It’s possible that I shall make an ass of myself. But in that case one can always get out of it with a little dialectic. I have, of course, so worded my proposition as to be right either way (K.Marx, Letter to F.Engels on the Indian Mutiny)
Saturday, August 19, 2023
CAN'T MAKE THIS SHIT UP
Trump-Appointed Judge Cites Wildlife Cases As a Reason to Ban Abortion Pills
Susan Rinkunas Thu, August 17, 2023 Photo: CQ Roll Call via AP Images (AP)
On Wednesday, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals said it would restrict access to the main abortion pill, mifepristone, allowing its use only through seven weeks of pregnancy (down from the current 10) and banning telemedicine prescriptions of it. (None of the proposed changes will take effect until the Supreme Court weighs in on the case.)
But Fifth Circuit Judge James Ho—who was sworn in by Justice Clarence Thomas in GOP megadonor Harlan Crow’s library in 2018—wanted his colleagues go even further. He would have fully reversed the Food and Drug Administration approval of the abortion pill, and he used some uh, wild, reasons to support his argument. Ho wrote in his unhingedconcurrence that the plaintiffs, a group of anti-abortion doctors, have standing in the case because they like looking at babies, and the FDA’s approval of the abortion pill deprives them of that right. He cites “aesthetic injury” precedent from past cases involving federal decisions that threatened wildlife and plants:
It’s....pretty close to comparing women and pregnant people to wild animals! And he kept going!
The Supreme Court has recognized that “the person who observes or works with a particular animal threatened by a federal decision is facing perceptible harm, since the very subject of his interest will no longer exist.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 566. Every circuit, including our own, has concluded that, when a federal agency authorizes third parties to harm flora or fauna that a plaintiff intends to view or study, that satisfies all of the requirements for Article III standing. ...
In all of these cases, a federal agency approved some action—such as developing land or using pesticides—that threatens to destroy the animal or plant life that plaintiffs wish to enjoy. This injury is redressable by a court order holding unlawful and setting aside the agency approval.
And so too here. The FDA has approved the use of a drug that threatens to destroy the unborn children in whom Plaintiffs have an interest. And this injury is likewise redressable by a court order holding unlawful and setting aside approval of that abortifacient drug.
I see no basis for allowing Article III standing based on aesthetic injury when it comes to animals and plants—but not unborn human life.
This whole flora/fauna line of reasoning gets even creepier when you read this sentence from Ho: “Pregnancy is not a bad or unhealthy condition of the body—it’s a natural consequence of a healthy and functioning reproductive system.” It really sounds like, to him, that women are nothing more than broodmares whose function is to gestate and bring joy to others gazing at them in their habitat.
Judge Ho is an established troll. He notoriously asked during a May hearing, “Is pregnancy a serious illness? When we celebrated Mother’s Day, were we celebrating illness?” But it’s still scary to think what the Supreme Court will do with his writings in the case when they finally weigh in—right in the middle of the 2024 election. It’s also scary to think that Ho, who was on Donald Trump’s Supreme Court shortlist, could get nominated to the high court if Trump wins the presidency in 2024.
Jezebel
ICYMI
Archaeology validating anarchy
This one's for all the homeys who reject justifications for social authority and seek to abolish institutions of coercion and hierarchy: Archaeologists from University College London unearthed a huge network of ceramic water pipes and drainage ditches at the Chinese walled site of Pingliantai dating to the Longshan period 4,000 years ago.
Notably, this complex network was engineered without the direction of any centralized state authority. "The discovery of this ceramic water pipe network is remarkable because the people of Pingliangtai were able to build and maintain this advanced water management system with stone-age tools and without the organization of a central power structure. This system would have required a significant level of community-wide planning and coordination, and it was all done communally," said Dr. Yijie Zhuang of UCL.
The site itself shows little evidence of a social hierarchy or stratification. The houses are "uniformly small," and a cemetery exhibits no evidence of hierarchy in funerary rites, in contrast to other excavations dated to the same period. According to the article, the Pinglangtai site demonstrates that egalitarian and communal societies were capable of mass engineering accomplishments.
Q&A: How do youth view the way gang violence is shaping their communities?
How do children and adolescents evaluate and reason about acts of physical violence in the context of chronic violence that impacts their communities? Previous studies have used situations that correspond with a single act of interpersonal harm, devoid of broader conditions of violence shaping the context in question.
A new study released in Child Development has examined how youth exposed to gangs known as maras (e.g., MS-13) in Honduras morally deliberate about conditions of gang violence compared with youth not exposed to gangs in Nicaragua, where there are very few maras and one of the lowest levels of violence in the region.
The findings showed that youth from both exposure groups expressed a variety of concerns in their moral evaluations in either approval or disapproval of physical violence. For instance, some forms of violence were judged as having protective factors in conditions of insecurity, while others were endorsed out of fear.
The Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) had the opportunity to chat with author Dr. Franklin Moreno from Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, about this important research and its implications.
What contributed to your interest in pursuing this particular research?
Dr. Moreno: The conditions of community violence and gangs shaped my personal life growing up, and the topic of violence has been a long-standing academic interest of mine. Regarding Central America, my maternal family lived the political violence and later civil war in El Salvador. My mother fled the violence and immigrated to the United States.
These personal connections further motivated my interests. I've worked on a number of projects with artists in El Salvador and across the Central American region, later conducting my master's thesis research in El Salvador on collective trauma, post-war, and cultural policies and institutions. My child developmental research is informed by my personal and professional experiences and knowledge in the region.
Having learned more of the governmental policies and their consequences addressing gang violence in Central America over the years, I saw how particular psychological models of exposure to violence were being adopted to inform those policies, especially prevention efforts. One expectation motivating policy efforts was that children exposed to the violence accepted the violence in their moral beliefs.
However, it seemed to me that such models didn't account for the complexity of thinking by children and adolescents around the conditions of violence impacting their lives. Thus, I focused on specific conditions of violence associated with gangs that constrain community life from a social-domain approach to moral development. From this perspective, I examined the ways in which children and adolescents coordinated different concerns and concepts associated with the contexts of gang violence informing their moral judgments.
Another broader factor, motivating my current research interests in the same communities in Honduras, is knowing how the local conditions of violence in Central America are shaped and linked to transnational policies with other countries, such as the United States. Thus, we must approach such developmental science research in ways that attempts to account for—or at the very least, recognize—such transnational realities.
Describe your research questions.
My research questions for this particular study, were the following:
How do 10–11- and 14–15-year-olds morally evaluate and reason about acts of physical violence in the context of chronic violence that impacts their community? That is, how do youth consider actual conditions impacting their own community to see which concerns and related concepts they coordinate in making their evaluations of the harm.
Are there differences in how children and adolescents exposed to gang violence morally evaluate and reason about acts of physical harm compared to children and adolescents not exposed to such chronic community violence?
Are there differences in moral evaluation and reasoning by age or gender?
Please summarize your findings.
Major findings include that youth from both exposure groups evaluated unprovoked acts of physical harm as wrong for moral reasons, especially given that youth in San Pedro Sula, Honduras have been exposed to chronic levels of community violence involving gangs. These results highlight how under general conditions, children and adolescents prioritize the well-being of others in judging acts of physical harm as wrong.
Other major findings were that judgments and justifications about physical harm by both exposure groups varied by gang context. In some contexts, gang-exposed youth were more likely to endorse harming a rival gang member, whereas no differences were found by exposure group in other contexts. Contrary to expectations, few differences were found by age group, suggesting that older children and adolescents considered similar concerns and concepts when evaluating the situations involving gangs. And few differences were found by gender.
What are some implications of your research?
Youth from both exposure groups expressed a variety of concerns in their moral evaluations in either approval or disapproval of physical violence. For instance, some forms of violence were judged as having protective factors in conditions of insecurity, while others were endorsed out of fear. This suggests that improving conditions of community-level violence requires practitioners and developmental researchers to better understand the actual conditions of insecurity and security children are growing up in. Relatedly, prevention programs would benefit from not generally assuming that children and adolescents automatically and passively morally accept the conditions of violence they are exposed to.
A second implication is that studies on children's and adolescents' moral development would benefit by differentiating between different types of violence occurring at the community-level, involving different community members, in understanding how youth evaluate and make sense of the violence impacting their lives.
What are any limitations in your research?
Some limitations of this study include not having used an exposure to violence (ETV) assessment from which to measure in some manner the extent of each participant's exposure to specific types of violent behavior in their community. However, widely used measures omit important types of violence that have real consequences to community life, safety, and functioning, such as the maintenance of territory borders by rival gangs or the wide-spread practice of extortion. The sample size limits the generalizability of the findings and possibly impacts non-significant effects in the study due to lack of power.
However, the design of the study did include a comparison between one group exposed to mara-related violence and another not exposed that was matched by gender, age, SES, and certain cultural factors such as language. Lastly, the types of gang violence examined in this study are specific to community conditions in Honduras compared to Nicaragua; however, youth in the neighboring countries of Guatemala and El Salvador also face similar conditions by the same gangs (MS-13 and Barrio 18).
Do you have recommendations on future work in this area?
Violence as a social phenomenon is complex and varies in functions and forms, over time. Therefore, child developmental research on exposure to violence must account for the local contexts and dynamics of the violence children and adolescents are grappling with. In addition, community violence should not be treated as a general phenomenon. For instance, in current research with colleagues, we are examining youth emotional security development associated with conditions of community violence and safety that are co-structured by gangs, law enforcement agencies (not just one), family, and other community members.
If you could offer one quote or takeaway about the research, what might that be?
A major takeaway is that children and adolescents from both exposure groups coordinated a number of moral and social concepts and concerns in their moral judgments about acts of physical harm associated with gang violence. This study offers evidence that moral judgments and reasoning are forms of knowledge in which children and adolescents make sense of the violence impacting their lives and their communities.
More information: Moral reasoning about gang violence in context: A comparative study with children and adolescents exposed to maras in Honduras and not exposed in Nicaragua, Child Development (2023). DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13984
Spain firefighters make gains in battle against Tenerife blaze
The blaze has a perimeter of 30 kilometres (19 miles) and has destroyed more than 2,600 hectares (6,400 acres).
Firefighters made headway Friday in their battle against a vast wildfire raging out of control in the forested interior of Tenerife that has forced 4,500 people to flee the Spanish holiday island.
The blaze, which officials say is the most "complex fire" to hit the Canary Islands in 40 years, broke out late on Tuesday in a mountainous area of northeastern Tenerife.
Firefighting efforts during the day "progressed well although the fire is still out of control", Canary Islands leader Fernando Clavijo told reporters in a late-night briefing.
The blaze has so far destroyed 5,000 hectares (over 12,300 acres) of land and has a perimeter of 50 kilometers (30 miles), he said.
Montserrat Roman, head of civil protection for the seven-island archipelago, said more than 225 firefighters would continue efforts during the night to tackle the blaze, which had already affected 10 municipalities.
On Saturday, 19 aerial units would be drafted in to continue the work which was likely to be complicated by high temperatures and "strong gusts of wind in the area of the fire", she said.
More than 4,500 people had been evacuated but the number stuck inside their homes had fallen to just under 1,700 after a confinement order was lifted for some 2,200 residents as conditions eased in La Esperanza near the airport, she said earlier.
During the day, officials said there had been a "favorable evolution" on the main front of the fire, which had advanced more slowly and predictably overnight, making it easier for crews to tackle the flames.
"Overnight the fire and the weather behaved normally," said Clavijo, explaining that the wind, the temperature and the behavior of the fire on the first two nights had been "highly unusual".
Although air humidity levels rose overnight and the winds eased, helping firefighters' efforts, forecasters warned the mercury was set to soar again over the weekend in Tenerife.
The fire broke out on Tuesday night several days after an intense heat wave hit Spain's Canary Islands.
Visible from space
The fire has generated a pillar of smoke nearly four kilometers high which is visible on satellite pictures and has risen above the summit of Mount Teide, the volcano that towers over the island.
Reaching a height of 3,715 meters (12,200 feet), Teide is Spain's highest peak and a popular tourist destination, but all roads to the national park were closed on Thursday and would remain shut, the authorities said.
The focal point of the fire lies some 20 kilometers away on the steeply forested slopes below, with the blaze sending clouds of ash across much of the island.
"This is probably the most complex fire we've ever had in the Canary Islands in at least the past 40 years," Clavijo said Thursday, citing the topography of the area, the high temperatures and winds that change direction frequently.
The blaze broke out after the archipelago suffered a heat wave that left many areas tinder-dry.
As global temperatures rise due to climate change, scientists have warned heat waves will become more frequent and intense.
In 2022, a particularly bad year for wildfires in Europe, Spain was the worst-hit nation with nearly 500 blazes that destroyed more than 300,000 hectares, according to the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS).
So far this year, EFFIS figures show almost 76,000 hectares have been ravaged by 340 fires in Spain, one of the European countries most vulnerable to climate change.
Narrow-leaved kalmia is an invasive plant typical of boreal ecosystems. Its proliferation can hinder the reforestation of areas subject to disturbances. Credit: Jacques Ibarzabal/iNaturalist
Plants produce molecules to interact with their environment and protect themselves against external threats. These molecules can also have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, some of which are beneficial to human health. These properties are valued by traditional medicines and inspire the development of medicinal products by contemporary chemists.
The majority of medications on the market are or are derived from natural products. Among others, several classes of antibiotics used to combat bacterial infections are based on the chemical structure of natural products.
For example, erythromycin A is a natural antibiotic produced by a micro-organism. It is used to combat various bacterial infections. Another antibiotic, clarithromycin, is made by changing the structure of erythromycin A.
Derived from living organisms, biobased products also have applications in a wide range of fields, including cosmetics, food supplements, crop protection products and animal feed.
Molecules of interest are often extracted by macerating plants in various solvents (water, ethanol, glycerine). Biological tests are used to quickly assess the benefits of the extracts. An example would be to measure the antibiotic power of natural products by treating bacteria grown in the laboratory.
Biological tests also make it easier to select and isolate the molecules with the most interesting properties; this is known as "bioguided fractionation."
Balsam poplar as an antibacterial agent
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is one of the six bacteria causing the majority of antibiotic resistance-related deaths worldwide. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics compromises our ability to fight bacterial infections. In this context, the discovery of new classes of antibacterial agents is becoming a public health issue.
More specifically, we identified a family of antibacterial molecules extracted from balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) buds. These original compounds, known as balsacones, are active against MRSA. What's more, unlike other antibiotics, their use does not appear to induce resistance in the bacteria treated.
However, the yields from isolating balsacones from balsam poplar buds are low. In other words, for one kilogram of plant, we only manage to obtain around ten milligrams of molecules—quantities that are far too small to study the properties of these molecules in detail.
Nevertheless, balsacones remain promising products in the fight against bacterial resistance.
A greener production
Molecules of interest are usually obtained by synthesis. In other words, they are derived from the successive assembly of different 'building blocks' to produce the desired molecule. Conventional approaches use simple building blocks from the petroleum industry. These methods are tedious and require several stages of synthesis, all of which are based on the use of harmful and non-renewable raw materials.
The coming scarcity of fossil fuels, combined with the environmental issues surrounding petrochemicals, call for the development of more sustainable alternatives. One strategy for overcoming these limitations is to use natural products as 'building blocks' for the synthesis of high value-added molecules. These building blocks are an ideal replacement for petroleum-based products.
This approach, known as xylochemistry when the 'building blocks' come from wood, avoids the use of non-renewable raw materials. The idea behind this method is to simplify the synthesis sequence by using biosourced molecules. What's more, the variety of natural precursors available means that the products available can be diversified and new derivatives discovered.
The procedure is based on several principles of so-called "green chemistry." It has also made it possible to produce novel molecules related to balsacones in order to gain a better understanding of the structural parameters that give balsacones their antibacterial properties.
Little use is made of these residues, despite their high content of molecules with interesting properties.
Our laboratory is working to develop methods to add value to these by-products of forestry by identifying the molecules they contain and characterizing their biological properties.
We are also interested in other plant species that originate in the boreal forest and are indirectly involved in its management. For example, narrow-leaved kalmia (Kalmia angustifolia) is an invasive plant typical of boreal ecosystems. Its proliferation can hinder the reforestation of areas subject to disturbances such as insect pest epidemics or fires, the frequency and severity of which are likely to increase in the current context of climate change.
Our team's research has shown that this species contains a molecule that can be used to produce balsacone A, a compound with antibacterial properties.
By harvesting narrow-leaved kalmia, our approaches to extracting and processing biomolecules could increase the added value of this biomass, as part of a circular economy approach.
For example, plant extracts from the boreal forest can lead to the discovery of new substances that can help address global public health issues.
Using natural molecules as building blocks to prepare more complex derivatives also makes it possible to generate high added-value products in a more environmentally-friendly way.
In this context, the study of natural products will make a major contribution to sustainable development and forest productivity.
However, climate change isn't just about greenhouse gas emissions. At its core, it is both a symptom and a cause for the centuries-long trend in declining social connection and community cohesion.
A modern atomized life
Consider this: If human history was summarized in 100 minutes, modern life would only take shape in the last 30 or so seconds.
Perhaps of greatest concern, it is apparent that there is a vicious feedback cycle between climate change and poor social cohesion. In fact, there is a growing body of research showing that climate change will not just be worsened by our social disconnectedness, but will itself contribute to greater disconnection. Climate change and our modern social ills are linked.
Moreover, at the population level, these impacts are compounded. Extreme weather effects can increase the rate of interpersonal violence. Declining birth rates lead to considerable economic impact. And mass migration creates cultural challenges such as those driving the re-emergence of extreme-right parties in Europe.
As Indigenous peoples have taught for centuries, its time we recognize that all things are interconnected. If we don't act, climate change will worsen our social bonds, which will only reduce our capacity to respond to the environmental threats that lie ahead. The climate will worsen and the cycle will continue.
However, there is a way out of this vicious feedback loop: we can reverse the centuries-long trend in disconnection by treating social and environmental health on par with physical and mental health.
Of course, if the last few decades are any indication, we must acknowledge that social connection and cohesion is difficult to achieve. If modern life were conducive to healthy social lives, we would not be where we are today.
This is exactly why we need renewed public and philanthropic investments in social cohesion and community life. For example, friendship benches in Zimbabwe provide a leading example for how relying on and strengthening community can help people live happier and healthier lives. We must learn from communities leading the way across the globe if we are to survive and thrive in the midst of environmental change. Indeed, climate change requires us to come together.
Environmental regulators and other organizations should do more scientific experimentation to inform natural resource policy, according to an international group of economists that includes University of Wyoming researchers.
In a new paper in the journal Science, the economists say more frequent use of up-front experiments would result in more effective environmental policymaking in areas ranging from pollution control to timber harvesting across the world.
"Although formal experimentation is a cornerstone of science and is increasingly embedded in nonenvironmental social programs, it is virtually absent in environmental programs," the researchers wrote. "Strengthening the culture of experimentation in the environmental community will require changes in norms and incentives."
The paper acknowledges that scientists and practitioners can legitimately argue about how much time and effort should be given to experiments in environmental policy, but it contends that the current allocation of roughly zero percent is suboptimal.
The paper was produced by The Teton Group, an initiative led by Professor Todd Cherry, the John S. Bugas Chair in UW's Department of Economics. The prominent group of economists meets every fall in Wyoming to discuss critical ideas that impact environmental policy and economic development.
Members include colleagues from UW and scholars in behavioral environmental policy from Carnegie Mellon University, Johns Hopkins University, Purdue University, the University of Texas-Austin, the University of Wisconsin-Madison and several key European universities. The group of UW economists include Todd Cherry, Jacob Hochard, Stephen Newbold, Jason Shogren, Linda Thunström and Klaas van 't Veld.
"Guesswork is expensive, so we need to apply tools that reduce uncertainty about what works and what doesn't," Cherry says. "Lessons learned can improve current and future policy."
According to the new paper, environmental scientists and practitioners typically rely on field experience, case studies and retrospective evaluations of programs that were not designed to generate evidence about cause and effect. The result can be ineffective or even counterproductive programs.
"To help strengthen inferences about cause and effect, environmental organizations could rely more on formal experimentation within their programs, which would leverage the power of science while maintaining a 'learning by doing' approach," the economists wrote.
For example, an environmental agency that wants to learn how best to encourage industry to comply with environmental regulations might—instead of implementing a single change in auditing practices across all polluting facilities—randomly vary implementation of two auditing practices and contrast how facilities respond.
"By creating deliberate variation in how programs are implemented, program administrators can more easily learn about the features that make programs effective," the researchers wrote.
The paper notes that two agencies that regulate environmental practices—the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture—have embedded formal experimentation in their environmental programs fewer than six times in the past 30 years. In Europe, the practice is even less frequent. The same goes for nongovernmental organizations.
"Although environmental actors engage in thousands of informal 'experiments' every year (such as pilot programs), these are not controlled or designed to test the implicit hypotheses that justify the implementation of current programs or understand how to make these programs more effective," the economists wrote. "Formal experimentation in environmental programs is absent because science typically stops when implementation starts."
The researchers acknowledge ethical concerns about environmental experimentation—which could expose people or other species to different, untested programs. But such concern "arises from a presumption that those exposed to a program, or a specific version of it, are sure to benefit from it," the economists wrote.
"That assumption, however, is not necessarily true. The effects of many environmental programs are uncertain," they wrote. "… Even programs that do not directly harm the environment or people may simply be ineffective."
Instead of implementing broad changes and then evaluating results later, agencies and organizations would better serve their constituents by being required to provide evidence before making changes, the researchers say. Such a requirement could be implemented for U.S. federal agencies through a new presidential executive order.
"Is there strong empirical evidence that the proposed action is the best option? If not, then the agency would be required to embed experimentation into the program with the intent of quantifying environmental and social impacts and understanding the mechanisms through which those impacts arise," the economists wrote.
The paper acknowledges that experimentation may not be justified or optimal in all environmental policymaking. But it should be used more than it is at present, the economists conclude.
More information: Paul J. Ferraro, Create a culture of experimentation in environmental programs, Science (2023). DOI: 10.1126/science.adf7774.
Lead exposure has long been a known health risk, especially for young children. Research has found that even at low levels, chronic exposure to lead can cause damage to the brain and other organs and cause problems with cognitive and motor skills. In response, public health officials have determined that there is no safe exposure level and have made great efforts to eliminate lead-based paint and lead pipes in homes and phase out the use of leaded gasoline.
But another possible source of lead exposure in children has been largely overlooked, that of secondhand smoke.
A study published in the journal BMC Public Health explores the relationship between secondhand smoke and lead exposure in children. In the study, Alexander Obeng, a doctoral student in the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at the Texas A&M University School of Public Health, analyzed data on blood lead levels and secondhand smoke exposure in children and adolescents aged 6 to 19. The study was supervised by faculty members Dr. Genny Carrillo and Dr. Taehyun Roh.
The researchers used data from two cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), one for 2015–2016 and one for 2017–2018. NHANES is a large-scale, nationally representative and well-regarded health survey.
The researchers analyzed data on 2,815 children and adolescents, looking at levels of lead and a metabolite of nicotine known as cotinine. Levels of cotinine act as an indicator of exposure to tobacco smoke. The researchers categorized participants by blood cotinine levels and age, with groups for ages 6 to 10, 11 to 15 and 16 to 19, and low, intermediate and heavy cotinine level categories. They also collected data on age, gender, race and ethnicity, household education level and obesity.
The analysis found that blood lead levels correlated with cotinine levels. Lead levels were 18% higher in participants in the intermediate cotinine group and 29% higher in the heavy group compared to those with low blood cotinine. They also found that male and non-Hispanic Black participants had higher blood lead levels than the median, while Hispanic participants had the lowest average blood lead levels.
These findings seem to align with research showing that non-Hispanic Black adults are more likely to smoke than Hispanic adults.
The researchers also found that the 6-to-10 age cohort had the highest percentage of participants whose blood lead levels were over the median, with a decreasing trend in older groups. This could be because of behavioral differences in younger children, such as placing hands and other objects in the mouth more often, or in how younger children tend to absorb more lead than adolescents and adults. The researchers also found that obese children and adolescents had notably lower lead levels than non-obese participants.
The findings of this study provide evidence that secondhand smoke may be a source of lead exposure in children and adolescents.
"Further research will likely paint a clearer picture of this exposure route, especially in younger children, but the findings here can inform current efforts to eliminate low-level lead exposure in children," Carrillo said. "For example, education of parents about secondhand smoke as a source of lead exposure could help decrease lead exposure in children and further build on the successes of past lead removal initiatives."
More information: Alexander Obeng et al, The contribution of secondhand tobacco smoke to blood lead levels in US children and adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2015–2018, BMC Public Health (2023). DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16005-y
