Biovac signs deal with IVI to develop and manufacture oral cholera vaccine for African and global markets

Business Announcement

INTERNATIONAL VACCINE INSTITUTE

South African based Bio-pharmaceutical company, Biovac, has concluded a ground-breaking licensing and technology transfer agreement with the International Vaccine Institute (IVI), a non-profit international organisation headquartered in South Korea, for the manufacture of an oral cholera vaccine (OCV).

 

The project is significant for Biovac as it enables drug substance manufacturing capability to be built, that is, production of the antigen/raw material needed to manufacture actual vaccines. This is one of the remaining steps in the vaccine manufacturing value chain that is currently missing not only at Biovac but across the African vaccine manufacturing landscape.

 

The agreement comes at a time as cholera outbreaks – prompted by climate change, armed conflict and displacements – wreak havoc on fragile health systems, as observed in Pakistan, Nigeria and Malawi as recent examples. This places additional demand on already-limited supply of cholera vaccines globally.[1] The extent of cholera outbreaks in recent years has escalated while there has been an increasing gap between supply and demand for cholera vaccines.

 

The partnership with IVI aims to license and transfer technology with the ultimate aim of increasing production volumes in order to reduce the critical shortage of vaccines needed to prevent cholera globally. This transfer of technology[2] will also establish and demonstrate capacity for Good Manufacturing Process (GMP) scale-up, local manufacture of clinical trial product, and end-to-end production of vaccines in Africa for African and worldwide usage. After many decades, this will be a critical step forward for vaccine production on the continent.

 

This is in a market (Africa) where less than 1% of vaccines are locally manufactured and where infectious diseases are still the leading cause of death, especially in children under five years.[3]

 

Notably, African leaders have committed to creating an indigenous vaccine industry, with the goal of boosting the share of vaccines manufactured in Africa from 1% in 2021 to 60% in 2040.[4]

 

The agreement is underpinned by collective support of R120 million ($6.9 million) from Wellcome and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for the first phase of the project. It will allow Biovac to expand its capabilities from filling and packaging of vaccine vials to end-to-end vaccine product development and drug substance manufacture.

 

Biovac CEO, Dr Morena Makhoana, says the COVID-19 pandemic exposed Africa’s lack of local production capacity. “It became clear that increasing self-sufficiency is important if Africa is to have better control over its own public health and vaccine supply chains.” He says for African vaccine manufacture to be sustainable, the continent needs to ensure that R&D, technology transfers, scale up, drug substance manufacture and licensing all take place on African soil, alongside already established fill-finish manufacturing activities.

 

“This initiative will be the beginning of end-to-end vaccine manufacture at Biovac, while at the same time addressing an ongoing and increasing cholera disease burden globally. In addition, this feeds directly into Biovac’s facilities expansion plan to scale up production capacity and will most likely be the first product (drug substance and drug product) to be manufactured in our new facility when it comes on line.”

 

The technology transfer process will commence in January 2023, with the first clinical trial batches expected to be produced in 2024 and licensing of the product by the South African National Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA) to be concluded in 2026 alongside WHO Prequalification certification which will follow shortly thereafter

 

Makhoana highlights the importance of achieving pre-qualification from the World Health Organization (WHO). “Through this and other projects, Biovac plans to attain WHO pre-qualification. We will then be well placed to supply UN agencies such as WHO and UNICEF/GAVI as many African countries and other least developed countries source their vaccines through this mechanism.

 

Director of IVI’s Cholera Program, Dr Julia Lynch, says IVI’s technical know-how and required materials to produce OCV have been transferred to four different manufacturers to date.

 

“OCV is a proven, highly effective preventive measure against a disease that strikes the most vulnerable. Enthusiastic uptake of the vaccine by countries has resulted in a demand that exceeds current supply, and the supply shortage has been made worse amid an increasing number of cholera outbreaks in 2022.

 

“We are thrilled to partner with Biovac to complete a technology transfer of OCV that will add another manufacturer to the marketplace and expand production capacity. With Biovac and the support of the Gates Foundation and Wellcome, we aim to expand the global supply of OCV and prevent cholera worldwide.”

 

IVI Director-General, Jerome Kim, concurs with Lynch and says maintaining a global supply of the cholera vaccine is critical for preventing cholera and controlling outbreaks. “In the face of a supply shortage, IVI’s collaboration with Biovac to complete the transfer of OCV technology will make a significant impact on our ability to protect communities at highest risk of this deadly, although vaccine-preventable, disease.”

 

President of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Global Health Program, Trevor Mundel, says the foundation is excited to support this important project to increase access to lifesaving oral cholera vaccines.

 

“Unfortunately, we are seeing now more than ever that it will be essential to have a robust and diverse supply of the vaccine to prevent death and disability from this persistent scourge. We see this type of tech transfer to manufacturing partners as a key way to ensure a strong supply of high-quality, affordable vaccines.”

 

Professor Gordon Dougan, Director of Infectious Diseases at Wellcome Trust, says the tools needed to control cholera exist – a combination of good epidemiology, water management and vaccines – but now we urgently need to increase access to an affordable, effective vaccine to meet the growing demand. 

 

“We are proud to be funding this project to build capacity to manufacture this much-needed vaccine and generate a sustainable vaccine supply within the countries that need them most. For the first time in recent history, an affordable life-saving oral cholera vaccine will be made on the African continent, for the African people,” concludes Dougan.

 

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[1] https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/31/health/cholera-outbreaks-vaccine.html?searchResultPosition=1

[2] https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-technology-transfer

[3] https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/levels-and-trends-in-child-under-5-mortality-in-2020

[4] https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01048-1

Democracy after COVID-19: Pandemic fatigue fueled political mistrust and conspiracy beliefs across Europe and the United States

In a new study, researchers find a significant societal impact of the pandemic beyond the domain of health and raise concerns about the ability of democratic societies to cope with future crises such as the climate crisis

Peer-Reviewed Publication

AARHUS UNIVERSIty

 

IMAGE: PROFESSOR MICHAEL BANG PETERSEN, AARHUS UNIVERSITY. PHOTO: IDA MARIE JENSEN, AARHUS UNIVERSITY view more 

CREDIT: PHOTO: IDA MARIE JENSEN, AARHUS UNIVERSITY

Many of us found it hard to keep up with official restrictions as the COVID-19 pandemic dragged on. We experienced  pandemic fatigue. And this fatigue led to wide-spread political discontent in Western democracies, according to a new study from Aarhus University, which has now been published in the scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

“Prior research has found that small groups of people have been radicalised and that pandemic fatigue has proven a health challenge, but our new study shows that we are facing challenges far beyond the domain of health or the radicalisation of some groups,” says Michael Bang Petersen, professor of political science at Aarhus University and one of the researchers behind the study.

For instance, broad segments of the public respond that they support protests against the government’s policies, that they are concerned about their own democratic rights or that they believe the government is hiding important information from the public about the coronavirus.  

Such political discontent is closely linked with the feeling of pandemic fatigue, according to the study.

“Based on our research method, we can be quite confident that there is not just a correlation between pandemic fatigue and political discontent. Rather, fatigue is a direct cause of political discontent,” says Frederik Jørgensen, assistant professor of political science at Aarhus University and the lead author of the study.

Political and academic debate on ‘fatigue’
During the pandemic, both researchers and authorities have discussed the concept of pandemic fatigue and whether it exists in populations. For one thing, the British government was met with criticism for delaying their lockdown during the first wave of the pandemic based on the exact argument that restrictions could generate fatigue.

“Our results are important in this debate, because they demonstrate that citizens do experience fatigue during this type of crisis, in which the government imposes strict but often necessary measures on its citizens. And it turns out that loneliness during the pandemic in particular served to induce fatigue,” says Frederik Jørgensen.

Authorities may prevent fatigue
The researchers have collected 13 rounds of data in Denmark, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Hungary, Sweden and the United States. The surveys were fielded on a regular basis in 2020 and 2021, while the epidemic curves and restrictions in each country increased and decreased at different paces, some countries more burdened by the COVID-19 pandemic than others. But there is a clear pattern across national borders: Fatigue increases as time goes by, when the stringency of restrictions goes up and when death numbers go down.

According to the researchers, the latter is significant in terms of adopting suitable policies. When death counts are high, citizens report lower levels of fatigue.

“Citizens are able to keep up with restrictions when these are necessary. This means there may be a sound basis for tightening and loosening restrictions as needed, instead of keeping them at a constant level as Germany and other countries did. By tightening and loosening restrictions, the authorities appear to be able to minimise pandemic fatigue and prevent it from sticking – and thus prevent political discontent from increasing even further,” says professor Michael Bang Petersen, who is head of the research project on the pandemic that this study is part of.

More crises, more fatigue and more political discontent
The head of the research project notes that several Western democracies were strained by polarisation and destabilisation even before the COVID-19 pandemic. He also notes that the world is facing a series of other crises which could add fuel to the fire. For instance the climate crisis and the current energy crisis.

"Citizens may feel fatigued and direct their frustrations towards the authorities in these crises as well. Fatigue during a crisis is something that the authorities should take very seriously and take active steps to avoid. One such step could be open communication that explains why action is necessary,” says professor of political science at Aarhus University Michael Bang Petersen.

  ____

Facts
We strive to comply with Universities Denmark’s principles for good research communication. For this reason, we provide the following information as a supplement to this article: 

Type of study:
Longitudinal and panel surveys collected in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Hungary, Sweden and Denmark.

External collaborators:
None.

External funding:
The study is part of the research project How Democracies Cope with COVID-19: A Data-Driven Approach (HOPE), which is funded by the Carlsberg Foundation.

Conflict of interest:
None.

Link to the scientific article:
www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2201266119

 

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JOURNAL

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI

10.1073/pnas.2201266119 

ARTICLE TITLE

Pandemic fatigue fueled political discontent during the COVID-19 pandemic

Study examines racial disparities in older patients hospitalized for heart attacks

Peer-Reviewed Publication

WILEY

In an analysis in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society that included data on 2,918 patients aged 75 years or older who were hospitalized for heart attacks at 94 US hospitals from 2013–2016, Black participants were more likely than white participants to have impairments in cognition (37.6% versus 14.5%), mobility (66.0% versus 54.6%) and vision (50.1% versus 35.7%) at the time of admission to the hospital. 

Black participants were also more likely to report a disability in one or more activities of daily living (22.4% versus 13.0%) and an unintentional loss of more than 10 lbs in the year prior to hospitalization (37.2% versus 13.0%). 

Black participants had 2-fold higher odds of dying within 6 months, but this elevated risk was no longer significant after adjusting for age, clinical characteristics, and functional/geriatric conditions.

“Functional impairments are powerful predictors of post–heart attack mortality among older adults. These impairments disproportionately affect Black patients who have traditionally been underserved by home health care services,” said corresponding author Patrick C. Demkowicz, BS, of the Yale University School of Medicine. “Our work highlights a pressing need for health systems to routinely screen for functional impairments and to ensure access to home health care services for all patients with such impairments.”

URL upon publication: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18084

 

Additional Information

NOTE: The information contained in this release is protected by copyright. Please include journal attribution in all coverage. For more information or to obtain a PDF of any study, please contact: Sara Henning-Stout, newsroom@wiley.com.

About the Journal

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (JAGS) is the go-to journal for clinical aging research. We provide a diverse, interprofessional community of healthcare professionals with the latest insights on geriatrics education, clinical practice, and public policy—all supporting the high-quality, person-centered care essential to our well-being as we age. 

About Wiley

Wiley is one of the world’s largest publishers and a global leader in scientific research and career-connected education. Founded in 1807, Wiley enables discovery, powers education, and shapes workforces. Through its industry-leading content, digital platforms, and knowledge networks, the company delivers on its timeless mission to unlock human potential. Visit us at Wiley.com. Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Instagram.

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JOURNAL

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society

DOI

10.1111/jgs.18084 

ARTICLE TITLE

Racial disparities among older adults with acute myocardial infarction: The SILVER-AMI study

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

23-Nov-2022

A nanoscale view of bubble formation

A new model now describes the boiling process with much greater precision

Peer-Reviewed Publication

HELMHOLTZ-ZENTRUM DRESDEN-ROSSENDORF

 

IMAGE: A VERY THIN FILM OF LIQUID FORMS UNDER A STEAM BUBBLE DURING BOILING. IT DETERMINES HOW PRECISELY THE BUBBLES GROW AND DETACH FROM DIFFERENT SURFACES. A GERMAN-CHINESE RESEARCH TEAM LED BY THE HZDR OBSERVED THESE PROCESSES ON THE NANOMETER SCALE FOR THE FIRST TIME. view more 

CREDIT: HZDR/BLAUROCK

When a liquid boils in a vessel, tiny vapor bubbles form at the bottom and rise, transferring heat in the process. How these small bubbles grow and eventually detach was previously not known in any great detail. A German-Chinese research team under the leadership of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) has now managed to fundamentally expand this understanding.

Using computer simulation, the experts succeeded in modeling the behavior of molecules at the liquid–gas interface at the nanometer scale, enabling them to describe the boiling process with extreme precision. The findings could be applied to future cooling systems for microprocessors, or to the production of carbon-neutral hydrogen, known as green hydrogen, as the team reported in the Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.062).

How droplets or vapor bubbles wet a surface depends on the type and nature of the surface material. For example, spherical drops form on hydrophobic materials, with minimum contact area to the base. With hydrophilic materials, however, the liquid tends to create flat deposits – the solid-liquid interface is then much larger. Such processes can be described theoretically by the Young–Laplace equation. This equation yields a contact angle that characterizes droplet behavior on the surface: large angles indicate poor wetting, whereas small angles indicate good wetting.

When a vapor bubble forms on a wall in a boiling liquid, a very thin film of liquid – invisible to the eye – remains beneath it. This film determines how the bubble grows and how it detaches from the wall. The contact angle also plays a key role in this respect.

The underlying theory is based on a relatively simple approach. “It takes into account both the pressure exerted externally by the liquid and the vapor pressure inside the bubble,” explained Professor Uwe Hampel, Head of Experimental Thermal Fluid Dynamics at the HZDR. “Then there is capillary pressure, which is created by the curvature of the bubble surface.”

Recently, however, a range of experiments using laser measurement have demonstrated that this established theory fails for very small droplets and bubbles: on the nanoscale, the measured contact angles deviated significantly in some cases from the theoretical predictions.

A complex interaction of molecules

To solve this problem, the German-Chinese research team set about revising the theory. To do this, they took a closer look at the processes that occur when a liquid boils. “We considered in detail the interfacial behavior of molecules,” explained HZDR researcher Dr. Wei Ding. “Then we used a computer to simulate the interaction between these molecules.”

In doing so, the research group discovered a significant difference from previous approaches: the forces acting between the molecules do not simply add up linearly. Instead, the interaction is much more complex, resulting in distinct nonlinear effects. These are precisely the effects that the experts consider in their new, expanded theory.

“Our hypothesis provides a good explanation for the results obtained in recent experiments,” stated Ding with delight. “We now have a far more precise understanding of the behavior of tiny droplets and vapor bubbles.”

Besides completing our understanding of the theoretical basis, the findings also hold the promise of progress in several areas of technology, such as microelectronics. In this area, processors are now so powerful that they give off increasing amounts of heat, which must then be dissipated by cooling systems.

“There are ideas to remove this heat by boiling a liquid,” remarked Uwe Hampel. “With our new theory, we should be able to determine the conditions under which rising vapor bubbles can dissipate heat energy most efficiently.” The equations could also help to cool fuel elements in a nuclear reactor more effectively than in the past.

More efficient hydrogen production

The electrolysis of water to produce carbon-neutral hydrogen, referred to as green hydrogen, is another potential application. Countless gas bubbles form on the membrane surfaces of an electrolyzer during water splitting. With this new theory, it seems conceivable that these bubbles can be influenced more specifically than before, enabling more efficient electrolysis in the future. The key to all these potential applications lies in the selection and structuring of appropriate materials.

“Adding nanogrooves to a surface, for example, can significantly accelerate the detachment of gas bubbles during boiling,” explained Wei Ding. “With our new theory, such structuring can now be more finely tailored – a project on which we are already working.”

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JOURNAL

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

DOI

10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.06 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Computational simulation/modeling

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Microscopic liquid–gas interface effect on liquid wetting

Egyptian lagoon vital to Cyprus turtles

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF EXETER

 

IMAGE: AN ADULT GREEN TURTLE FROM KARPAZ NESTING BEACH view more 

CREDIT: FINLAY PITT

The number of green turtles breeding in Cyprus has risen in recent years – but this bounce-back depends heavily on an Egyptian lagoon where many turtles feed, new research shows.

Green turtles, an endangered species, spend most of their lives foraging in a single area, but they return to the beach where they hatched to lay eggs.

The new study, by the University of Exeter and the North Cyprus Society for the Protection of Turtles (SPOT), tagged and tracked females laying eggs at key rookeries (breeding beaches) in Cyprus, and found 74% forage at Lake Bardawil in Egypt.

The study found that nest numbers have almost tripled since the early 1990s – but the dependence on a few feeding sites, especially Lake Bardawil, leaves turtle populations vulnerable if conditions there change.

“Since about 2010, our tracking of turtles from Cyprus has shown a large increase in the number foraging at Lake Bardawil,” said Dr Robin Snape, of the Centre for Ecology and Conservation on Exeter's Penryn Campus in Cornwall.

“At the same time, the number of adult turtles foraging around Cyprus and Turkey has declined – possibly due to high bycatch (accidental catch) of turtles in fisheries there.

“The overall increase in nest numbers appears to be driven by protection of nesting sites in Cyprus and conditions at Lake Bardawil.

“It’s possible that the lake will reach its capacity, and at that point the green turtle population could stop increasing.”

Lake Bardawil is a lagoon with a man-made opening that connects to the sea, allowing marine life including turtles to swim in and out.  

It was created in the 1950s as a fishery, but it has become an ideal seagrass habitat for adult green turtles, which are typically over a metre in length and weigh more than 100kg.

The new study used long-term satellite tagging to track 19 female turtles nesting at major rookeries on the Karpaz Peninsula, Cyprus.

While most of the turtles went to Lake Bardawil, one migrated 1,500 miles (2,400km) to Djerba island, Tunisia – the longest distance yet recorded for a Mediterranean green turtle.

Comparing the oldest available three-year nest count averages (1993–1995) with nest counts undertaken as part of this study (2017–2019), average annual nest numbers increased from 186 to 554.

“Given the importance of Lake Bardawil for green turtles in the Eastern Mediterranean, it’s vital that the habitat there is managed in a way that protects turtles and supports the livelihoods of fishers,” said Professor Annette Broderick, from the University of Exeter.

“Reducing bycatch and protecting habitats in other locations could also increase green turtle numbers and reduce reliance on this single location.”

The study was funded by the MAVA Foundation and the Natural Environment Research Council.

The paper, published in the journal Global Ecology and Conservation, is entitled: “Mediterranean green turtle population recovery increasingly depends on Lake Bardawil, Egypt.”

The tracks of turtles involved in the study can be viewed at SPOT’s website here.

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JOURNAL

Global Ecology and Conservation

DOI

10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02336 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

Mediterranean green turtle population recovery increasingly depends on Lake Bardawil, Egypt

New study on morphine treatment in people with COPD and severe, long term breathlessness

Peer-Reviewed Publication

LUND UNIVERSITY                        

Sometimes healthcare professionals treat patients with opioids such as morphine to relieve symptoms, but there has been a lack of evidence as to whether this helps with severe chronic breathlessness. A randomised Phase 3 study conducted by Swedish and Australian researchers now finds that morphine does not reduce worst breathlessness.

The study is published in JAMA. 

Long term shortness of breath is a common cause of ongoing suffering that often occurs with advanced serious illness and at the end of life. COPD can cause breathlessness by damaging the lungs and airways and for seriously ill people with severe long term breathlessness, physical activity is often a challenge. 

"Many people live with shortness of breath. It is distressing that no better treatment exists, but based on the results we’ve seen, we cannot generally recommend giving morphine to people with chronic breathlessness", says Magnus Ekström, a researcher in Palliative Medicine and Pulmonary Medicine at Lund University in Sweden and Chief Physician in Pulmonary Medicine at Blekinge Hospital.

The researchers included 156 patients, each for three weeks, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who suffered from severe long term breathlessness. In the first week, the participants were randomised into three groups, two to regular low doses of once daily morphine (8 milligrams daily or 16 milligrams daily), and a third control group that received a placebo. 

During the subsequent two weeks, participants were randomized to receive either an additional 8 milligrams of morphine or placebo, in addition to the previous treatment. This was done to investigate the efficacy of the treatment and the risk of side effects resulting from an increased dose of morphine. The treatment was ‘double-blind’, which means the participants and those who treated them didn’t know what treatment each group was receiving. 

"Given the prevalence of long term breathlessness across the world, it is crucial that we find ways that safely and predictably reduce the suffering that this causes people, often for years", says David Currow, a palliative medicine physician at the University of Wollongong in Australia whose team worked on the study as a part of a national program to improve symptom control of people with advanced, life-limiting illnesses. 

The researchers then compared the groups to see how they rated their experience of shortness of breath. With the help of motion sensors, the researchers also measured the participants’ physical activity during the study.

"Some probably expected that the study would show that regular, low dose morphine may allow people to be more physically active. Unfortunately, across all participants, we did not see this. We didn’t see any improvements in terms of the worst breathlessness that participants experienced", says Magnus Ekström.  

According to Ekström, the use of regular low dose morphine for severe long term breathlessness should not be widely used in healthcare as a treatment for groups that experience chronic, activity-limiting shortness of breath.

"However, the study should not be interpreted as that morphine does not provide any relief to patients with severe shortness of breath at rest, or in palliative care at the end of life. We didn’t investigate that in the study. In most cases, our patients did not have shortness of breath at rest. Clinical experience shows that at the end of life and in crisis situations, morphine treatment can help", says Magnus Ekström. 

The next step will be to investigate in greater detail whether certain groups respond better to morphine, as well as which ones are at a higher risk of experiencing side effects.

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JOURNAL

JAMA

DOI

10.1001/jama.2022.20206 

ARTICLE TITLE

Effect of Regular, Low-Dose, Extended-release Morphine on Chronic Breathlessness in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Water wars: causes and possible solutions

Study by the Politecnico di Milano in Nature Sustainability

Peer-Reviewed Publication

POLITECNICO DI MILANO

Milan, 23 November 2022 - Will today's wars  over oil be over water in the future? For years this question has been at the heart of a scientific debate on the causes of these wars and how they should be studied.

A study published in the prestigious Nature Sustainability by a group of researchers from the Politecnico di Milano has investigated the phenomenon, also in light of ‘new’ types of conflict in which paramilitary groups seem to capitalise on environmental stress.

In order to define the relationship between water and conflict, speaking only of water availability - or lack thereof - is not enough: in fact, conflicts tend to be associated with specific and complex socio-hydrological conditions, which in turn deal with the socio-economic value of water as a form of livelihood, especially in agriculture, and with the effects that human use of water has on the accessibility of this resource.

According to the authors, the research strategies that could contribute towards creating new types of scientific evidence on the interconnections between environment, society and conflict are: creating water availability measures that take into account the importance of water for human sustenance, focusing on mechanisms that arise when a resource is used unequally, and avoiding oversimplifications when considering environmental factors in social analyses. 

The work is based on the fusion of hydrological modelling and statistical analysis, combined with a specific focus on socio-environmental, cultural and political mechanisms which is used for studying the socio-hydrological characteristics of conflicts in the Lake Chad region in Central Africa.

This region has been affected by several conflicts in the last 20 years, such as the Boko Haram insurgency, the civil war in Darfur, and the coups in the Central African Republic. In addition to analysing data on the level of human development, urbanisation of the region and ethnic composition of the population, the researchers used a model to create water and soil availability indicators for agriculture and human sustenance in general. 

These data were related to the conflicts in the region between 2000 and 2015 and a method was developed that, through a multidimensional approach, manages to explore more secondary, indirect and complex relationships within the water-conflict nexus.

On the one hand, conflicts tend to persist in the same places and expand to the closest areas. Most conflicts occur in highly ‘anomalous’ locations (in terms of water availability) compared to the rest of the region, and the type of anomaly tends to be correlated with the dynamics of the conflict.

 ‘Working in this way it’s possible to produce quantitative and qualitative descriptions of particular environmental “patterns” associated with specific conflict dynamics.’ - explains Nikolas Galli, a researcher in the Glob3ScienCE (Global Studies on Sustainable Security in a Changing Environment) group at the Politecnico di Milano, coordinated by Maria Cristina Rulli, who added: ‘Socio-environmental, socio-hydrological and hydro-social research is pushing academic boundaries towards integrating natural and social sciences in order to produce more accurate representations of socio-ecological systems. Our study provides a new methodological approach and new information for understanding natural resources conflicts in a case study with a long history of (un)scientific representations by both natural and social scientists and policy makers’.

 

The study Socio-hydrological features of armed conflicts in the Lake Chad Basin is authored by Nikolas Galli, Ilenia Epifani, Davide Danilo Chiarelli and Maria Cristina Rulli of the Politecnico di Milano and Jampel Dell'Angelo of the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam.

Article: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-022-00936-2 

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JOURNAL

Nature

DOI

10.1038/s41893-022-00936-2 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Socio-hydrological features of armed conflicts in the Lake Chad Basin

New technology maps movement of microscopic algae, crucial to ocean health

The movement patterns of microscopic algae can be mapped in greater detail than ever before, giving new insights into ocean health, thanks to new technology developed at the University of Exeter

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF EXETER

The movement patterns of microscopic algae can be mapped in greater detail than ever before, giving new insights into ocean health, thanks to new technology developed at the University of Exeter.

The new platform allows scientists to study in unprecedented detail the patterns of movement of microscopic algae. The insight could have implications for understanding and preventing harmful algal blooms, and for the development of algal biofuels, which could one day provide an alternative to fossil fuels.

Microscopic algae play a key role in ocean ecosystems, forming the bases of aquatic food webs, and sequestering most of the world’s carbon. The health of oceans therefore depends on maintaining stable algal communities. There is increasing concern that changes in ocean composition such as acidification may disrupt algae spread and community make-up. Many species move and swim around to locate sources of light or nutrients, in order to maximise photosynthesis.

The new microfluidic technology, now published in eLife, will allow scientists to trap and image single microalgae swimming inside microdroplets, for the first time. The cutting-edge development has enabled the team to study how microscopic algae explore their micro-environment, and tracked and quantified their behaviours long-term. Importantly, they characterised how individuals differ from one another and respond to sudden changes in the make-up of their habitat such as the presence of light or certain chemicals.

Lead author Dr Kirsty Wan, from the University of Exeter’s Living Systems Institute, said: “This technology means we can now probe and advance our understanding of swimming behaviours for any microscopic organism, in detail that has not been possible previously. This will help us understand how they control their swimming patterns and potential for adaptability to future climate change, and other challenges.”

In particular, the team has discovered that the presence of interfaces with strong curvature, in combination with the microscopic corkscrewing swimming of the organisms, induce macroscopic chiral movement (always clockwise or counter-clockwise) seen in the average trajectory of cells.

The technology has a wide range of potential uses, and could represent a new way of classifying and quantifying not only the environmental intelligence of cells, but of complex patterns of behaviour in any organism, including animals.

Dr Wan added: “Ultimately, we aim to develop predictive models for swimming and culturing of microbial and microalgae communities in any relevant habitat leading to deeper understanding of present and future marine ecology. Knowledge of detailed behaviour occurring at the individual-cell level is therefore an essential first step.”

The paper is entitled ‘Phenotyping single-cell motility in microfluidic confinement’, and is published in eLife. This study was conducted in collaboration with microfluidics expert Dr Fabrice Gielen (also of the University of Exeter’s Living Systems Institute) and Dr Marco Mazza (Loughborough University).

ENDS

About the University of Exeter    

The University of Exeter is a Russell Group university that combines world-class research with high levels of student satisfaction. Exeter has over 30,000 students and sits within the Top 15 universities in The Guardian University Guide 2023, and in the top 150 globally in both the QS World Rankings 2022 and THE World University Rankings 2023. In the 2021 Research Excellence Framework (REF), more than 99% of our research were rated as being of international quality, and our world-leading research impact has grown by 72% since 2014, more than any other Russell Group university.  

https://www.exeter.ac.uk/ 

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DOI

10.7554/elife.76519 

ARTICLE TITLE

Phenotyping single-cell motility in microfluidic confinement

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

23-Nov-2022

Quarter of former Olympians suffer from osteoarthritis, study says

Competing at elite level in sport is linked with an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis and joint pain in later life, a study suggests

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

One in four retired Olympians reported a diagnosis of osteoarthritis, the form of arthritis that causes changes in the joint and can lead to discomfort, pain and disability, the research found.

Elite retired sportspeople who had experienced a sports-related injury had a higher chance of knee and hip osteoarthritis when compared with the general population.

The athletes – who had competed at an Olympic level in 57 sports including athletics, rowing and skiing – also had an increased risk of lower back pain overall, and shoulder osteoarthritis after a shoulder injury.

Researchers hope the findings will help develop new approaches in injury prevention for the benefit of athletes now and in retirement.

The study – led by a University of Edinburgh based researcher – is the largest international survey of its kind, and the first to observe the consequences of osteoarthritis and pain in different joints from retired elite athletes across different summer and winter Olympic sports.

Researchers quizzed 3,357 retired Olympians aged around 45 on injuries and the health of their bones, joints, muscles and spine. They were also asked if they were currently experiencing joint pain, and if they had an osteoarthritis diagnosis.

For comparison, 1,735 people aged around 41 from the general population completed the same survey.

Researchers used statistical models to compare the prevalence of spine, upper limb and lower limb osteoarthritis and pain in retired Olympians with the general population.  

The team considered factors that could influence the risk of pain and osteoarthritis such as injury, recurrent injury, age, sex and obesity.

They found that the knee, lumbar spine and shoulder were the most injury prone areas for Olympians. These were also among the most common locations for osteoarthritis and pain.

After a joint injury the Olympians were more likely to develop osteoarthritis than someone sustaining a similar injury in the general population, the research found

The sportspeople also had an increased risk of shoulder, knee, hip and ankle and upper and lower spine pain after injury, although this did not differ with the general population.

Dr Debbie Palmer, of the University of Edinburgh’s Moray House School of Education and Sport, said: “High performance sport is associated with an increased risk of sport-related injury and there is emerging evidence suggesting retired elite athletes have high rates of post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

“This study provides new evidence for specific factors associated with pain and osteoarthritis in retired elite athletes across the knee, hip, ankle, lumbar and cervical spine, and shoulder, and identifies differences in their occurrence that are specific to Olympians.”

Researchers say the study may help people make decisions about recovery and rehabilitation from injuries in order to prevent recurrences, and to inform prevention strategies to reduce the risk and progression of pain and OA in retirement.

Two linked studies are published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.

Open access version of the paper are available here: Part 1 -https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/prevalence-of-and-factors-associated-with-osteoarthritis-and-pain

 Part 2 - https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/prevalence-of-and-factors-associated-with-osteoarthritis-and-pain-2

The World Olympians Association funded the Retired Olympian Musculoskeletal Health Study with a research grant from the International Olympic Committee.

For further information, please contact: Joanne Morrison, Press and PR Office, tel +44 131 651 4266, joanne.morrison@ed.ac.uk

 

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JOURNAL

British Journal of Sports Medicine

DOI

10.1136/bjsports-2021-104762 

ARTICLE TITLE

Prevalence of and factors associated with osteoarthritis and pain in retired Olympians compared with the general population: part 1 – the lower l