Wednesday, June 28, 2023

“There is no curse worse than the death of your child” – a psychologist on the death of his son


Renowned psychologist David Cohen has written a book about the death of his son Reuben, and the experience of parental grief


Book Announcement

TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP





“The loss of a child is the loss of promise, potential. A cruel violation of the natural order. I was there when my son was born and when he died. I loved him, despaired of him, tried to help him. But not enough.”

Author David Cohen lost his son, 38-year-old Rueben, in 2013. Now, with the unique perspective of both father and psychologist, has written A Book Of My Son Reuben as a psychological and philosophical exploration of grief.

He writes: “I had not managed to keep him alive. There is no curse worse than the death of your child.”

Reuben was a fine writer and the book has an extract of Theo’s Ruins and also a tribute by Reuben’s brother Nick.

Cohen offers a personal and analytical study of sorrow and guilt, and of what research tells us about trauma and grief. He includes quotes and anecdotes from parents and siblings who have suffered loss. There is no closure as some experts suggest. The death is with you till you die.

Rather than a self-help guide, the book is both a tribute to his son and an exploration for anyone who wants a deeper understanding of the experience of loss.

Honest and analytical

Providing a unique perspective, The Book of My Son Reuben combines a personal account of how Cohen coped – and did not cope – with the death of his son, alongside scholarly research into the physiological and biological manifestation of grief.

Illustrated throughout with Cohen’s personal insight into how he continues to cope and fail to cope, this honest book provides a deeper understanding of loss for parents who have experienced it, as well as those who support them.

He writes: “Human beings watch and judge each other, so on top of everything else the bereaved are on display. Are you grieving the right way?

“A parent is supposed to be a competent protector, provider, nurturer. Instead, a child’s death imposes social stigma, isolation and, more often than not, loss of social support. Parents also have to find some meaning in life when they don’t have the opportunity to help their young grow up.”

The book remembers the many parents who have lost children throughout history and chapters weave personal perspectives with the latest research.

It examines the experience of sudden deaths, the failures of society in preventing children from dying, the role of social media, how the loss of a child impacts mothers, fathers, siblings and relationships, and the usefulness – or otherwise – of bereavement therapies.

“I wish I had not had to write this book because then my lovely son Reuben would still be alive,” says Cohen. “He was adorable, formidably intelligent, a loving son, a loving brother. He died far too young. He had the bad luck to have two grandparents who had addictive personalities. His efforts to resist the lure of drugs failed. And so did I.”

UMass Amherst study will advance understanding of the impact of air pollution on women’s reproductive health


NIH grant funds efforts to identify risk factors and outcomes for women trying to get pregnant


Grant and Award Announcement

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST

Lead investigator 

IMAGE: CARRIE NOBLES, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN THE UMASS AMHERST SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH SCIENCES, IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIST. view more 

CREDIT: UMASS AMHERST




Funded by a new grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a University of Massachusetts Amherst environmental and reproductive epidemiologist aims to develop a more robust understanding of the effects of ambient air pollution on women’s reproductive health.

Carrie Nobles, assistant professor in the School of Public Health and Health Sciences, will use the two-year, $650,000 exploratory/developmental research grant from the NIH’s National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to identify mechanisms and susceptible reproductive processes across the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy.

Ultimately, findings will provide the foundation for identifying ways to improve reproductive health and informing public policy on pollution standards.

Ambient air pollution, such as traffic and power-plant emissions, is associated with increases in inflammation and oxidative stress that may inhibit the establishment of a healthy pregnancy by disrupting endocrine function, ovulation, implantation and placentation, Nobles explains. 

Previous, smaller studies by Nobles and colleagues have linked air pollution to fertility at the broad population level, “but we don’t understand exactly how and who is most affected,” says Nobles, who is also analyzing the impact of air pollution and other environmental factors on men’s fertility in another NIH-funded study.

Nobles will incorporate data from the completed preconception time-to-pregnancy study known as EAGeR (Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction), which evaluated the effect of low-dose aspirin on live-birth rates. The study includes detailed information on 1,228 participants during six menstrual cycles when they are attempting to get pregnant. 

“Around the time of ovulation and also around the time of implantation of the embryo, exposure during those points to higher levels of air pollution does seem to relate to a lower probability of getting pregnant and also a higher risk of pregnancy loss,” says Nobles about findings from studies involving couples seeking infertility treatment. “But there are very few studies that have this fine detailed information on the timing of things like ovulation, the earliest possible detection of pregnancy and, potentially, a pregnancy loss. So, we will be able to look at these acute exposures that are hard to detect.”

Nobles will estimate participants’ exposure to ambient air pollution during biologically informed windows of the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy by looking at the EPA’s Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models where they live. 

For a smaller group of 288 women, Nobles will look at urinary levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), chemicals found in vehicle exhaust, cigarette and wood smoke, and grilled or charred food. She also will examine two biomarkers for oxidative stress mechanisms. “This will let us understand more about how these effects are happening,” Nobles says.

For the group of women who received low-dose aspirin, Nobles will assess whether the anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet actions of aspirin reduce the impact of air pollution exposure. 

Nobles hypothesizes that air pollution exposure around ovulation and implantation will change reproductive hormones and reduce fertility. Pollution exposure during critical windows in early pregnancy is also expected to increase risk of pregnancy loss. 

She expects that the impacts of air pollution among the women who received low-dose aspirin will be weaker. 


Relationship between groundwater cadmium and vicinity resident urine cadmium levels in Hunan Province——a region that is both the heartland of Chinese non-ferrous mining and the home of fish and rice


Peer-Reviewed Publication

HIGHER EDUCATION PRESS




Cadmium (Cd) has received widespread attention owing to its persistent toxicity and nondegradability. Cd in the human body is mainly absorbed from the external environment and is usually assessed using urinary Cd. Hunan Province is the heartland of the Chinese non-ferrous mining area, where several serious Cd pollution events have occurred, including high levels of Cd in the urine of residents. However, the environmental factors influencing high urinary Cd levels (UCLs) in nearby residents remain unclear. A research team from Central South University and Beihang University used statistical analysis models to analyze 211 nearby residents’ UCLs and the corresponding sociological characteristics from nine groundwater samples in this area.

Their analysis is published in the journal Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering on May 15, 2023.

Cadmium (Cd) has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of four heavy metal contaminants of major public health concern; it has persistent toxicity and is not biodegradable. Cd in the human body is mainly absorbed from the external environment through contact, drinking, or inhalation into the body for enrichment, and is metabolized slowly. After entering the human body, Cd can be absorbed into the liver or kidney, causing damage to kidney function. Cd may also lead to cancer as a severe threat to human health. Previous studies have pointed out that the two primary sources of Cd exposure in the general population are diet and smoking. However, these studies did not integrate the relationship between the UCL and exposure to the concentration of Cd in environmental media. The groundwater factor influencing high urinary Cd levels (UCLs) in nearby residents remain unclear. There is still a lack of systematic assessment of the impact of groundwater on UCL in the vicinity of non-ferrous metal smelting sites.

Human Cd levels are mainly evaluated using urine Cd. Urine is easier to obtain and can be used to monitor very low concentrations of chemicals and to better measure the exposure level of trace element Cd in the human body. According to the survey, urinary Cd levels (UCLs) were higher in people living near mining areas than in those living in other areas. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the environmental factors that cause higher UCLs in mining areas.

Hunan Province is the heartland of Chinese non-ferrous mining, and its dominant industries are non-ferrous metal smelting, mining, and machinery manufacturing. It is also famously regarded as the home of fish and rice, cultivating over 4000 ha of rice, ranking as one of China’s most important rice-producing regions. Human activities, including non-ferrous metal smelting and uncontrolled emissions of waste gas, wastewater, and sludge from various industries, have proven to be prominent sources of Cd emissions in this area. These activities aggravate the decrease in surface vegetation, thereby accelerating the infiltration of surface water and increasing groundwater Cd pollution. Several Cd pollution events have occurred in Hunan Province, such as the Cd rice incident; the UCLs of residents along the riverbank were relatively high. Previous studies have documented the severe impacts of mining and metalprocessing activities within Hunan on rice agroecosystems. However, they did not analyze the environmental factors influencing the UCLs in the population living near the non-ferrous mining areas of Hunan Province.

To fill these gaps, the team from Central South University and Beihang University systematically examined the relationship between groundwater and UCLs near the non-ferrous metal smelting area of Hunan Province. The main objectives of this study were to: 1) identify the characteristics and current situation of Cd pollution in groundwater and urine, 2) evaluate the relationship between groundwater Cd and UCL in the non-ferrous metal smelting area, and 3) propose comprehensive management precautions according to the possible sources of UCL. This study will help clarify the environmental factors that contribute to the increase in UCLs. It will provide an essential reference for policy makers to reduce Cd exposure in areas where heavy metal industries are prevalent worldwide.

In this study, the research team found groundwater Cd concentration ranged from 0.02 to 1.15 μg/L, aligning with class III of the national standard; the range of UCL of nearby residents was 0.37–36.60 μg/L, exceeding the national guideline of 0–2.5 μg/L. Groundwater Cd levels were positively correlated with the UCL (P < 0.001, correlation coefficient 95 % CI = 9.68, R2 = 0.06). There is an extremely significant positive correlation between groundwater and urine Cd in nearby heavy metal industry residents. With an increase in total Cd of 1000 μg/L groundwater, the concentration of Cd in urine will increase by 11.01 μg/L. In addition, sociological characteristics, such as smoking status and education level, also affect UCL. All results indicate that local governments should strengthen the prevention and abatement of groundwater Cd pollution.

This study is the first to systematically evaluate the relationship between groundwater Cd and UCL using internal and external environmental exposure data. Notably, the concentration of Cd in groundwater contributes more significantly to the UCL than do sociological characteristics. The relevant departments should strengthen the control and remediation of groundwater Cd and guide the population to prevent Cd pollution. These findings provide essential bases for relevant departments to reduce Cd exposure in regions where the heavy metal industry is globally prevalent.

###

About Higher Education Press

Founded in May 1954, Higher Education Press Limited Company (HEP), affiliated with the Ministry of Education, is one of the earliest institutions committed to educational publishing after the establishment of P. R. China in 1949. After striving for six decades, HEP has developed into a major comprehensive publisher, with products in various forms and at different levels. Both for import and export, HEP has been striving to fill in the gap of domestic and foreign markets and meet the demand of global customers by collaborating with more than 200 partners throughout the world and selling products and services in 32 languages globally. Now, HEP ranks among Chinas top publishers in terms of copyright export volume and the worlds top 50 largest publishing enterprises in terms of comprehensive strength.

The Frontiers Journals series published by HEP includes 28 English academic journals, covering the largest academic fields in China at present. Among the series, 12 have been indexed by SCI, 6 by EI, 2 by MEDLINE, 1 by A&HCI. HEPs academic monographs have won about 300 different kinds of publishing funds and awards both at home and abroad.

About Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering (FESE) is the leading edge forum for peer-reviewed original submissions in English on all main branches of environmental disciplines. FESE welcomes original research papers, review articles, short communications, and views & comments. All the papers will be published within 6 months since they are submitted. The Editors-in-Chief are Prof. Jiuhui Qu from Tsinghua University, and Prof. John C. Crittenden from Georgia Institute of Technology, USA. The journal has been indexed by almost all the authoritative databases such as SCI, Ei, INSPEC, SCOPUS, CSCD, etc.

 

A symbiosis in the open ocean


Peer-Reviewed Publication

PNAS NEXUS

Symbiosis 

IMAGE: EPI-FLUORESCENT MICROGRAPH OF A CHAIN OF THE HEMIAULUS-RICHELIA SYMBIOSIS COMBINING BRIGHTFIELD AND GREEN EXCITATION TO EXCITE THE AUTOFLUORESCENCE OF THE RICHELIA FILAMENTS (HERE SHOWN IN YELLOW). USUALLY, ONE OR TWO RICHELIA SYMBIONTS ARE OBSERVED PER HOST DIATOM. view more 

CREDIT: SEPEHR BARDI



A study explores the genetic expression of a photosynthetic symbiont that lives inside an abundant marine organism. Marine diatoms are responsible for one-fifth of global photosynthesis. Many are coastal, but diatom-diazotroph associations thrive in open ocean waters that are low in nutrients thanks to a symbiotic relationship between a diatom host and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Rachel Foster, Enrique Flores, and colleagues collected the diatom Hemiaulus hauckii, along with the cyanobacterium Richelia euintracellularis, which lives inside the diatom’s cells, from multiple locations in the western tropical North Atlantic. Cyanobacteria are bacteria which can perform plant-like photosynthesis. As researchers are currently unable to grow Richelia euintracellularis in the laboratory, the authors explored the function of proteins found in the endosymbiont by expressing the proteins in model organisms, including Escherichia coli and Anabaena sp. One protein was found to split sucrose into glucose and fructose. The presence of a sucrose-specific solute binding protein, which participates in shuttling molecules across the cell membrane, suggests that the sucrose is provided to the bacteria by the diatom hosts. Other solute binding proteins were found that participate in the transport of amino acids (glutamate, phenylalanine) and a polyamine (spermidine). The expression of genes that encode these proteins was verified in wild populations from the Atlantic Ocean. According to the authors, the study paints a picture of a system in which the diatom supplies the bacteria with reduced organic carbon compounds to sustain a high rate of nitrogen fixation.

Reading for pleasure early in childhood linked to better cognitive performance and mental wellbeing in adolescence


Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE




Children who begin reading for pleasure early in life tend to perform better at cognitive tests and have better mental health when they enter adolescence, a study of more than 10,000 young adolescents in the US has found.

In a study published today in Psychological Medicine, researchers in the UK and China found that 12 hours a week was the optimal amount of reading, and that this was linked to improved brain structure, which may help explain the findings.

Reading for pleasure can be an important and enjoyable childhood activity. Unlike listening and spoken language, which develop rapidly and easily in young children, reading is a taught skill and is acquired and developed through explicit learning over time.

During childhood and adolescence, our brains develop, making this an important time in which to establish behaviours that support our cognitive development and promote good brain health.  However, until now it has been unclear what impact – if any – encouraging children to read from an early age will have on their brain development, cognition and mental health later in life.

To investigate this, researchers from the universities of Cambridge and Warwick in the UK and Fudan University in China looked at data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort in the US, which recruited more than 10,000 young adolescents.

The team analysed a wide range of data including from clinical interviews, cognitive tests, mental and behavioural assessments and brain scans, comparing young people who began reading for pleasure at a relatively early age (between two and nine years old) against those who began doing so later or not at all. The analyses controlled for many important factors, including socio-economic status.

Of the 10,243 participants studied, just under a half (48%) had little experience of reading for pleasure or did not begin doing so until later in their childhood. The remaining half had spent between three and ten years reading for pleasure.

The team found a strong link between reading for pleasure at an early age and a positive performance in adolescence on cognitive tests that measured such factors as verbal learning, memory and speech development, and at school academic achievement.

These children also had better mental wellbeing, as assessed using a number of clinical scores and reports from parents and teachers, showing fewer signs of stress and depression, as well as improved attention and fewer behavioural problems such as aggression and rule-breaking.

Children who began reading for pleasure earlier also tended to spend less screen time – for example watching TV or using their smartphone or tablet – during the week and at weekends in their adolescence, and also tended to sleep longer.

When the researchers looked at brain scans from the adolescent cohort, they found that those participants who had taken to reading for pleasure at an early age showed moderately larger total brain areas and volumes, including in particular brain regions that play critical roles in cognitive functions. Other brain regions that were different among this group were those that have been previously shown to relate to improved mental health, behaviour and attention.

Professor Barbara Sahakian from the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge said: “Reading isn’t just a pleasurable experience – it’s widely accepted that it inspires thinking and creativity, increases empathy and reduces stress. But on top of this, we found significant evidence that it’s linked to important developmental factors in children, improving their cognition, mental health, and brain structure, which are cornerstones for future learning and well-being.”

The optimal amount of reading for pleasure as a young child was around 12 hours per week. Beyond this, there appeared to be no additional benefits. In fact, there was a gradual decrease in cognition, which the researchers say may be because it suggests they are spending more time sedentary and less time at other activities that could be cognitively enriching, including sports and social activities.

Professor Jianfeng Feng from Fudan University in Shanghai, China, and the University of Warwick, UK, said: “We encourage parents to do their best to awaken the joy of reading in their children at an early age. Done right, this will not only give them pleasure and enjoyment, but will also help their development and encourage long-term reading habits, which may also prove beneficial into adult life.”

Funders included: Wellcome and the National Institute for Health & Care Research (UK) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.*

Reference

Yun-Jun Sun & Barbara J. Sahakian et al. Early-Initiated Childhood Reading for Pleasure: Associations with Better Cognitive Performance, Mental Well-being and Brain Structure in Young Adolescence. Psychological Medicine; 28 June 2023; DOI: 10.1017/S0033291723001381.

*A full list of funders can be found in the paper.

‘Critical climate solution’ or ‘worse than coal’? Study explores debate around divisive energy technology


Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON





A new study has explored the battle lines of public debate around a controversial energy technology which is heralded as “critical to combating climate change” by its advocates and branded “worse than coal” by its critics.

“BE (BECCS) features heavily in the UK government’s plan to achieve a net-zero economy by 2050. But there is low public awareness of the technology, which has split the opinion of scientists, politicians, and media outlets.

BECCS generates energy by burning plants and trees and captures the resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, storing them underground.

Now, research by the University of Southampton has analysed coverage of BECCS in 166 newspaper articles to identify the key storylines about the energy technology and understand whether it is likely to be accepted by people in the UK and beyond.

“With public understanding of BECCS so limited, the media has a crucial role in shaping debate and opinion on the technology,” says Caspar Donnison, Research Fellow in Biological Sciences at the University of Southampton and lead author of the research.

“We’ve seen in the fracking debate how competing storylines are used to influence social acceptance of a new technology, and ultimately whether it becomes part of the UK’s energy mix or not.”

The research published in Energy Research & Social Science identified eight key storylines. On the Pro-BECCS side were Necessary mitigation tool; Keeping the lights on; Anchor for transition; and Revolutionary technology. On the Anti-BECCS side were Worse than coal; Environmental disaster; No silver bullet; and Distraction.

“Sustainable biomass” to “level up the North”

The Necessary mitigation tool storyline was apparent in over half of the national and regional newspaper articles analysed. Drax Group has plans to operate the world’s largest BECCS facility at its power station in Yorkshire. Drax CEO Will Gardiner used this storyline more than any other individual. But it was also referenced by Government spokespeople, the UK Committee on Climate Change (CCC) and Microsoft, as well as being featured in IPCC scenarios. The Keeping the lights on storyline was less prevalent but gained traction following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Storylines focusing on opportunity (Anchor for transition and Revolutionary technology) were most prominent in Yorkshire’s local media. Local MPs referred to “closing the North-South divide” and Rishi Sunak MP described the Drax project as “transformative for the region’s economy”, shortly before becoming Prime Minister.  

“Drax’s proposals in Yorkshire have had a major influence on the UK debate, driving more articles from three regional newspapers than all the national coverage combined,” says Professor Gail Taylor, co-author of the paper and John B Orr Distinguished Professor of Environmental Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis. “The pro-BECCS coalition enjoyed greater dominance in local news media, where the necessity framing was complemented with the promise of socioeconomic benefits to the region.”

“Ecological disaster” and “magical thinking”

The Worse than coal storyline gained prominence following a BBC Panorama documentary on Drax’s supply chain and was featured in 34 articles – mostly in national newspapers. Environmental NGOs and others claim, with limited evidence, that biomass combustion results in similar CO2 emissions to coal, that this carbon may not be re-absorbed by replanting trees and that supply-chain emissions add to the carbon cost. 32 articles framed BECCS as an Environmental disaster, suggesting the land-use demand posed a risk to wildlife and food production.

Countering the Revolutionary technology narrative, 23 national newspaper articles (17 in the Guardian) suggested BECCS was No silver bullet, describing it as “too good to be true” and “not feasible” at the scale and timescale envisaged. A further 10 articles in the Guardian and Independent, largely attributed to NGOs, suggested it was a Distraction, acting as “a licence to keep emitting.”

“The UK government is relying on BECCS to help deliver their net-zero strategy but the battle for public opinion is far from won,” says Donnison. “Our research shows a targeted, limited deployment of BECCS using sustainably sourced biomass could have broad national appeal. But if public concerns aren’t addressed, the government will have to look to a fast-diminishing list of alternative technological and policy options.”

A net-zero storyline for success? News media analysis of the social legitimacy of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in the United Kingdom is published in Energy Research & Social Science.

Ends

Contact

Steve Williams, Media Relations, University of Southampton press@soton.ac.uk or 023 8059 3212.

Notes for editors

  1. A net-zero storyline for success? News media analysis of the social legitimacy of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in the United Kingdom is published in Energy Research & Social Science
  2. Video explainer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWY91ZfH7lE
  3. For Interviews with Caspar Donnison, Research Fellow in Biological Sciences at the University of Southampton and Professor Gail Taylor, Distinguished Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis, California please contact Steve Williams, Media Relations, University of Southampton press@soton.ac.uk or 023 8059 3212.

Additional information

The University of Southampton drives original thinking, turns knowledge into action and impact, and creates solutions to the world’s challenges. We are among the top 100 institutions globally (QS World University Rankings 2023). Our academics are leaders in their fields, forging links with high-profile international businesses and organisations, and inspiring a 22,000-strong community of exceptional students, from over 135 countries worldwide. Through our high-quality education, the University helps students on a journey of discovery to realise their potential and join our global network of over 200,000 alumni. www.southampton.ac.uk

www.southampton.ac.uk/news/contact-press-team.page

Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/UoSMedia

Mandatory Covid vaccines for care home workers caused reduction in staff, new research finds


Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM





New research by the University of Nottingham estimates that the care home sector in England was left with up to 19,000 fewer staff following mandatory Covid vaccines being brought in for workers in 2021.

The research, published in the journal Management Science, is the first piece of empirical evidence about the effects of compulsory Covid vaccination for care workers on take-up, staffing and mortality.

The experts found that the UK’s legal requirement for health and social care staff to be vaccinated against Covid-19 resulted in a three-to-four per cent reduction in staffing – equivalent to 14,000 to 19,000 employees in elderly care homes in England.

In the UK, the policy was announced on the 16th June 2021, with the final deadline for all workers needing to be double-jabbed by the 11th November 2021 - which has since been revoked (March 2022).

To track its impact, the Nottingham academics analysed weekly data from March 2021 to March 2022, at local authority level on the percentage of elderly care home workers who were unvaccinated, on numbers of care home staff and on Covid-19 related deaths amongst residents.

Throughout this period, but especially at the final November 2021 deadline, the academics found reductions both in the percentage of unvaccinated workers in elderly care homes and in staffing numbers. The percentage of care workers in England who were unvaccinated was about 16 per cent before the policy announcement, dropping to just 4 per cent after the final implementation in November.

By November 2021 there were between 28,000 and 41,000 fewer unvaccinated staff working in care homes in England than had the mandate not been in place. However, the experts observe that much of this effect came at the expense of staffing.

They estimate the mandate caused a net reduction in staffing in elderly care homes of between 14,000 and 19,000 employees, around 4 per cent of the total workforce. The academics say that, given that some unvaccinated staff will have been replaced by vaccinated staff, the total number of care workers who left their jobs because of the mandate was almost certainly much larger.  They also noted a big increase in reliance on agency (rather than directly employed) workers over the same period.

More recent data on staffing levels suggest that at least some of the impact on staffing persisted even after the mandate was lifted.  For example, by the start of June 2022, the total employed in elderly residential care was still about 2 per cent lower than just before the mandate was announced in the previous year.  Although this represented a recovery in staffing numbers from when the mandate was in operation, it was driven almost entirely by agency workers.

Although the English vaccine mandate ended in spring 2022, formal mandates and employer-based restrictions are still common in a number of countries including the USCanada and Australia.

Professor David Paton, Professor of Industrial Economics in the Nottingham University Business School, said: “Our research suggests the vaccine mandate exacerbated the staffing crisis in care homes by driving unvaccinated workers out of the sector. Even worse, we find no evidence that the mandate saved any lives at all.”

“The results of our study raise significant questions about the of states or employers insisting on Vocid-19 vaccination as a condition of employment in the care sector.”

Professor Sourafel Girma, Professor of Industrial Economics in the School of Economics at the University of Nottingham, said: “The issue of Covid vaccination is particularly sensitive in the case of elderly care homes given the high vulnerability of residents to Covid-19.  At the same time, if a mandate results in care workers being sacked or choosing to leave their job, it may contribute to staffing difficulties. To date, policymakers concerned about this trade-off have had very limited empirical evidence on which to draw. Until now, there has been no attempt to use real world data to estimate the magnitude of any impact on uptake, staffing or mortality. Our research should help to inform politicians and managers in the care home sector about the value or otherwise of policies mandating vaccination for workers.”

Self-harm content is ‘rife’ online and more should be done to protect children, says trauma therapist


Book Announcement

TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP



Children are exposed to many types of online trauma including self-harm, a leading psychotherapist has warned, and they need the right support to make sense of what they are seeing.

Catherine Knibbs is a researcher and trauma therapist, who helped counsel survivors of the Manchester Arena terror attack.

In her new book, Online Harms and Cybertrauma, she argues that the amount of self-harm content available to children online is an urgent societal issue which needs to be addressed by parents, policymakers and educators.

Children online

One of her suggestions for schools and children’s services to provide information on self-harm to children in the same way they do with sex, drugs and alcohol. She suggests education programmes would help young people to make safer choices and could reduce deaths.

The author warns that children are being exposed to information ‘beyond their level of maturity’.

“We know that information about drugs and alcohol can result in more conscious decisions and safer choices,” says Knibbs, who is accredited by the UK Council for Psychotherapy.

“We have education packages in schools and youth settings giving out information about sex, drugs and alcohol. This is said to reduce medical interventions and lower the number of deaths.

“So why does this not exist for self-harm in the same way? We urgently need some of these support spaces for young people, whilst discouraging the imagery or detailed reports of how to self-harm being shared.”

Knibbs also argues that more effort should be made by the platforms themselves to discourage graphic imagery and sharing reports of self-harm.

These are among recommendations the clinical and academic researcher makes in her new book, which highlights the serious issues children face online including cyberbullying, stalking, and disinformation.

The book provides evidence-based information about online risks, anecdotes from young people Knibbs has counselled, and advice on how to support children.

Exposure to harms

So great is the concern around internet harms that some countries are introducing laws to increase protections. The UK government’s Online Safety bill – which is expected to become law this year – will require technology firms to alter their platforms including making them safe for children.

In her book, Knibbs references the death of Molly Russell who died from self-harm after viewing harmful social media content. Molly’s father and the then Children’s Commissioner called for such content to be removed.

However, she says this material is so ‘rife’ that to take action is more complicated than just issuing a directive to take it all down. Hence, her suggestion for schools to educate children to minimise the risks.

Viewing self-harm images can be regarded by children as a way of making sense of their feelings and to seek support. However, Knibbs says the reality is that this results in repeat trauma.

This is illustrated by her experience of working with the Manchester Arena attack survivors who revisited the attacks by watching online videos to make sense of the tragic event. She says: “Each time my clients watched this, it resulted in a re-experiencing of the event that re-traumatised them.”

Types of self-harm

Online Harms and Cyber Trauma highlights that self-harm can also occur in ‘slow’ forms such as influencers taking excessively-long ice baths, ‘roasting’ where people are the butt of jokes, and staying up late on technology devices.

Other online harms documented in the book include hoaxes where people are dared to take part in pranks. Knibbs reveals she warned a school about one challenge #necknomination which resulted in people drinking bleach, but the staff did not act.

The guide also focuses on neurodiverse children who are particularly vulnerable to and perpetrators of cyberbullying eg virtual ‘mobbing’. This is because they do not understand ‘the rules’ of interaction, according to Knibbs.

Denying children access to technology by holding their devices ‘to ransom’ is not the solution, she says. Knibbs says she introduced her children to computers before the age of five to ‘facilitate their learning and play environments’, and she believes instead, parents should educate them about their brain health.

In a separate book also published by Routledge, Knibbs deals specifically with the impact on children of sex-related dangers. Online grooming, sexting, revenge porn, and pornography are among the issues that she covers in Children and Sexual-Based Online Harms.

 

Further information

Online Harms and Cybertrauma: Legal and Harmful Issues with Children and Young People
By Catherine Knibbs 
Published 28 June 2023   
186 Pages     
Paperback: 9781032266428 | £24.99 GBP | $32.95 USD
Hardback: 9781032266411 | £130 GBP | $170 USD
eBook: 9781003289210 | £22.49 GBP | $29.65 USD

DOI: 10.4324/9781003289210

About the author
Catherine Knibbs is a clinical and academic researcher, a consultant in cyber trauma and online harms, director for Privacy4 Ltd, and a child and adult trauma psychotherapist accredited by the UK Council for Psychotherapy. She is also a TEDx speaker.