximately 1.8 million years ago. The second is documented in ‘Ubeidiya in the Jordan Valley about 1.5 million years ago.

The research was led by Dr. Alon Barash of the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine of Bar-Ilan University, Professor Ella Been of Ono Academic College, Professor Miriam Belmaker of The University of Tulsa, and Dr. Omry Barzilai of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

According to fossil evidence and DNA research, human evolution began in Africa about six million years ago. Approximately two million years ago, ancient humans (nearly, but not yet in modern form) began to migrate from Africa and spread throughout Eurasia, a process known as the “Out of Africa.” ‘Ubeidiya, located in the Jordan Valley near Kibbutz Beit Zera, is one of the places where we have archaeological evidence for this dispersal.

The prehistoric site of ‘Ubeidiya is significant for archaeological and evolutionary studies because it is one of the few places that contain preserved remnants of the early human exodus from Africa. The site is the second oldest archaeological site outside Africa and was excavated by several expeditions led by Professor M. Stekelis, Professor O. Bar-Yosef, and Professor E. Tchernov between 1960 and 1999.

The finds from the site include a rich and rare collection of extinct animal bones and stone artifacts. Fossil species include sabertoothed tiger, mammoths, and a giant buffalo, alongside animals not found today in Israel, such as baboons, warthogs, hippopotamuses, giraffes, and jaguars. Stone and flint items made and used by ancient humans show resemblance to those discovered at sites in East Africa.

Recently, excavations in ‘Ubeidiya were resumed by Belmaker and Barzilai under a grant that Belmaker received from the U.S. National Science Foundation. The project uses new absolute dating methods to refine the site’s dating and to study the paleoecology and paleoclimate of the region. While looking at the fossils from the site, now housed at the Hebrew University’s National Natural History Collections, Belmaker, a paleoanthropologist from The University of Tulsa’s Department of Anthropology, encountered a human vertebra. Initially unearthed in 1966, the bone was studied by Barash and Professor Ella Been. They identified it as a human lumbar vertebra, the earliest fossil evidence of ancient human remains discovered in Israel, approximately 1.5 million years old

According to Barash, human anatomy and evolution researcher at the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine of Bar-Ilan University, there is an ongoing debate in the literature about whether the migration was a one-time event or occurred in several waves. The new find from ‘Ubeidiya sheds light on this question. “Due to the difference in size and shape of the vertebra from ‘Ubeidiya and those found in the Republic of Georgia, we now have unambiguous evidence of the presence of two distinct dispersal waves.”

According to Barzilai, head of the Archaeological Research Department at the Israel Antiquities Authority, “The stone and flint artifacts from ‘Ubeidiya, handaxes made from Basalt, chopping tools, and flakes made from flint, are associated with the Early Acheulean culture. Previously, it was accepted that the stone tools from ‘Ubeidiya and Dmanisi were associated with different cultures – Early Acheulean in ‘Ubeidiya and Oldowan in Dmanisi. After this new study, we conclude that different human species produced the two industries.”

Belmaker explained, “One of the main questions regarding the human dispersal from Africa were the ecological conditions that may have facilitated the dispersal. Previous theories debated whether early humans preferred an African savanna or new, more humid woodland habitat. Our new finding of different human species in Dmanisi and ‘Ubeidiya is consistent with our finding that climates also differed between the two sites. ‘Ubeidiya is more humid and compatible with a Mediterranean climate, while Dmanisi is drier with savannah habitat. This study showing two species, each producing a different stone tool culture, is supported by the fact that each population preferred a different environment.”

“The analysis we conducted shows that the vertebra from ‘Ubeidiya belonged to a young individual 6-12 years old, who was tall for his age. Had this child reached adulthood, he would have reached a height of over 180 cm. This ancient human is similar in size to other large hominins found in East Africa and is different from the short-statured hominins that lived in Georgia,” said Been, paleoanthropologist at the Ono Academic College Faculty of Health Professions and an expert in spinal evolution.

“It seems, then, that in the period known as the Early Pleistocene, we can identify at least two species of early humans outside of Africa. Each wave of migration was that of different kind of humans –– in appearance and form, technique and tradition of manufacturing stone tools, and ecological niche in which they lived,” concluded Barash.

Ubeidiya - Image Credit : Hanay - CC BY-SA 3.0

BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY

Archaeologists Discover Missing Link in Human Evolution, in Israel

A hominin died in Jordan Valley 1.5 million years ago – and isn’t the same species as the hominins who reached central Asia 1.8 million years ago. Israeli archaeologists prove there were multiple exits from Africa, and by more than one human species


A top (a), rear (b), bottom (c) and front (d) view of the vertebra discovered at Ubeidiya.

Credit: Dr. Alon Barash

Ruth Schuster
HAARETZ
Feb. 2, 2022 12:04 PM

About 1.5 million years ago, a child died near the Sea of Galilee. All that remains of the youngster is a single bone, a vertebra. But that skeletal fragment, first unearthed in 1966 and only now recognized for what it actually is – the earliest large-bodied hominin found in the Levant – changes the story of human evolution.

Among other things, that one bone proves for the first time that there were multiple exits by archaic humans from Africa. At 1.5 million years of age, the bone is the second-oldest hominin fossil to be found outside Africa. The oldest date to 1.8 million years ago and were found in Dmanisi, Georgia, and that difference of about 300,000 years proves in and of itself that there was more than one exit.

More? This archaic child in the Jordan Valley and the hominins at Dmanisi were not the same species.

The study on the vertebra, which is by far the oldest hominin fossil in Israel, was published Wednesday in Scientific Reports by an international team led by Dr. Alon Barash of the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine of Bar-Ilan University, Prof. Ella Been of Ono Academic College, Prof. Miriam Belmaker of the University of Tulsa, Oklahoma, and Omry Barzilai of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

Open gallery view

The site at Ubeidiya.Credit: Dr. Omry Barzilai / Israel Antiquities Authority

Ecce homo?


The story of the bone begins in 1959, when a member of Kibbutz Afikim named Izzy Merimsky was bulldozing land in preparation for agriculture and, Barash explains, suddenly observed that his machine was unearthing human bones, including a skull and teeth.

No, those did not belong to the ancient child. We don’t know what they were because they were hopelessly out of archaeological context, Barash explains. They could be incredibly ancient or from some recent local flare-up. Maybe one day that will be cleared up.

Early Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia is older than had been thought

The human brain shrank 3,000 years ago. Now we know why

Anyway, being archaeologically aware, Merimsky called in the authorities. Excavation began in 1960 and it became clear that the site was deeply prehistoric. Subsequently, in 1966, the archaeologist Moshe Stekelis unearthed the vertebra in situ that would change the story of human evolution. But not right away.

Said vertebra had been found with animal bones. “For some reason,” Barash says, “it was placed in a box marked ‘Homo?’ – with the question mark – and forgotten. It was ignored. It was put with monkey bones.”

Moving onto the 2020s and University of Tulsa paleoanthropologist Miriam Belmaker, who was working with the Antiquities Authority’s Barzilai on reconstructing the paleoclimate at prehistoric Ubeidiya, and embarking on the tortuous process of trying to date the site with accuracy. “It’s a work in process,” Barash observes.


In the hope of resolving the dating conundrum, Belmaker reanalyzed all the animal fossils found at the site, which are indicative of climate. (If a tropical animal is found, the area wasn’t glaciated, to be extreme about it.) She rediscovered that backbone bit, suspected it was not a monkey, and called in Barash the paleoanthropologist, Barzilai relates. One look sufficed for Barash to know that an ape, it was not.

Open gallery view

Homo erectus
Credit: Henry Gilbert and Kathy Schick

That look was followed by a vast amount of comparative research on the vertebrae of ancient hominins, modern humans, hyenas, rhinos, lions, apes and other animal suspects that had all been present in Ubeidiya, say Barash and Ono College's Prof. Been. And this is what they found.

“It was not an australopithecine and not an elephant and not a gorilla and not a mermaid – we measured a ton of vertebrae. It has distinct features. It was a large-bodied bipedal hominin,” Barash says.

Even before the vertebra resurfaced and was reclassified as a fragment not of monkey or merperson but of extremely ancient hominin, Ubeidiya had been believed to date back to 1.5 million years, based on stone tools unearthed there thanks to that observant kibbutznik who just meant to clear land to grow something or other, Barzilai says.

Analysis of the bone was done with Been, an expert on paleoanthropology who explains that having thoroughly studied the vertebrae of every animal that moved in Ubeidiya at the time, and decided it was a hominin, they then considered what part of the hominin’s back it came from. Morphometric analysis showed the bone was one of the lower three lumbar vertebrae.

“In bipeds, these vertebrae have a unique structure,” Been explains. “The anterior part is tall and posterior part short” (because in bipeds, the lower back is load-bearing). “In this one, the anterior part was tall and the posterior part was short, which we don’t see in monkeys or apes, which are not bipedal.”

The question is, which hominin was this child? One hint lies in the tools found at Ubeidiya, which were classified as relatively advanced Acheulean-type, not primitive Oldowan – which is hugely significant. (Yes, there were extremely primitive stone tools as much as 3.3 million years ago, but we have no idea who the toolmaker was, Barash points out, and shall leave that out of our story.)

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Omry Barzilai from the Antiquities Authority.
Credit: Miri Bar, Israel Antiquities Authority

Confusion in the Caucasus


It is believed that the Homo line (culminating in us) split from the Pan line (culminating in the chimpanzee) 7 million to 6 million years ago. Until recently it was thought that after the split, human evolution was linear.

It was not. We now realize there were multiple types of hominins, some living contemporaneously with one another and, as of 2 million years ago at least, roaming out of Africa.

The oldest hominin fossils found to date outside Africa are just over 1.8 million years old, in Dmanisi; and now we have this individual from 1.5 million years ago in Israel. So, first of all, clearly there was more than one hominin migration out of Africa. There could have been dozens, there could have been constant creep, in both directions – we simply don’t know. The fossil evidence of our prehistory is incredibly sparse and stone tools can only tell us so much.

We also can’t say how many hominin species there were in Africa when the ancestors of the Dmanisi crew exited. But among the earliest members of the Homo line in Africa was Homo habilis, which lived from perhaps 2.3 million to 1.6 million years ago. And following on its very heels, we find a new species – Homo erectus, – Barash explains.

The chimp brain is about 300 to 400 cubic centimeters in volume. Australopithecus was no larger than a chimp and had only a slightly bigger brain: perhaps about 450 cc. In other words, no great difference. Australopithecines were weeny, too, with the famed Lucy estimated to have been a meter tall (3 feet, 3 inches). Some think maybe 1.20 meters, which is still wee. Still no great distance from the chimp.

Homo habilis was a step along, with a brain about 600 to 700 cc. in volume but was also short, a few centimeters taller than Lucy. Then come the next species: erectus was a giant, relatively to its predecessors. It was beefier and taller, with a bigger brain, about 800 to 900 cc, Barash explains.

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A skull of Homo habilis.Credit: Rama

In addition, Homo habilis in Africa was found in association with the primitive, early Oldowan-type tools. Homo erectus in Africa was found in association with more advanced Acheulean-type tools: hand-axes, choppers and the like.

Now for a twist. Who exactly was found at Dmanisi?

Good question. The Georgian authorities simply deflected any classification enigmas by dubbing their being Homo georgicus. Many simply assume it was a variant of erectus. But in fact they were small-bodied and had small brains, Barzilai points out.

Reconstruction of Homo georgicus showed them to be much shorter than erectus, he observes. Moreover, the stone tool culture found there is primitive Oldowan-type, not advanced Acheulean.

Yes, the team suspects that Dmanisi Person, aka Homo georgicus, arose from Homo habilis expanding out of Africa around 2 million years ago and reaching central Asia and perhaps beyond. Though while about it, Barash makes things even messier: there is no consensus that the creatures at Dmanisi belonged to a single species, he says.

“The bottom line is that georgicus were definitely not Homo erectus,” he says. “For one thing, their brains were too small. If you took the Dmanisi skulls and put them in an African context, you would clearly see – it’s habilis.”

Fine. How the habilis or whoever it was got to Dmanisi, we do not know. Israel and the Levant are the natural land bridge between Africa and Eurasia, but no fossil hominin bones from that deep prehistory have ever been found in Israel or anywhere in the Levant. Nor have sites that could be 2 million to 1.8 million years old, going by tools. Which doesn’t necessarily mean habilis didn’t pass through here 2 million to 1.8 million years ago, just that we haven’t found the evidence.

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A skull of Homo erectus.Credit: Tiia Monto

But now, from 1.5 million years ago, associated with relatively advanced Acheulean-type hand axes, Israel has a bone. Whose bone? Erectus’ bone.

“It certainly belonged to erectus,” Barash states.

Let us be clear that this momentous discovery does not make our lineage any clearer. If anything, it’s muddier. We cannot say that habilis begat erectus which begat hominin races in Europe such as the Neanderthal. We have absolutely no idea which if any of these species were our ancestors.

But we can say that because Ubeidiya is 1.5 million years old and the tools are Acheulean, the person there was from a separate migration wave than the ones who wound up in the Caucasus.

One wonders why everybody and his dog assumes the Dmanisi specimens were erectus and are not commonly identified as habilis.

“Erectus used to be the waste basket – everything from 1.5 million years onward was called erectus,” Barash sniffs. Nowadays, the fashion is to split them: Homo ergaster, Homo antecessor, and so on. The rub is that actual evidence is beyond scarce. There are perhaps one or two samples of each, which is hardly enough to base speciation on; and may we note the vast variation that can exist within a species. (Pygmy versus Norwegian – need we say more?)

But Barash is sure that Ubeidiya Person is an erectus type. For one thing, despite being a child it would have been huge – not like the weedy, ape-like habilis that maybe would have weighed 30 to 40 kilograms (66 to 88 pounds) in adulthood and reached your waist. The only complete erectus skeleton ever found, in Kenya, was 1.8 meters (6 feet) tall – and it was young. This one in Israel would have been that tall too if it had survived to adulthood, the archaeologists estimate.

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Dr. Alon Barash from Azrieli Faculty of Medicine at Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan.Credit: Dr. Alon Barash

Prof. Been for one thinks its final height would have been more than 1.8 meters tall, which is their conservative estimate. It was big, and if anything bigger than the African erectuses, she says.

he died young

So there were multiple waves out of Africa; habilis and erectus, and who knows who else. Asked apropos of nothing for his opinion about the tiny small-brained “hobbits” of Southeast Asia, Homo floresiensis and Homo luzonensis, Barash doesn’t completely dismiss the possibility that they really did arise from a super-primitive species like Australopithecus who might have left Africa even earlier. However, he suspects they arose from habilises or erectuses that reached the region, and underwent dwarfism on the islands. Sapiens they were not.

Now back to northern Israel and that vertebra. Morphologically it was biped-type and hailed from the lower back, aka the lumbar region. And the being was big (“large-bodied”), Barash says.

How do they know 1.5 million years after the event, from a single bone, that it came from a juvenile? It hadn’t finished growing. Ossification was not complete.

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The site at Ubeidiya where the vertebra was discovered in 1966.Credit: Emil Alagem/Israel Antiquities Authority
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A 1.5 million-year-old flint cutting tool found in Ubeidiya.Credit: Dafna Gazit/Israel Antiquities Authority

In modern humans, the last bone to finish ossifying is the pelvis, at about age 25, he explains. The vertebrae ossify at about age 3 to 4. This vertebra was not completely ossified, so it came from a child. They think it may have weighed between 45 to 50 kilograms at death.

This particular one is estimated to have been aged somewhere between 6 and 12, but we don’t know how its species grew, he qualifies.

“Modern humans grow very fast from birth to age 3-4, then we grow more slowly, and then in adolescence we have another growth spurt. No other animal does that,” Barash explains. “We think Neanderthals also grew linearly. We suspect that here too.”

Based on extrapolation, they believe the child would have reached a considerable 1.8 meters in adulthood. Yes, that’s classic erectus territory and completely different from what we know from Dmanisi. Going by chimp standards, it could have towered to 1.92 meters in adulthood, the team adds.

Been also shares a personal story – how she became involved in the research. “I was born just 2.5 kilometers from Ubeidiya, in Kibbutz Alumot. When I was a small child, 3 or 4, my grandfather Moshe Zoref would pick up flint tools in the fields which could have been made by erectus! He would make knives out of them, using animal jawbones. He taught me how to use them and would tell me about ancient hominins. For me, this project was closing a circle,” she says.

So, what do we have? A child from a very large species of hominin, who in dying in northern Israel 1.5 million years ago provided the first proof that more than one species left Africa in multiple waves over 200,000 to 300,000 years.

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The site at Ubeidiya in northern Israel.Credit: Dr. Alon Barash

And then what happened, after habilis and erectus and who knows who else left Africa? We have no idea.

“Were there other waves before or after? We don’t know. We find elephants – maybe they followed the elephants to hunt them,” Barash says, going straight into the territory of his colleague at Tel Aviv University, Prof. Ran Barkai, who believes human evolution has close ties with our appetite for elephant.

Barash continues to throw little bombshells into this boiling pot of evolutionary spaghetti. Maybe the erectus and habilis met and interbred in Europe, he speculates for fun. And asked to confirm that, indeed, we have no indication that either of them are ancestral to us, he confirms it.

He also adds: we sapiens never were massive. We are a gracile lot, while the erectus and its ilk (and Neanderthals) were not only tall but burly. It is entirely possible that with all the recent discoveries and all the insights, we never have found our ancestor.


The earliest Pleistocene record of a large-bodied hominin from the Levant supports two out-of-Africa dispersal events

Abstract

The paucity of early Pleistocene hominin fossils in Eurasia hinders an in-depth discussion on their paleobiology and paleoecology. Here we report on the earliest large-bodied hominin remains from the Levantine corridor: a juvenile vertebra (UB 10749) from the early Pleistocene site of ‘Ubeidiya, Israel, discovered during a reanalysis of the faunal remains. UB 10749 is a complete lower lumbar vertebral body, with morphological characteristics consistent with Homo sp. Our analysis indicates that UB-10749 was a 6- to 12-year-old child at death, displaying delayed ossification pattern compared with modern humans. Its predicted adult size is comparable to other early Pleistocene large-bodied hominins from Africa. Paleobiological differences between UB 10749 and other early Eurasian hominins supports at least two distinct out-of-Africa dispersal events. This observation corresponds with variants of lithic traditions (Oldowan; Acheulian) as well as various ecological niches across early Pleistocene sites in Eurasia.

Introduction

The Levant region, the major land bridge connecting Africa with Eurasia, was a significant dispersal route for Hominins and fauna during the early Pleistocene1,2,3. But while there are numerous Eurasian early Pleistocene sites, fossil hominin remains are rare and present only at four localities dated between 1.1 and 1.9 Mya4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11: Dmanisi (Georgia), Venta Micena (Orce, Granada), Modjokerto and Sangiran (Java, Indonesia), and Sima De Elefante (Atapuerca, Spain) (Supplementary 2: Table 1; Fig. 1a). In contrast, early Pleistocene east African sites containing Homo cranial remains are more abundant, but postcranial remains are scarcer, and the best-preserved skeleton is Nariokotome KNM-WT 1500012,13.

Figure 1
figure 1

‘Ubeidya site locality. (a) Map of Africa and Eurasia with major Pleistocene paleoanthropological sites. Black circles denote sites with no osteological remains; red circles denote sites with human osteological remains. (b) The location of the site of ‘Ubeidiya, south of lake Kineret (Sea of Galilee), on the western banks of the Jordan Valley (red circle) (c) aerial photograph of the excavation plan of ‘Ubeidiya with the location of layer II-23 where UB 10749 was recovered.

In the Levant, the only site from this time-period with hominin remains is ‘Ubeidiya at the western escarpment of the Jordan Valley which is a part of the broader Rift Valley (Supplementary 1: Fig. 1b,c). The fossil remains include cranial fragments (UB 1703, 1704, 1705, and 1706), two incisor (UB 1700, UB 335) and a molar (UB 1701), identified as Homo cf. erectus/ergaster14,15,16,17,18. It is important to note that some of these fragments were bulldozed out of the ground preceding the first season, while others are considered intrusive and younger than the surroundings deposits17.

In 2018 during a reanalysis of the faunal assemblages done by two of the authors (A. B, and M. B.) a complete vertebral body (UB 10749) with hominin characteristics was found. This is the first hominin postcranial remain found at ‘Ubeidiya securely assigned to early Pleistocene deposits (See “Materials and methods”).

Here we assess the taxonomic affinity of UB 10749, its serial location along the spinal column, its chronological and physiological age at death, estimate the specimen's height and weight, and detect any pathological or taphonomic changes. Based on our findings, we explore the unique developmental characteristics of the UB 10749 within the context of early Homo paleobiology and its implications for hominin dispersal out of Africa.

READ ON The earliest Pleistocene record of a large-bodied hominin from the Levant supports two out-of-Africa dispersal events | Scientific Reports (nature.com)