Wednesday, August 24, 2022

'Ferngully' director: Environmental message 'more important to hear today'


Pips (L) and Crysta are fairies in the rainforest. Photo courtesy of Shout! Factory

LOS ANGELES, Aug. 22 (UPI) -- Director Bill Kroyer said his animated film, Ferngully: The Last Rainforest, in a 30th anniversary Blu-ray edition Tuesday, has a "save the rainforest" message that has only become more relevant since the film's release in 1992.

"Being more conscious of how we are caring for the Earth, and how we are being part of the Earth, is more critical than it has ever been," Kroyer told UPI in a recent Zoom interview. "I think that's why the Ferngully message has remained timeless, and in some ways is more important to hear today than ever."

In Ferngully, a rainforest construction worker, Zak (Jonathan Ward), is shrunken down to the size of a forest fairy. While falling for fairy Crysta (Samantha Mathis) and getting to know her friends, Zak realizes the error in cutting down rainforests.

Kroyer said the film's message is "about looking at yourself as part of the web of the world."

Ferngully made $32 million worldwide. It was not the kind of money Disney films like The Little Mermaid and Aladdin made around that time, but Kroyer said he still hears from kids who loved it.

"Not a week goes by that I don't meet somebody that says to me, 'I grew up with that movie, I love that movie,'" Kroyer said."That's nice to hear."

When Avatar came out in 2009, some critics even compared it unfavorably to Ferngully. In Avatar, a military volunteer inhabits the body of an alien forest creature.


"I thought that was very funny," Kroyer said. "James Cameron has never acknowledged the similarity, but it is kind of a funny thing."

Ferngully was released on Blu-ray in 2012 for its 20th anniversary. For the new Shout! Factory release, Kroyer said the latest restoration looks superior to even the original theatrical release.

"The Blu-ray is the best color that anybody will have ever seen of Ferngully," Kroyer said. "We were able to bring to the new version a beauty that has really never been seen before."



Ferngully is the only feature film produced by Kroyer Films, which Kroyer launched in 1986 after departing from Disney. Australian producers Peter Faiman and Wayne Young were looking for animators outside of Disney to adapt Diana Young's Ferngully stories.

At the time, Kroyer Films only had 17 employees. Faiman and Young agreed to fund their expansion to make Ferngully.

Kroyer said he ultimately hired 140 animators in Los Angeles and between 50 and 70 in Toronto. Korean studios helped with inking and painting.

At Disney, Kroyer was in the same Disney training program as The Incredibles creator Brad Bird, The Little Mermaid co-director John Musker and Nightmare Before Christmas director Henry Selick.

Unlike his colleagues, Kroyer did not attend school to learn animation. He taught himself using an 8 mm.camera to animate a snake for a Northwestern University advertising class.

"That's the cathartic moment of my life," Kroyer said. "I had created a life."

Kroyer spent two years after college doing animation for commercials. He used his commercial reel to get into Disney.

At Disney, Kroyer animated on The Fox and the Hound and then chose to work with Steven Lisberger instead of working on Disney's The Black Cauldron. After making Animalympics with Lisberger, Kroyer collaborated on Tron, which Lisberger ultimately sold to Disney.


BATTY WAS VOICED BY ROBIN WILLAMS

Tron pioneered computer animation. However, Kroyer pointed out that this early form of computer animation was limited to printing digital frames one by one.

"There was no animation software when we did Tron," Kroyer said. "You had to literally render an object 24 times in 24 different places to make 1 second of movement."

Tron used computer animation to depict the world of electrons inside a video game. Its light cycle and deadly disc sequences paved the way for more sophisticated visual effects.

After Tron, Kroyer saw the potential for combining digital animation with traditional Disney-style drawings. That was Kroyer Films' specialty, and he put it to use in Ferngully.

"In Ferngully, we had over 40,000 frames of computer-generated imagery," Kroyer said. "The beetles were all computer generated. We put those Beetle Boys on top of them, but they were all hand-drawn."

After Ferngully, Kroyer said, Kroyer Films had trouble mounting another animated feature because companies like Dreamworks were launching their own in-house animation studios. Kroyer briefly worked for Warner Brothers Animation in the '90s, but left over creative differences.

Instead, Kroyer went to work for friends at Rhythm & Hues Studios, first on commercials. Kroyer continued to direct animation for live-action/animated combo films like Cats & Dogs, Garfield and Scooby-Doo.

Kroyer still has reunions with the Ferngully crew, which he says are widely attended. He said it is rare for any film crew to remain in contact years later, and he feels Ferngully represents the passion of every artist involved.

"I'm proud of that, as well, because it kind of fits into the web of life," Kroyer said. " I'd like to think you feel that when you watch it."


 

Director BIll Kroyer Reflects on FernGully: The Last Rainforest for Film's 30th Anniversary


By NICOLE DRUM - August 23, 2022 

It's been 30 years since FernGully: The Last Rainforest opened in theaters with the beloved animated feature bringing to life the story of a beautiful rainforest paradise filled with tiny sprites, winged fairies, tree spirits, and all kinds of animals all living in joyful harmony who find their home threatened by humans — and one courageous sprite who must give her all to save it. Now, Shout! Factory Kids is bringing this iconic film to Blu-ray and DVD with the release of FernGully: The Last Rainforest 30th Anniversary Edition.

Available now, the Blu-ray and DVD combo features an incredible restoration from a brand-new 4K scan of the original film, as well as a wealth of special features, including a new introduction from director Bill Kroyer which includes never-before-seen pencil character and animation tests as well as multiple commentaries, featurettes, a music video, a multi-angle scene study, a script-to-scene comparison, and more.

To mark the 30th anniversary of FernGully: The Last Rainforest as well as celebrate the Blu-ray release, ComicBook.com sat down to talk with Kroyer about the film, how it was made, it's important message about the world's rainforests and more — including some interesting facts about the film, which was hand painted. Kroyer told us that the entire film comprised of 32,000 pounds — that's 16 tons — of art, something you just don't see in contemporary animation.

"When the movie was over, we had to pack it all up and give it to a consignment house," Kroyer said. "And we weighed it, and we loaded the boxes into the truck. It was 16 tons. And four tons of that was paint, cell paint. So, that's another thing you don't get with digital animation. That's another thing that's kind of neat. Even when I think of that, I'm amazed at how we did it. Just all that paper, all those people drawing, all those people painting, shooting stuff under camera, just, oh gosh. And all the special effects, all the color, you know, all these things that no longer exist in filmmaking. It was like another age. But what a result."

He also spoke about getting FernGully: The Last Rainforest ready for this 30th anniversary edition, explaining that he was involved in doing all of the transferring to high resolution, leading to the "best version ever" of the film.

"Shout! Factory let us, let me and the art director come back to Los Angeles a couple months ago and we did all the color timing transferring of this to the new high resolution, high dynamic range version that you're going to watch in this Blu-ray. And it is the best... Excuse me, it's the best version ever. I mean, our jaws were dropping because, remember FernGully was handmade. It's paintings and painted cells. It's not digital. It's not resolution dependent. And then it was filmed on film, so it's emulsion. So, when we transferred from the emulsion of film to high resolution, high dynamic range digital, it was gorgeous," he said.

"I think when you watch it, on your screen, you're going to be kind of immersed in that color and the beauty of the environment. It's just really something that really pops out. It was something to see. And that's of course, Ralph Eggleston our art director, who went on to do Toy Story and Finding Nemo and The Incredibles. He was the guy behind all that. And you can see a genius at work when you watch FernGully."

Read on for more from our interview with Kroyer.

ComicBook.com: It's been 30 years since FernGully opened in theaters. Does it feel like it's been three decades?


Bill Kroyer: It does in some ways. In other ways, it's so alive because FernGully had one of the happiest crews that I've ever experienced in making a movie. It was almost like a family. We have reunions every five years with almost the entire crew. And everybody stays in touch, so in a weird sort of way, it's never really stopped for me because I still see all the people I know, all the animators, background painters, the ink paint people, production managers. We still talk to them and see them. And every one of them will tell you, if you ever went into one, that it was the best experience they ever had making a movie. And I like to think that comes across on the screen.

I watched it as a kid… watching it as a teen, I don't watch it with the same eyes I do now. I know watching it as an adult, it just really does seem like there's a lot of love there.


You know, I think being a completely handmade film has a lot to do with that, because people who are not separated from the art by a keyboard and the screen, but are actually holding the artwork in their hands, they're drawing, they're painting, they're polishing, they're carefully hand inking cells, I think that you're so immediately connected to the artwork that I think that that feeling creates a different feeling, not only the crew, but I always thought that came through in the art. I guess I had this kind of weird mystical feeling that somehow the art would emanate that kind of love and care and it was just better. I think there's something special about handmade films.

Looking at this, I love that the film is getting a 30th anniversary Blu-ray from Shout! Factory. I just love how it looks. It does have this almost completely different, ethereal quality to it that I don't think we see as much anymore and I think it really does come from that, the handmade feel, which is so interesting.

Well, it's interesting you should say that because, FernGully is, I think, completely unique in that look because of one thing, is that rather than try to create a... Animation's called world building where you create a fantasy world, our fantasy world, our mission, was to not to create a fantasy world, but to represent the actual real world with the magic that it contains. And I don't think any film has ever done that. Every single blade of grass, every flower, every tree, every animal in FernGully exists in the Australian rainforest.

We went down there and did tons of research. And then we came back, and we made it our mission to say, this is a movie whose message is about saving a magical place. And it's not a fantasy. This magical place exists in the world. And we want you to realize that this is here, and this is something that's worth caring about saving, so I think that's why the look of FernGully is so unique from any other film.

That's something that actually really surprised me. I hadn't realized that y'all actually went to Australia to this remote rainforest. Again, young me was like, this is just so cool. And now I'm like, you guys really went there. Walk me through a little bit of how, because that's unheard of. I mean, that's unheard of now and that's unheard of in the '90s. How did that come to be part of the process of this movie?

Well, people were starting to do little research trips. They were starting that back then. But this was a trip that had to be made because, the producers, the Australian producers, they kind of had that as part of the mission statement. They said, this is a movie about all... This is about not just the Australian rainforest, not just rainforests. It's a movie about nature. It's about loving nature and appreciating nature and protecting nature. But they said in this case, because this is the place where it takes place, it's really, really important for you to go there and to learn about it and to see it.

And all the things in the movie, like the fairy circle, and all the animals, the leaches, the glowing fungus. Who in the world ever saw glowing fungus on trees like that. We never saw anything like it. Or the cave, with all the little glowing... that's all real stuff. We didn't make that up. I think it gave an extra kind of dedication for the whole crew to be making a movie with that kind of sincerity.

To say FernGully changed my life is no exaggeration. It marked the first time I became aware of environmental issues, and I know immediately after seeing the film, it started changing how I personally interacted with the world even as a young teenager. I think there are a lot of younger Gen Xers and millennials who also saw this movie and it framed our relationship with the environment. It feels now like the message of FernGully is still timely, but perhaps even more timely now. What do you hope that people take away from this 30th anniversary edition of the film?

I think you've just said it. I think it is more timely and more important to learn the lesson of FernGully today than ever. And I've always rejected this idea that FernGully was in any way a political statement. It is an absolute truth, an absolute principle of life that that idea of the web of life is how we all live on this earth. We live with each other, and we live with nature, with animals, with plants. That's how we do it. We aren't separate. It's impossible to be separate. We're all connected by the web of life. And that's the thing that I hope that kids and anybody that watches it are reminded of now when they see it, is that, wait a minute. I do have some role here. Everything I do and everything I say and the way I live has some connection to everyone else and I should be more conscious of that.

I'm really interested to see how this very 'we're all connected' approach to it really impacts the younger folks.

I used to get letters from the logging lobby, as if I was anti-logging. We were never anti-logging. It's just common sense land management. You don't clear cut rainforest. That doesn't make any sense. That's just kind of a greedy and dumb approach as anybody who really studies the issue will tell you. It's all about a more conscious way. That's all it is. More careful and conscious way to care for everything. And it's really taking care of yourself. That's what you're doing. You're really caring for yourself when you think more carefully about the environment and how you deal with it.

The other thing I hope your kids will pay attention to in this movie is something they are not seeing anymore, and that's hand drawn animation. This is one of the last, truly, fully animated hand drawn films. And that the way the characters, the performance of the characters and the way it works is so different from CG. And when you watch them, there's a magic there because remember, the animator doesn't have to obey any laws of physics or dimensionality or structure, they just have to draw something that you believe in. And so that's why, when you look at these characters, that you go, well, wait a minute. How can those eyeballs move around like that? It doesn't matter because it was just drawn. And that's one of the, I think, one of them were captivating and fun things about the movie.

Looking back now, what are your favorite moments or memories from making FernGully and what are you most proud of?

I have to say, obviously having made a film under... It's always tough to make a movie with a relatively low budget and a very tough time schedule and have it come out so beautifully, I'm very proud of that. But I'm also really proud of the fact that our crew was the happiest crew on any movie. And if you ever talk to any of them, they'll tell you it was the best experience. And we have reunions every five years. Nobody does that. And we're still close to almost everybody. Everybody's still good friends of ours and we still see them. In a way I think that's one of the things that I like to think, again, comes across, is that FernGully was a true labor of love that everybody bonds with it.

One of the things that jumped out at me was that in the commentary track… the song "If I'm Gonna Eat Somebody (It Might As Well Be You). Did I hear correctly in that commentary that Jimmy Buffet actually wrote that song?

Yes. The billionaire wrote that song. How about that? I mean, I think FernGully probably has the most eclectic collection of music of any movie. I mean, when you look at all the different authors and songwriters, but yeah, Jimmy Buffet, he came into the studio, and I went through the sequence with him. And I said, so, and I have the sequence with the Goanna and he kind of had some lyrics in mind and he had that thing about strange exotic stew and everything. And I went, "Well, would animals know what a stew is?" And he looked at me with this look that kind of said that you realize I'm a billionaire, right? I know what I'm doing. So anyway, he wrote the song, and it was hilarious, and it worked really well.

All the songs moved things along so beautifully. It was so much fun to work with everybody.

I've got one last question for you. Robin Williams' performance as Batty Koda is, in my opinion, iconic. And doesn't get as much recognition as it deserves because that bat is great and everything about it is great. What was it like working with him.

He was the most brilliant guy I've ever worked with, and he was, not just a genius, but the other thing is, the flip side of it was he was a complete gentleman. He was wonderful to every single person. Even the lowest PA, Robin was always friendly and polite and very genuine. He had no ego. He'd just come in and make everybody comfortable. And I always say the hardest job for me in FernGully was picking which take to use, because he would instantly get the sense of the scene and do what was written and then he'd start to improvise and do other things. And he was always brilliant.

But can you think of a better person to embody that character? Because if you think about it, Batty Koda is the center of the movie. He is the absolute symbol, the metaphor, for nature being met by man and struggling to understand why. And Robin was just, that's what he loved about it. He loved that character and that's why he signed on. It was his first animated voice that he ever did, and he just loved doing it. And I'll always be so grateful now, and so happy that he did it because he was the best.


30th Anniversary Blu-ray and DVD

FernGully: The Last Rainforest:

Crysta (Samantha Mathis) is a fairy who lives in FernGully, a rainforest in Australia, and has never seen a human before. In fact, she is told they are extinct. But when a logging company comes near the rainforest, she sees that they do exist, and even accidentally shrinks one of them: a boy named Zak (Jonathan Ward). Now her size, Zak sees the damage that the company does and helps Crysta to stop not only them, but an evil entity named Hexxus (Tim Curry), who feeds off pollution.

Blu-ray: 1080p High-Definition Widescreen (1.85:1)/English DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 & Stereo

DVD: Anamorphic Widescreen (1.85:1)/English Dolby Digital 5.1 & Stereo

English SDH Subtitles/1992/Color/Approximate Feature Running Time +/- 80 Minutes

Rated G, Canadian G

Special Features:

• NEW Introduction With Director Bill Kroyer, Which Includes Never-Before-Seen Pencil, Character And Animation Tests

• Audio Commentary with Bill Kroyer, Art Director Ralph Eggleston and Coordinating Art Director Susan Kroyer

• "Seed of the Story" – Script-To-Screen Comparison with Optional Commentary by Screenwriter Jim Cox

• "From Paper to Tree" – Making-of Featurette

• "Behind The Voice: Toxic Love" – Multi-Angle Scene Study

• Original Featurette

• "If I'm Gonna Eat Somebody (It Might As Well Be You)" Music Video

• Theatrical Trailers and TV Spots0COMMENTS

***

This interview has been lightly edited for length and clarity.
Nuclear Fusion Is Doing the Impossible—Uniting Politicians

Jess Thomson -NEWSWEEK

Nuclear fusion could be within America's grasp by the end of the next decade, with investment and interest in the energy source from both Biden and the former Trump administration.

Fusion scientists have told Newsweek that the power source now provides huge appeal across the political spectrum to solve the many problems that face this near limitless, clean source of power.

In April, the White House said the Biden-Harris was developing a strategy to push fusion energy forward, including $50 million to advance research in the area.

Steven Cowley is the director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory that researches nuclear fusion science. "There is considerable interest in the Office of Science and Technology Policy in the White House in accelerating fusion," He told Newsweek.

"The summit on March 22 in the White House set out an aim to make first fusion electricity on a decadal timescale. I believe that we could have fusion electricity by the end of the 2030s."

Nuclear fusion is a form of energy generation that produces next to no by-products. It involves heavy hydrogen atoms colliding with enough force that they fuse together to form a helium atom, releasing large amounts of energy as heat in the process. This heat can then be used to generate electricity, in much the same manner as a steam engine: heat evaporates water to create steam, which turns a turbine.

If the heavy hydrogen plasma reaches a high enough energy state, it "ignites," meaning that the fusion reaction becomes self-sustaining, producing enough power via fusion alone to maintain the temperature without external heating.

In a recent milestone in the field, fusion ignition at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's (LLNL's) National Ignition Facility (NIF) was confirmed in three peer-reviewed papers.

The crucial factor of nuclear fusion in our age of climate change and fossil fuels is that the only fuel required is hydrogen, which can be harvested from seawater using simple electrolysis, and the only by-product is helium, which we can be used for various important purposes like in coolants and in arc welding.

If we could get to the point where a fusion reaction was controlled and self-sustaining long-term, the only energy input required would be the starting nudge to begin the chain reaction.

"Fusion seems to be something that appeals broadly to both [political] parties—it could provide firm power for manufacturing and urban centers, and it is safe, carbon-free, and environmentally sustainable," Nathaniel Ferraro, a research physicist at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, told Newsweek.

"Both the Trump and Biden administrations were and are looking to leverage private investment in fusion research as a way to accelerate the national program, and this has been reflected in an increase in funding to public-private partnership programs.

"The Biden administration signaled its support for fusion in March with a relatively high-profile event at the White House to showcase how fusion energy can help achieve the policy goals of net zero carbon emission by 2050 and promoting environmental justice."

According to Ferraro, the recent positive developments in fusion research, in terms of science, policy, and investment, have led to a surge of optimism in the field.

"With an accelerating climate crisis, and a war raging in Europe, made more complicated by global dependence on Russian oil and gas, we need innovation more than ever, to secure our energy future, and stop emission of greenhouse gasses," Sally Benson, Deputy Director for Energy at OSTP, said at the White House Summit on Developing a Bold Decadal Vision for Commercial Fusion Energy on March 17, 2022.

"The amount of fusion fuel that could fill a bathtub holds as much energy as all the oil Russia produces each day—about 10 million barrels. For more than 70 years, fusion scientists and engineers have worked to discover how fusion works and how to control it," she said.

"The benefits are great—a source of emission-free electricity that we can turn on and off when and where we need it. And a combined source of heat and power for clean industrial processing, making hydrogen, desalinating water, and things we can't even imagine today."


Stock image of an atom. Nuclear fusion energy, which involves the
fusing of two hydrogen atoms, may provide clean energy if perfected.
iStock / Getty Images Plus© iStock / Getty Images

Despite the optimism towards the future of nuclear fusion power, there is still greater interest and funding directed towards solar power.


"Investment in solar is much larger—but it is a deliverable technology now," said Cowley. "It is essential that we deploy carbon free electricity now and fusion isn't ready. But it is also essential to develop fusion because the two major 'firm' energy components in studies like the Princeton Net Zero America project are nuclear fission and carbon capture and storage. 'Firm' is the term used for sources that can be switched on and off to balance renewables when the wind doesn't blow and the sun doesn't shine. Fusion is the perfect firm energy source."

Congressman Chuck Fleischmann, who is member of Congress' bipartisan Fusion Energy Caucus, said in a statement: "We need a bicameral, bipartisan–in fact, I would argue non-partisan–effort on fusion energy. We can work together to get this done."

There are many challenges facing the field of nuclear fusion energy, including building structures that can contain the energy produced by the fusion reaction over long periods of time.

Additionally, containing the reaction that sustains the sun requires very specialist equipment, which costs a lot of money.

"There is still a long way to go, since there is a considerable gap between building lab-scale fusion experiments and building a commercially viable fusion reactor," said Ferraro. "But in my opinion the global need for a power source like fusion energy makes it absolutely worth the investment to try."
Scientists say exoplanet 100 light years from Earth may be covered with deep ocean

Aug. 24 (UPI) -- A team of researchers have discovered an exoplanet about 100 light years away from Earth in the Draco constellation, and they say the world appears to be covered in a deep ocean.

The exoplanet -- called TOI-1452b -- is slightly larger than the Earth and is located in a "Goldilocks zone," where temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold for liquid water to exist. Therefore, astronomers think TOI-1452b could be covered in an ocean.

The exoplanet orbits "a nearby visual-binary M dwarf" star.

University of Montreal researcher Dr. Charles Cadieux led the international team in the discovery and their research was published in the Astronomical Journal.

"TOI-1452b is one of the best candidates for an ocean planet that we have found to date," Cadieux said according to Phys.org. "Its radius and mass suggest a much lower density than what one would expect for a planet that is basically made up of metal and rock, like Earth."

NASA's TESS telescope, which has been operating since 2018, alerted the scientists to the existence of the exoplanet.

Researchers said the exoplanet orbits a much smaller star that our sun and is probably rocky like the Earth, but with a much different mass, radius and density. They say more will be learned about TOI-1452b when NASA's new James Webb Telescope begins atmospheric characterization efforts.


"[Observations] should reveal the true nature of this intriguing exoplanet lying within the radius valley, whether this is a rocky world or one with a volatile envelope," researchers wrote in the study. "TOI-1452b is a unique system for studying exoplanets at the transition between super-Earths and mini-Neptunes."

The researchers noted, however, that it's also possible that TOI-1452b is not an ocean planet. They say it could also be a bare-rock planet with an iron content less than half of the Earth's -- or a terrestrial planet with a thin, low molecular weight atmosphere.


James Webb Telescope Captures Stunning Images Of Jupiter

Douglas Helm - Yesterday 

The James Webb Space Telescope continues to impress with incredible images of our solar system. The most recent round of pictures gives us unprecedented looks at the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter. NASA explained that the images are composites from several images taken by the telescope. Since infrared light is invisible to the naked eye, the images have been colorized on the visual spectrum to highlight certain details of the planet. You can see some of the images below:


James Webb Telescope Captures Stunning Images Of Jupiter© Provided by Giant Freakin Robot


James Webb Telescope Captures Stunning Images Of Jupiter© Provided by Giant Freakin Robot


James Webb Telescope Captures Stunning Images Of Jupiter© Provided by Giant Freakin Robot


James Webb Telescope Captures Stunning Images Of Jupiter© Provided by Giant Freakin Robot

Related video: James Webb telescope captures new images of Jupiter


The first image gives us a great close-up view of Jupiter while the other image zooms out a little, showing some of the orbiting moons of Jupiter and the rings. In the third image, you can see some points of interest labeled. For some scale, see you can see Adrastea and Almathea in the second and third images. These are moons of Jupiter. If you want to scale Jupiter to Earth, you can look at the famous Great Red Spot. In these images, the spot appears white due to the reflection of the sun. The Great Red Spot is a raging storm that is larger than Earth. The storm has been going strong for over a century.

Jupiter is easily the biggest planet in our solar system, with a size twice as big as all the other planets of our solar system combined. Jupiter is a gas giant, meaning it doesn’t have a surface like the one we take advantage of on Earth. It’s possible that Jupiter may have a solid inner core. However, the planet is primarily comprised of clouds of ammonia and water, floating in an atmosphere of hydrogen and helium. And if you think Earth’s moon is impressive, Jupiter actually has as many as 79 moons. Perhaps the most interesting of these is Europa, which is the most likely to support life. Io, Ganymede, and Callisto are also of great scientific interest out of the many satellites in Jupiter’s massive orbit.

While the picture from the James Webb Space Telescope isn’t our only observation of Jupiter, it’s definitely one of the most high-quality images we have of the planet yet. NASA has sent a total nine of nine spacecraft to visit Jupiter, with seven of them passing by the gas giant and two of them observing from orbit. Juno is the most recent spacecraft to observe Jupiter up close, arriving on the planet in 2016. While these incredible images of Jupiter are great, the James Webb Space Telescope’s power will be primarily used to observe further flung events and phenomena in our galaxy and beyond. The James Webb Space Telescope is currently about one million miles from Earth and has the capability of detecting light that began traveling toward Earth 13 billion years ago. This amazing technology has the potential to reveal new information on new star formation, galaxy formation, and even the potential life-supporting potential of exoplanets. One thing is for sure, we’re bound to get more cool photos from the James Webb Space Telescope either way.


Vast Sunspot Has Grown 10 Times in Size in Just 48 Hours

Ed Browne - 6h ago


A huge sunspot on the surface of the sun has reportedly grown in size more than tenfold over the past couple of days.

The sunspot, known as AR3085, has also been shooting off several minor solar flares, though nothing strong enough to be disruptive on Earth.

Sunspots are regions on the sun where magnetic fields are so intense that some heat is prevented from reaching the sun's surface. As such, sunspots may appear as dark patches.

Due to the intense magnetic fields, sunspots are known sources of solar activity. When these magnetic field lines suddenly shift, a vast amount of energy is released in the form of a flash of radiation, known as a solar flare, or a cloud of plasma and magnetic field, known as a coronal mass ejection (CME).

These are both examples of space weather. Both flares and CMEs can interact with our planet and potentially interfere with modern technology if they're strong enough.

Flares and CMEs can disrupt radio communications and cause power grid issues. When CMEs influence Earth's magnetic field, they can also cause auroras to occur at lower latitudes than normal.

At the moment, it seems unlikely that sunspot AR3085 will lead to any strong space weather activity.

As of August 21 it had given off only C-class solar flares, which are a weak type. Generally, only M-class flares and the strongest X-class flare types are powerful enough to cause radio issues on Earth, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC).

These photos from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) show how the sunspot grew in size from the afternoon of August 21 to the evening of August 22.


Sunspot AR3085 seen on August 21, 2022. NASA/SDO/HMI© NASA/SDO/HMI


Sunspot AR3085 on August 22, 2022, having grown from the previous day. NASA/SDO/HMI© NASA/SDO/HMI

According to solar activity news website Spaceweather.com on Tuesday afternoon: "Two days ago sunspot AR3085 barely existed. Since then it has grown more than 10-fold, turning itself into a double sunspot group with cores nearly as wide as Earth."

In a more recent update on Wednesday, Spaceweather.com stated space weather should remain calm for the rest of the week with AR3085 being the only significant sunspot group in sight of Earth.


A NASA illustration of the Solar Dynamics Observatory satellite. The SDO is a NASA mission which has been observing the Sun since 2010, the observatory is part of the Living With a Star (LWS) program. NASA© NASA

This is in contrast to last week when Earth was buffeted by several CMEs and solar flares, leading the SWPC to issue space weather alerts across three days.

Space weather activity can be expected to increase in the coming years during an increasingly active stage of the roughly 11-year solar cycle.

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Giving psilocybin -- the psychedelic substance found in magic mushrooms -- to patients with alcohol use disorder, along with psychotherapy, helped reduce heavy drinking more than psychotherapy alone, new research shows. 
Photo by Shots Studio/Shutterstock



Aug. 24 (UPI) -- Adding psychedelics to psychotherapy helped treat adults' heavy drinking problem more than psychotherapy alone, a study published Wednesday says.

Giving high-dose psilocybin -- the psychedelic, mind-altering compound found in magic mushrooms -- twice to patients with alcohol use disorder, combined with psychotherapy, helped reduce the number of heavy drinking days more than a placebo medication and therapy.

And eight months after their first dose, 48% of the study's participants who received psilocybin stopped drinking completely.

That's the gist of research findings published in JAMA Psychiatry.

These results provide support for further study of psilocybin-assisted treatment for alcohol use disorder, according to the research team led by Dr. Michael P. Bogenschutz, a professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine.

Bogenschutz also is director of the NYU Langone Center for Psychedelic Medicine, where he has studied psilocybin for the past decade.

The investigators said that although classic psychedelic medications have shown promise in treating alcohol use disorder, the efficacy of psilocybin is just being studied now.


During a press conference in New York on Wednesday, Bogenschutz described alcohol use disorder as a very serious, undertreated problem -- and said the effectiveness of current medications and psychotherapies, unlike psilocybin, tends to be minimal and don't work for many patients.

He was joined at the press conference by two study participants whose treatment with the new regimen was successful.

Jon Kostas, a middle-aged man who said he went to his first Alcoholics Anonymous meeting at age 16 and described his drinking problem as treatment-resistant, said of the NYU psilocybin study: "It definitely affected my life. I think it saved my life."


Paul Mavis, who said he'd been drinking for four decades, but decided he needed help in 2018, described his participation in the study as "a game changer in every single way."

Neither had ever used psychedelics, they said. And neither found the experience something they wanted to repeat.

"This was the exact opposite of a 'high' ... a very profound thing" that should be conducted under medical supervision, Mavis said.

"It's tough work, and I think that's why it works so well," Kostas said of being treated with psilocybin.

Psilocybin "definitely alters people's subjective experience," said lead researcher Bogenschutz. But this may be quite pleasant or highly disorienting.

"You can't just say, 'I want to feel good, I'm going to use psilocybin,'" he said. "It's definitely strongly mind-altering, but not a 'feel-good' drug."

Other researchers are trying to determine the psychedelic substance's usefulness in treatment for other woes.

In February, Johns Hopkins Medicine reported that two doses of psilocybin was effective in easing the symptoms of major depressive disorder for most patients for up to one year.

Johns Hopkins, which runs the Center for Psychedelic & Consciousness Research, is recruiting for a new study to investigate whether psilocybin can help people with depression who drink regularly.

The NYU-led study was a double-blind, randomized clinical trial offering participants 12 weeks of psychotherapy, and randomly assigning them to receive either psilocybin or diphenhydramine, an antihistamine medication, during two day-long medication sessions at weeks four and eight.

In the first session, people were given 25 milligrams per 70 kilograms of psilocybin or 50 mg. of diphenhydramine. In the second session, they received 25 to 40 mg. per 70 kg. of psilocybin, or 50 to 100 mg. of diphenhydramine.

Alongside this, they received motivational enhancement therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Use of marijuana, hallucinogens soared to new high in 2021, NIH says

Use of marijuana and hallucinogens among young adults in the United States reached an all-time high in 2021, the National Institutes of Health reported Monday. 
Photo by Photographee.eu/Shutterstock

Aug. 22 (UPI) -- Use of marijuana and hallucinogens among young adults in the United States reached an all-time high in 2021, the National Institutes of Health reported Monday.

Use of these drugs, as self-reported by adults aged 19 to 30 years old, increased significantly last year compared to five and 10 years ago -- with marijuana use reaching its highest level in this age group since these trends were first monitored in 1988.

Overall, 43% of young adults reported past-year marijuana use in 2021, up from 34% in 2016 and 29% in 2011, a news release said. Daily pot use also climbed to involve 11% of young adults in 2021, up from 8% in 2016 and 6% in 2011.

In 2021, 8% of young adults reported past-year hallucinogen use: an all-time high since the category was first surveyed in 1988 -- and up from 5% in 2016 and 3% in 2011. Types of hallucinogens reported by participants included LSD, MDMA, mescaline, peyote, "shrooms" or psilocybin and PCP, the release said.

That's according to the latest Monitoring the Future panel study. Researchers have been surveying substance use annually since 1975 among a nationally representative sample of teens, following up to track participants' drug use through adulthood.

The latest data also show that rates of nicotine vaping in the past month, which have gradually increased in young adults over the past four years, continued their general upward trend to 16% in 2021 after leveling off in 2020. That compares to a 6% rate of nicotine vaping in 2017, when the practice was first monitored.

And marijuana vaping in the past month, which had significantly fallen in 2020, rebounded to pre-pandemic levels in 2021: doubling to 12% in 2021 from 6% in 2017.

Alcohol remains the most used substance among adults in the study, though rates of past-year, past-month and daily drinking have been decreasing over the last decade.

Binge drinking -- of five or more drinks in a row in the past two weeks -- rebounded in 2021 from a historic low in 2020 during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.

And "high-intensity" drinking -- having 10 or more drinks in a row in the past two weeks -- has been steadily increasing over the past decade. In 2021, it reached its highest level ever recorded since first measured in 2005, a news release said.

"As the drug landscape shifts over time, this data provides a window into the substances and patterns of use favored by young adults. We need to know more about how young adults are using drugs like marijuana and hallucinogens, and the health effects that result from consuming different potencies and forms of these substances," National Institute on Drug Abuse Director Dr. Nora Volkow said in the release.

The study's participants self-reported their drug use across three primary time periods: lifetime, past year and past month. The research is conducted by scientists at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research in Ann Arbor, and funded by NIDA.

Data for the 2021 survey were collected online from April through October 2021.

The investigators followed up with participants to assess their outcomes over a 32-week, double-blind period after the first dose of medication.

They found the percentage of heavy drinking days over the 32 weeks was 9.7% for the psilocybin group and 23.6% for the diphenhydramine group. Also, daily alcohol consumption -- the number of standard drinks per day -- also was lower in the psilocybin group.

And they found no serious side effects among the people who received psilocybin.

The study included 93 adults 25 to 65 years old who had been diagnosed with alcohol dependence and had at least four heavy drinking days during the 30 days before screening.

It excluded people who had major psychiatric and drug use disorders, hallucinogen use, medical conditions that wouldn't allow the use of the study's medications and those in treatment for alcohol use disorder.

Use of LSD rising among young Americans


By Steven Reinberg,
 HealthDay News

The increase in hallucinogen use is likely caused by a decrease in the perception of the drug as risky, a recent study suggests
. Photo by Dick Stuert/Wikimedia Commons

If you think hallucinogens like LSD are a thing of the past, think again.

New research estimates that the use of mind-altering LSD rose from less than 1% in 2002 to 4% in 2019 among people aged 18 to 25. And, overall, 5.5 million Americans used some kind of hallucinogen in 2019.

"According to our results, hallucinogen use is a growing public health concern, warranting prevention strategies given the growing risk of unsupervised use," said lead researcher Dr. Ofir Livne. He's a postdoctoral fellow in the department of epidemiology at Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in New York City.

The increase in hallucinogen use is likely caused by a decrease in the perception of the drug as risky, Livne noted.

"Studies now indicate that certain hallucinogens, such as LSD and psilocybin, can improve cognitive [mental] function, productivity and mental health," Livne explained. "Nowadays, we see 'micro-doser' communities, essentially individuals who are exploring the reported positive effects of micro-doses of LSD without experiencing any negative effects."

Still, "in light of our findings, we believe there is a need for a comprehensive examination of the motives behind the use of LSD and other hallucinogens, especially since previous studies have reported increased risks of negative outcomes, such as cognitive impairments and mood disorders," Livne added. "Before hallucinogen use becomes 'normalized,' there needs to be a larger body of literature that can help discern safe use from hazardous use."

The research was published online Monday in the journal Addiction.

These findings mirror those of a new federal government study published this week that found that the use of hallucinogens like LSD, MDMA, mescaline, peyote, "shrooms," psilocybin and PCP started to increase in 2021 after staying relatively stable until 2020.

In 2021, 8% of young adults used a hallucinogen in the past year, an all-time high, that study found. In comparison, only 5% of young adults reported using a hallucinogen in the past year in 2016, while only 3% used one in 2011. The only hallucinogen that saw a decrease in use was MDMA (ecstasy or Molly), where use dropped from 5% in 2016 and 2020 to 3% in 2021.

Pat Aussem, associate vice president for consumer clinical content development at the Partnership to End Addiction, said that the increased use of hallucinogens may be a result of newfound interest in their beneficial effects on some mood disorders.

"While many hallucinogens are designated as Schedule 1 drugs with 'no currently accepted medical use,' they are increasingly being discussed on social media, at research institutes and in other forums as alternatives to more traditional pharmaceuticals for certain mental health problems," she said.

"Both personal anecdotes and promising clinical trials have given rise to the use of hallucinogens to address depression, anxiety, PTSD [post-traumatic stress disorder] and substance use disorders, as well as to improve cognitive functioning," Aussem explained.

The promise that hallucinogens can potentially treat depression, PTSD and other mental health ills - in some cases more quickly and with less onerous side effects - has played a role in the growing interest in these drugs, she said.

"There is also the commercial side of the equation, as by some estimates, the market is anticipated to grow from $2 billion in 2020 to over $10 billion in 2027. Huge investments are being made to capitalize on growing consumer interest in these substances," Aussem noted.

In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a medication called Spravato for patients with severe depression who are not responding to other treatments. It's closely related to the psychedelic drug ketamine, but it is not the same as ketamine that someone might buy on the street. It also has to be given with an antidepressant in a supervised setting, she said.

Psilocybin is also being studied in clinical trials to treat depression and anxiety, she added.

Meanwhile, MDMA has been studied in clinical trials to address PTSD.

"It is expected to be approved by the FDA in 2023. Again, it is important to note that although ecstasy and MDMA are often used interchangeably, ecstasy may contain MDMA, but also be formulated with other substances that may be harmful," Aussem said.

Hallucinogens may work for some, but not all people, and for certain conditions they have risks, she said. The use of hallucinogens may be contraindicated if there is a personal or family history of psychosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or suicidal ideation, as well as heart problems and seizures.

Depending upon the hallucinogen, there can be a wide range of short- and long-term effects, including nausea, increased heart rate, intense sensory experiences, relaxation, paranoia and persistent psychosis. They can also be riskier if mixed with alcohol and other substances, including prescription medications, Aussem said.

There is also a significant difference between the safety of hallucinogens used in a clinical trial and what people get on the street, she noted.

"It is especially important to note that street MDMA has been laced with fentanyl, a powerful pain reliever that is driving skyrocketing overdoses in our country," Aussem said.

"It can be tempting to try hallucinogens, especially if a person is struggling with mental health, but street drugs are not the answer," Aussem said. "The composition, strength, dosing and therapeutic oversight of the hallucinogens in the clinical trials underway and the FDA-approved medications are not a 'do-it-at-home' remedy. A person interested in pursuing hallucinogens may benefit by seeking guidance from their healthcare provider and investigating participation in clinical trials."

More information

For more on hallucinogens, head to the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Copyright © 2022 HealthDay. All rights reserved.



Medical marijuana for pain linked to higher risk for heart arrhythmia

By Amy Norton, 
HealthDay News

Among 1.6 million people with chronic pain, those prescribed medical marijuana were 64% more likely to suffer a heart rhythm disturbance in the next six months, a recent study found.
 Photo by Circe Denyer/publicdomainpictures



People who use medical marijuana to treat chronic pain may have a slightly heightened risk of heart arrhythmias, a preliminary study suggests.

Researchers found that among 1.6 million people with chronic pain, those prescribed medical marijuana were 64% more likely to suffer a heart rhythm disturbance in the next six months.

The absolute risk was small: about 0.9% of patients on medical marijuana developed an arrhythmia, compared to 0.5% of those not taking the drug.

Plus, experts said, the findings do not prove that medical marijuana, per se, is to blame.


Still, chemicals in marijuana are known to affect the cardiovascular system - including heart rate, blood pressure and the tendency to form blood clots. And the findings add to concerns about the risks of using the drug, medicinally or otherwise, the study authors said.

"Just because something is 'natural' doesn't mean it's safe," said Robert Page, a professor at the University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Page, who was not involved in the study, was lead author on an American Heart Association scientific statement on the cardiovascular risks of marijuana. It said that a number of studies have linked marijuana use to increased risks of conditions as serious as heart attack and stroke.


But those types of studies are unable to prove cause and effect: Most look back at the medical records of people who use marijuana and those who do not, and cannot account for all of the other differences between those two groups.

That's true of the current study, too, Page said.

He pointed to a key reason for the lack of strong data on marijuana's health effects: The drug was illegal for many years across the globe, and under federal law, it remains a Schedule 1 controlled substance in the United States, which limits the research that can be done.


Yet attitudes toward marijuana are rapidly shifting. Medical marijuana is now legal in most U.S. states, while 19 states and Washington, D.C., allow adults to use the drug recreationally, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.

But legalization, Page said, should not be mistaken as proof of effectiveness or safety.

At the very least, he said, people should avoid smoking or vaping marijuana, due to all the other chemicals they would be inhaling. But "edibles" have their issues, too, Page noted. Their effects take longer to set in, and people may "stack" doses - which could expose them to high amounts of THC (the chemical famous for the marijuana "high").

Some widely available cannabis products claim to contain only the non-intoxicating chemical cannabidiol (CBD). But there's no way to know how much CBD (if any) a product contains, Page said.

"The problem is: They're unregulated. So it's buyer beware," he said.

The new findings come from Denmark, where medical marijuana was approved in 2018. Doctors there can prescribe it for chronic pain after all standard treatments, including opioid painkillers, fail to help.

The researchers used a national database with medical records from 1.6 million patients with chronic pain (related to cancer, arthritis, neurological conditions and other causes). Just under 4,600 of them filled at least one prescription for medical cannabis.

In Denmark, there are three approved forms of the drug, all taken orally, said researcher Dr. Nina Nouhravesh of Gentofte University Hospital. They include oral solutions and sprays of CBD; teas containing a mix of THC and CBD; and dronabinol, a synthetic form of THC.

Overall, the study found, pain patients on any form of medical marijuana were more likely to develop a heart arrhythmia in the six months after their first prescription, versus other patients.

Nouhravesh was scheduled to present the findings Monday at a meeting of the European Society of Cardiology, in Barcelona. Studies released at meetings are generally considered preliminary until they are published in a peer-reviewed journal.

One issue, Page said, is that people in chronic pain often have other health problems, and take multiple medications.

That was, indeed, the case in this study. And patients on medical marijuana were much more likely to be taking opioids than other pain patients were: 42%, versus 12%.

That's an important difference, said Dr. Jim Cheung, chairman of the American College of Cardiology's electrophysiology council.

Opioid use typically signals severe pain -- which itself could contribute to some arrhythmias, Cheung explained.

He also noted that some arrhythmias are more serious than others, and it's unclear whether medical marijuana was tied to any particular forms.

"I think this study highlights what we don't know," Cheung said. And that's important in itself, he noted. Patients and doctors should be aware the drug is associated with safety "signals" that need to be studied further.

"We don't want to disregard that there may be benefits for patients," Cheung said. "But we also want to be vigilant, just as we would with any medication, about the possible risks."

More information

Harvard Medical School has more on marijuana and heart health.

Copyright © 2022 HealthDay. All rights reserved.



Unregulated ingredients in tattoo inks raise health fears

Tattoo ink isn't regulated in the United States, and new research suggests it may contain potentially cancer-causing dyes, plus tiny particles that may cause harm
.
 File Photo by Debbie Hill/UPI | License Photo

Aug. 24 (UPI) -- What's in tattoo inks is widely unknown because they aren't regulated in the United States, and new research suggests they may contain potentially cancer-causing dyes as well as tiny particles that may travel in the body and cause harm.

And tattoo removal also is worrisome because it isn't known how the ink breaks down or what products form when it does, researchers said.

Their findings were to be presented Wednesday at the fall meeting in Chicago of the American Chemical Society, which has produced a video on why tattoo inks are permanent.

After analyzing nearly 100 inks, the scientists concluded that even when these products include an ingredient label, the lists often aren't accurate, a news release said.


According to the researchers, tattoo inks contain a pigment and a carrier solution. The pigment may be a molecular compound, such as a blue pigment; a solid compound, such as titanium dioxide, which is white; or a combination of the two compound types, such as light blue ink, which contains the molecular blue pigment and titanium dioxide.

The carrier solution carries the pigment to the middle layer of skin and typically helps to make the pigment more soluble, scientists said. It also may control the viscosity, or thickness, of the ink solution, and sometimes includes an anti-inflammatory ingredient.

"Every time we looked at one of the inks, we found something that gave me pause," John Swierk, the project's principal investigator and assistant professor of chemistry at Binghamton University -- part of the State University of New York -- said in the release.


For example, 23 of 56 different inks analyzed to date suggest that an azo-containing dye is present, Swierk said. And while many azo pigments -- basically synthetic organic dyes -- don't cause health concerns when they're chemically intact, bacteria or ultraviolet light can degrade them into another nitrogen-based compound that's a potential carcinogen.

The team also analyzed 16 inks using electron microscopy, and about half contained particles smaller than 100 nanometers, which Swierk described as "a concerning size range" since they can pass through cell membranes and potentially cause harm.

The scientists said they plan to add the information to their website, What's in My Ink?, after they run additional tests and the data are peer-reviewed.

"With these data, we want consumers and artists to make informed decisions and understand how accurate the provided information is," Swierk said.

He said the idea for the project initially developed because of his interest in what happens when laser light is used to remove tattoos.

"But then I realized that very little is actually known about the composition of tattoo inks, so we started analyzing popular brands," he said in the release.

Swierk said he and his team interviewed tattoo artists to see what they knew about the inks they use on customers. And while the artists could quickly identify a preferred brand, they didn't know much about its contents.

"Surprisingly, no dye shop makes pigment specific for tattoo ink," Swierk said. "Big companies manufacture pigments for everything, such as paint and textiles. These same pigments are used in tattoo inks."

Swierk noted that while tattoo artists must be licensed for safety reasons, no federal or local agency regulates the contents of the inks.

His conference presentation was to focus on work being done to separate the different components in tattoo pigments and identify them through different analytical techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy.

These analyses confirmed the presence of ingredients not listed on some labels, the researchers said. For example, in one case ethanol was not listed, but chemical analysis showed it was present in the ink. The team also has been able to identify the specific pigments found in some inks.

Swierk's university webpage describes how his lab is involved in a National Institutes of Health-funded effort focused on the safety and photochemistry of tattoo inks.

"Despite the popularity of tattoos and the billions of dollars spent every year on laser tattoo removal, we do not understand how tattoo inks transform under illumination and what risks that may pose to human health," the chemistry lab's site says.

The lab's multipronged approach draws from analytical chemistry, materials science, and cell biology to address the simple question, "How do tattoos fade?" the site says.

Read More  Nanoparticles from tattoos can travel inside the body



Germany remembers the Rostock anti-immigrant riot of 1992

The Lichtenhagen district in Rostock became infamous in 1992 as the scene of a racist riot against the Vietnamese and Roma communities. Some Vietnamese survivors feel even more bitter now about the lack of consequences.

Protesters demonstrated in solidarity with the victims following the violent attacks,

 but few legal consequences ensued

If anything, Dan Thy Nguyen said, he feels more bitter than ever about the Lichtenhagen pogrom of 1992.

The events of those days are recounted every few years: From August 22 to 26, 1992, several hundred neo-Nazis besieged a tower block that had been turned into an asylum-seeker reception center and a residence mostly occupied by Vietnamese people who had worked as foreign contract workers in East Germany.

Initially fueled by xenophobic rage against the hundreds of Roma who had been camped outside waiting to apply for asylum, the rioters threw rocks, bottles and Molotov cocktails. They stormed the building, which was often called the "Sonnenblumenhaus" after the large mural of a sunflower adorning its side. 

About 3,000 Rostock residents gathered at the scene, occasionally applauding, and preventing police and rescue workers from intervening. On the third day, August 24, the building was set on fire, and, though it had been largely evacuated by then, about 100 Vietnamese people and a German TV crew were still inside. They were only able to rescue themselves by breaking through several doors and making it to the roof, from which they could still hear people down below shouting, "We'll get you all!"

After the riots, many perpetrators of the Rostock pogrom faced no prosecution

Nguyen, a theater director, met some of these survivors when he created a stage piece about the siege a few years ago. The reason no one died, he said, was partly because many had grown up during the Vietnam War.

"People who were soldiers during the Vietnam War created emergency plans in Rostock-Lichtenhagen, and so they knew how to escape, because they'd learned it when they were very young," he said.

Racism and its consequences

Nguyen, like many Vietnamese Germans, was himself deeply marked by the events, though he was only 7 years old at the time and living in the former West Germany. In 2017, he wrote a powerful guest article in Die Zeit describing how the pogrom made his father teach his children how to defend themselves with rudimentary clubs made of power cables. 

But, three decades on, Nguyen's preoccupation with Lichtenhagen has turned more political, which is where his bitterness comes from. "Even after 30 years, there are no real political consequences, no real judicial consequences," he told DW. "We still don't understand why the police didn't intervene that much."

And, on a social level, Nguyen said, Germany has contented itself with a rehashing media interest for round anniversaries. "The 20th anniversary was big, and now the 30th will be big, but I was there last year and there were a handful of people and no politicians, and I can imagine that next year everyone will forget that too," he said. "And in Lichtenhagen itself there are nearly no social connections to this pogrom."



ROSTOCK RIOTS: HOW THE RIGHT-WING EXTREMIST ATTACK UNFOLDED 30 YEARS AGO
Saturday, August 22: Riots erupt
People gather in front of the "Sunflower House," the city's central admission center for refugees and asylum seekers. The scene turns violent when some 200 in the far-right extremist crowd begin throwing stones. By 2 a.m., the police deploy water cannons, temporarily bringing the situation under control several hours later.
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Several historians and political scientists have discussed the lack of consequences drawn from Lichtenhagen. Criminal investigations were notoriously slow, and the small handful of convictions that were successful mostly ended in suspended sentences, despite charges of attempted murder.

Two investigations into police failures at Lichtenhagen lasted several years — only to be eventually dropped. Dozens of police officers were injured in the clashes, and there are several unresolved controversies over exactly why more police forces weren't sent, or why some forces on the scene retreated. 

As for political consequences, one historian, Gudrun Heinrich, told Deutschlandfunk radio this week that, if anything, the German government engaged in "victim-perpetrator reversal" after Lichtenhagen by tightening asylum laws and making it even harder for immigrants to find a place in Germany.

Hollow remembrance

The hollowness of remembrance, and the earnest anti-racism sentiments that come with it, was perhaps best illustrated at the Hansa Rostock football stadium on Sunday, when far-right fans were allowed to hang a banner emblazoned with the word "Lichtenhagen" and an image of a sunflower — an apparent reference to the building that was set ablaze.

In a statement to DW, Hansa Rostock football club denied that the banner had bearing on the 1992 riot, but simply belonged to a group of fans from the district.

"Both the club and our fans — especially from Rostock — are still clearly aware of the disgrace and the damage to the entire city, and of course no one wants such events to be repeated or forgotten," the statement read.

There have been efforts to foster better relations in Rostock. The organization Dien Hong was founded in the weeks following the attacks by 62 former Vietnamese contract workers. Now it is a support network for migrants and asylum-seekers, and has recently been helping Ukrainians fleeing the war.

Since May, Dien Hong's Vu Thanh Van has coordinated "conversation circles" for Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese residents of Lichtenhagen, reflecting on the events of 1992. "There were some very far-reaching discussions," she told DW. "I think both sides learned more about the other sides feelings and thoughts. It was a good opportunity."

Dien Hong board member Susanne Düskau said Lichtenhagen served as a reminder of "the continuity of racism" in Germany. "People do feel safer now, but it remains an issue," Düskau said. "What has changed is that there is more potential for exchange now."

Nguyen has seen evidence of that in the reaction to his own play on Lichtenhagen, which he began working on in 2011. "At the beginning, no one was interested at all — a lot of people thought there was no importance in reflecting on that," said Nguyen.

That changed in 2015, when refugees came to Germany from Syria, an event met by another wave of anti-immigrant sentiment — and several arson attacks on refugee shelters. "When they started to see parallels, that was the moment when people found my work again," he said.

"One thing that has changed is that now we can talk about racism," Nguyen said. "I think 10 years ago, when I said something about it, a lot of people said: 'Oh no, we don't have racism at all in Germany.'" 

Now, Nguyen said, the emergence of a far-right political party in the Alternative for Germany has made it impossible to deny that racism exists. Racism may be addressed more openly, but it has also gained political legitimacy.

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  • Date 22.08.2022

 Colombia hopes for peace, reforms under new president

Gustavo Petro's new government has big plans; peace is said to be the key to reforms. On a visit to Bogota, Germany's Development Minister Svenja Schulze promised to support the peace process.

Svenja Schulze (second from the left) met with women activists in Bogota

Eulalia Luango is one of the many victims of Colombia's brutal civil war: She can't stop her tears when she talks about her two missing sons. Wilmer was 14 at the time, and Robinson was a year older. "Since 2009 I have been on a path of suffering because I didn't know why and how they took them," says Luango. "A mother's deepest wish is to hold the remains of her children in her hands and to give them a dignified burial." Visibly moved, Germany's Development Minister Svenja Schulze asks Luango how she finds the strength to get through it all and keep fighting.

Bogota is the development chief's first stop on her trip to Latin America. She takes a lot of time to speak with and listen to the victims, in order to understand where Colombia is in the peace process.

A bloody civil war lasting more than half a century lies behind Colombia. The crimes committed are nearly unimaginable: over 450,000 dead, another 121,000 disappeared, almost eight million displaced, and thousands more child soldiers were forcibly recruited.


COLOMBIA: 5 YEARS AFTER FARC DEAL, PEACE REMAINS ELUSIVE
From ragged rebellion to military might
In the mid-20th century, Colombia saw a raging battle between different political camps. Left-wing rebel groups founded independent republics in remote areas, which were gradually taken over by government forces. Two of the leaders of the "Republica de Marquetalia" escaped, however. In 1966, Manuel Marulanda and Jacobo Arenas (left) founded the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia or FARC.
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Can reconciliation succeed?

"The most important thing for Colombia now is reconciliation," Francisco de Roux tells Svenja Schulze. The 79-year-old Jesuit priest is a figurehead for peace. Many people in Colombia see him as a saint, because of the attention he has paid to the war's victims. As President of the Truth Commission, de Roux processed the facts of the armed conflict and presented the horrific results to Colombians.

He rides up to his early-morning appointment with the German minister on a small bike. For four long years, the Truth Commission has spoken to victims and perpetrators, conducting more than 30,000 interviews across the country.

De Roux and the Truth Commission presented their findings at a June press conference in Bogota

"Germany was one of the most important international supporters of the truth commission," says de Roux. "It stands for a system of trust, peace, and justice." Now he hopes that Germany will continue to support the reconciliation process. Even though Colombian society is divided, the vast majority of Colombians support peace, says the Jesuit: "Colombia is in a moment of hope."

Petro government has ambitious goals

That hope is also shared by Colombia's newly sworn-in president. Gustavo Petro is the first left-wing president of the traditionally conservative country. He has promised the Colombians peace and wants to implement the recommendations for structural reforms presented by Father de Roux's Truth Commission.

Petro has promised reforms in almost every political area: land reform, tax reform, health care reform, ecological restructuring of the economy, and reform of the police and military. The president also wants to take up the fight against poverty in a country where 40% of the population lives below the poverty line and where incomes are extremely unequally distributed.

"This government came into office with a vision and raised great expectations. Noticeable improvements must now be made quickly," says Stefan Peters, director of Capaz, a German-Colombian peace institute based in Bogota. If the promised reforms stall, he says, there is a risk that there will be violent protests from the disappointed electorate.

Germany to continue support

"Development policy is an essential part of security policy," said Schulze after her talks. She underlined that development police must prioritize human security and peaceful society in the truest sense of the word, and said that the new Petro government marks a turning point in Colombian history.

And yet: the bloody conflict smolders on and on, despite the historic 2016 peace deal with the FARC guerrillas. "Social activists, human rights activists, trade unionists, and journalists still live very dangerous lives. The drug economy is flourishing, entire regions are in the hands of armed actors and are out of state control," says Peters.

Luango continues to lobby for those who went missing during Colombia's decades of conflict, including her own two sons

The women who search for their missing relatives also report experiencing violence and attempts at intimidation when they fight for their rights and against being forgotten. "Don't forget us fighting women!" Eulalia Luango told the development minister. Svenja Schulze promises: "Germany will continue to support Colombia in the peace process. We will not leave you alone."

This article was originally written in German.

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