Monday, October 09, 2023

Why Palestinians are right to resist Israel

The Palestinians broke through the border of Gaza—which Israel has maintained as an open-air prison



A Palestine solidarity protest in London last year. Another is planned on Monday night (Picture: Guy Smallman)

In the face of escalating violence from the Israeli state, Palestinian fighters launched resistance attacks on Israeli towns, cities and settlements on Saturday. And they have won huge military gains.

Israel’s prime minister, Binyamin Netanyahu, declared from the military headquarters in Tel Aviv, “Citizens of Israel, we are at war.”

Palestinian resistance group Hamas, said its attack followed the atrocities committed by the Israeli state “against Palestinian people and our holy sites like Al-Aqsa”. Hamas commander Mohammed Deif stated, “We’ve decided to say enough is enough. This is the day of the greatest battle to end the last occupation on Earth.”

The group launched rockets early in the morning from the Gaza Strip. Palestinian fighters also dispatched armed drones, fighters on motorbikes and paragliders across the strip’s border, storming Israeli military bases and checkpoints. At around 10am on Saturday Hamas fighters had taken over 21 military bases, holding Israeli soldiers as prisoners of war.

And in the city of Sderot, Palestinian fighters took over a police station and set it on fire. Palestinians also bulldozed a fence which separates the Gaza Strip from Israel.

By midday, Israeli news channels had to admit that Palestinian resistance fighters effectively controlled all illegal Israeli settlements at the Gaza border. Palestinian fighters took over and held the headquarters of the Israeli occupation’s Southern Command.

“This is definitely a pivotal moment and in any scenario Israel is coming out of it very badly,” said Avi Melamed, an Israeli intelligence analyst.

Israeli planes began bombing in several locations across Gaza. The Palestinian Health Ministry said at least 198 people were killed and more than 1,610 were wounded by Israeli strikes.

Israeli officials said rocket attacks and Palestinian gunfire killed at least 40 Israelis. The attacks caught the Israeli state by surprise. But it should be no surprise there is resistance. Ever since the formation of the state through ethnic cleansing, expulsion and murder in 1948, Israel carried out apartheid policies and worke4d alongside imperialism

Following the attack Israel’s imperialist allies quickly asserted their support, whatever the human cost. Pentagon chief Lloyd Austin promised that the United States would provide Israel with “what it needs to defend itself”.

Tory foreign secretary James Cleverly said that Britain “will always support Israel’s right to defend itself”. Defending a state based on systematic Palestinian oppression is itself an act of aggression.

Pernicious plans of Israel’s far right


As journalist Tony Karon tweeted, “The racist contempt for Palestinian life that forms the core of US policy on Israel offers no path to liberty, dignity and justice for Palestinians, who are systematically brutalised every day. And then the US calls their resistance ‘unprovoked’.”

Repeatedly the Israeli state has attacked and slaughtered Palestinians living in refugee camps in Jenin. An assault on Jenin last week was the biggest Israeli raid in the occupied West Bank in two decades. It killed 12 Palestinians, injured 140 and forced thousands to flee

Netanyahu’s government, which has faced domestic opposition over how best to maintain the state, has absorbed far right figures such as security minister Itamar Ben-Gvir. He demanded “a military operation to demolish buildings, eliminate terrorists, not one or two, but tens and hundreds, and if necessary even thousands.”

The Palestinian people have every right to respond in any way they choose to the violence that the Israeli state metes out to them every day.

In 2021 a historic uprising across Palestine mounted a direct challenge to Israel’s regime. For the first time in decades Palestinians joined across Israel’s borders in mass resistance from below—raising the prospect of a united Palestine freed through struggle.

The revolt included a powerful strike by Palestinian workers. The occupation believed it had subsequently regained full control. But again the fightback has burst through.

A key issue now is whether workers and the poor in the surrounding area themselves revolt against their reactionary rulers and aid the Palestinian uprising.

Israel: Palestinian ambassador to the UK refuses to condemn Hamas attacks

Sky News
Oct 8, 2023 
The Palestinian ambassador to the UK, Husan Zumlot, has refused to condemn the Hamas incursion on Israel, saying the Palestinian people have been "occupied, colonised, besieged for so many years" and are "fighting for their lives". Mr Zumlot described the Gaza Strip as the "biggest open air prison on earth" and said 13 million Palestinians have been subject to "systematic oppression" for more than 100 years. 


‘We’re rewriting history, our fighters took the initiative’—Palestinian speaks out

Palestinians struck a huge blow against Israeli settler colonialism on Saturday. A Palestinian living near Jerusalem spoke to Socialist Worker about the significance of the unprecedented attack from Gaz
a



Palestinians need a wave of solidarity with their national liberation struggle (Picture: Guy Smallman)

All of us are proud. Today was a rewriting of history—our history. I can hear the bombing now. In Tel Aviv, Gaza and everywhere is all under fire. We are watching what we thought would never, in our lifetime, happen.

There was information provided to the Palestinian resistance that Israel was set to do something following their holy day today.

But I think that for the first time in history—well at least since after 1973—our fighters have taken the initiative. It proved and showed how weak Israel’s apartheid regime is.

What Israel has built for more than 30 years, with the border walls and fences and cameras in the skies, fell apart. And a few fighters were able to invade.

It all collapsed within six or seven minutes. The fighters managed to spread out across Gaza and occupy Israeli settlements and different military camps.

Hundreds of Palestinian civilians ran through the fences, which were destroyed by the resistance. I feel that for the first time, every Palestinian worldwide will feel proud about what we achieved.

Gaza is now under fire. Israel destroyed a huge tower. We don’t know how many people were killed, but the tower must have housed hundreds of families.

I hope this is a good lesson for Israeli society to think of others, not just themselves. The two million people that are living in the Gaza Strip have been under complete siege since 2006. What do the Israelis or the world expect from them?

I saw how the Israeli military machine was confused and afraid about what’s coming. They were furious about losing control.

I believe that what came before 7 October 2023 is history—and what’s coming after will ensure that things are never the same again. 


Emergency Demos: Stand with Palestine, Monday 9 Oct, 6pm, outside the Israeli embassy in west London, W8 4QB. Retweet the message here AND Monday 9 October, 5pm. Buchanan Street Steps, Glasgow. Retweet the message here

Editorial:  Israel at war: the West's uncritical support has fuelled this explosion

SUNDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2023

Police officers evacuate a woman and a child from an area hit by a rocket fired from the Gaza Strip, in Ashkelon, southern Israel, October 7, 2023


HAMAS has shocked the world with both the scale and success of its attack on Israeli territory over the weekend — and British politicians have been quick to offer Israel their full support.

Hundreds of Israelis have been killed or kidnapped and, while hundreds of Palestinians have already been killed in vengeful air raids on Gaza, the Israeli military was still struggling to reassert control within its borders last night.

Benjamin Netanyahu does not downplay the disaster, warning the country is on the brink of “a long war.” If that is the case, as demonstrators marching on the Labour conference in Liverpool today warned, it will entail many thousands of deaths.

But for millions of Palestinians that “long war” didn’t begin on Saturday. Keir Starmer portrays Hamas’s action as an unjustifiable act of terror, and talks of it undermining “any chance for future peace in the region.”

His rhetoric is familiar: political leaders across western Europe and the United States respond in this way every time Israel’s occupation of Palestinian land and blockade of Gaza flare into open conflict. But this default alignment with Israel is partly responsible for the scenes now unfolding.

Netanyahu heads the most right-wing government in Israel’s history. It is labelled fascist even by some opposition parties in Israel itself, including the Communist Party. Some of its own ministers agree: its Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich describes himself as a “fascist homophobe.”

It builds on a legacy of ever more extreme assaults on Palestinian rights over recent history. Its infamous Nation State Law of 2018 formalised the subordinate status of the one-fifth of its citizens who make up the “Israeli Arabs” (a term which is itself used because Israel declines to recognise Palestine as a nation or Palestinians as a people).

This, together with the systemic oppression of Palestinians in their own illegally occupied or besieged lands, has prompted the most prominent liberal human rights organisations in the world, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, to agree that Israel is an apartheid state.

Amnesty assessed that the routine “massive seizures of Palestinian land and property, unlawful killings, forcible transfer, drastic movement restrictions, and the denial of nationality and citizenship to Palestinians” amounted to a single overarching system of repression “which amounts to apartheid under international law.”

That term is banned from the Labour conference meeting in Liverpool. The Palestine Solidarity Campaign was barred from using it when advertising its fringe meeting, and the term was deleted from the meeting’s listing in the conference brochure.

Yet not only has Israel operated such a system for years, it is getting worse. Hundreds of Palestinians had been killed in 2023 before Hamas launched its assault on Saturday; the United Nations already deemed it the deadliest year for Palestinians since 2006.

Netanyahu’s bid to overhaul Israel’s judiciary and give an increasingly far-right Knesset the ability to overrule the Supreme Court will only accelerate the theft and colonisation of Palestinian land.

His racist thug of a Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir has been promised a new “national guard” to command that will terrorise Palestinian communities: even Benny Gantz, a recent Israeli defence minister and deputy prime minister, warns that this will be a private army and a law unto itself.

It is this savage regime that Britain’s government wishes to defend by banning the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. That Starmer wants to sanitise by censoring discussion of its crimes at Labour conference.

Talk of a “peace process” has long been a sick joke when Israel continues to colonise land, ethnically cleanse Jerusalem and jail and kill Palestinians on a daily basis.

The complicity of Israel’s Western backers allows it to do so. It is this ongoing nightmare which Palestinians continue to resist: and until Israel’s allies force it to engage with the Palestinians’ right to an independent state, the violence will go on.

MORNING STAR UK
CPGB


Condemning Palestinians is contemptible

David Cronin 
Rights and Accountability 8 October 2023

Britain’s James Cleverly (left) – pictured here with Israel’s Benjamin Netanyahu – is among many Western politicians who has condemned Palestinians for resisting a military occupation. (via Twitter)

I learned the word “condemn” at an early age. It was used constantly on Irish news bulletins in the 1980s.

In theory, “condemn” is a verb that may be applied to any act that triggers feelings of strong disapproval. In practice, it is used more to oppose violence by the oppressed than the oppression which causes that violence.

The partition of both Ireland and Palestine was ushered in by Britain.

As well as carving up both countries, Britain pursued similar policies in both situations.

People of one ethnicity and religion were encouraged to discriminate – systematically – against people of another. In both cases, the discrimination took place in a context of settler-colonialism.

With that history having consequences that endures to this day, Britain ought to be condemned routinely by everyone who opposes injustice.

If the media actually did their job and exposed Britain’s crimes, then comments made over the past few days by James Cleverly, the foreign secretary, would have zero credibility.

According to Cleverly, Britain “unequivocally condemns the horrific attacks by Hamas on Israeli civilians.” Britain, he added, “will always support Israel’s right to defend itself.”

The “attacks” to which he alluded were actually a response to the brutal subjugation of the Palestinian people. Britain set that subjugation in motion as far back as 1917, when Arthur James Balfour, one of Cleverly’s predecessors as foreign secretary, signed his infamous declaration supporting the Zionist movement and its colonization project.

Right to defend?

All talk about Israel’s “right to defend itself” is utter bollocks – if I may use a term with which Cleverly is undoubtedly familiar.

Israel – which has subjected Gaza to a total blockade since 2007 and bombarded its people with frightening regularity – does not have the right to defend itself. The truth is that Palestinains have a right – recognized by the United Nations General Assembly – to defend themselves against Israel’s military occupation and all its attendant aggression.

Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, tried to sound even angrier than Cleverly. She fulminated against “the attack carried out by Hamas terrorists,” labeling it “terrorism in its most despicable form.”

Needless to say, von der Leyen had nothing to say about how the European Union mollycoddles Israel – actively seeking closer relations with that state, even as its government assumes an overtly fascist character. Von der Leyen herself has implicitly endorsed the ethnic cleansing on which Israel was founded in 1948 by praising the Zionist dream of making “the desert bloom.”

With that record, it is not surprising that von der Leyen is selective in her outrage.

Ariel Kallner, a member of the Knesset (Israel’s parliament), reacted to the Hamas-led operation by calling for a new Nakba.

The Nakba – Arabic for catastrophe – involved the expulsion of approximately 800,000 Palestinians from their homes. Kallner advocated a “Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of ‘48,” contending “there is no other way.”Kallner chairs a committee in the Knesset handling Israel’s relations with the EU. Yet his call did not elicit any comment from von der Leyen or other senior players in the Brussels bureaucracy.

Von der Leyen’s reticence is consistent. If she gave her blessing to the first Nakba, then why would she have any qualms about a new one?
Vile anti-Semitism

Her fellow German Katarina von Schnurbein – the EU’s coordinator for combating anti-Semitism – has expressed “full solidarity with Israel and the Jewish people” since the Hamas-led operation.In circulating that message, von Schnurbein has committed an anti-Semitic act.

She tirelessly promotes the definition and accompanying “examples” of anti-Semitism adopted by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance – a lobby group made up of Israel and governments that support it.

One such example is “holding Jews collectively for actions of the state of Israel.”

By expressing solidarity in that way, von Schnurbein is claiming that Israel is now bombing residential towers in Gaza on behalf of Jews the world over. She should be formally censured for that vile anti-Semitism but we can be sure that she won’t be.

While the Hamas-led operation took everyone by surprise, the response from the US was entirely predictable. Joe Biden, the president, claimed that “Israel has the right to defend itself – full stop.”With that “full stop,” it was clear that he was not going to start shedding tears for all the Palestinians now being killed with the US-made weapons in Israel’s arsenal.

Bernie Sanders – the senator who has previously argued that “Palestinian lives matter” – is not genuinely committed to Palestinian freedom.

Like so many other politicians, he rushed to condemn the Hamas-led operation, without saying a word about Israel’s relentless killings of Palestinians that this year had already exceeded last year’s dreadful total even before the most recent events.The ritual condemnations I heard growing up in Ireland did not save a single life. It was only when a concerted effort was made to address the underlying injustices that a peace – albeit a flawed and fragile one – could be established.


The ritual condemnations of Palestinian resistance fighters over recent days will not save one life, either.

By flanking the condemnations with deceptive garbage about Israel’s “right to defend itself,” the West’s politicians are siding with the oppressor. They are giving Israel carte blanche to keep killing Palestinians.

Their chorus of condemnation deserves nothing but contempt.




Latin America’s Left shows a better world is possible – Jess Barnard

Jess Barnard meets Lula da Silva in Brazil, December 17, 2021. 
Photo credit: Jess Barnard/twitter


“When good news can feel like it’s in short supply for socialists, it’s important to remember that Latin America’s Left continues to show a better world is possible.”Jess Barnard,

By Jess Barnard, Labour NEC member

When good news can feel like it’s in short supply for socialists, it’s important to remember that Latin America’s Left continues to show a better world is possible – where the planet and public need are put ahead of corporate greed.

The continent is again shifting to the left – with progressive governments being elected in numerous countries.

I was privileged to go to a Workers’ Party Congress prior to Lula returning to the Presidency last year in Brazil, seeing for myself how massive social movements can both resist a right-wing government and provide the base in communities for democracy and social progress to advance.

Our comrades in Bolivia and Honduras have not only defeated far-right coup regimes, but are now getting on with the business of building a better society.

Bolivia, for example, has started to make the right to food a reality through the Bonus Against Hunger initiative, which helped over four million people, whilst partly funding social programme expansion through a wealth tax.

Other policies implemented in the region can be learnt from too – such as Mexico banning fire-and-rehire, or Honduras giving free electricity to the poor.

These priorities are the right ones at this time of health, economic and environmental crises.

Yet – as has happened time and time again in the past – the US Empire is fighting back.

As well as continuing its sanctions, blockades and illegal ‘regime change’ efforts against Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua, there has been the coup in Peru and intensifying ‘lawfare’ against the Left in Ecuador and Argentina, aimed at stopping progressive forces being able to win at the ballot box.

It’s important that we both offer solidarity against these reactionary attacks and take inspiration from how people across the region are fighting back through mass movements to struggle for independence and sovereignty, standing against neo-liberalism and US domination

.LIVERPOOL EVENT: ¡Viva la solidaridad! Latin America Shows a Better World Is Possible. 18.30, Monday October 9. Hard Days Night Hotel (Zygmant Suite), North John Street. Liverpool, L2 6RR.

Taking place with with Julia Felmanas, Brazilian Workers’ Party; John McDonnell MP; Claudia Turbet-Delof, Wiphalas Across the World, Bolivia; Richard Burgon MP; Jess Barnard, Labour NEC & more. Register Here

This article appears in the special Labour Outlook hard-copy bulletin for Autumn 2023. Download and read it here.




Half of women fear menopausal symptoms are damaging relationships – survey


Loretta Dignam, the founder and chief executive of The Menopause Hub
 (Colin Keegan/Collins/PA)


By Gráinne Ní Aodha, PA
Today at 04:05

Women in Ireland are worried that the symptoms of the menopause are having an impact on their relationships, an online survey has found.

The survey indicated that more than half of women fear their long-term relationships are suffering due to their menopause symptoms (51%), while almost two-thirds said their sex lives have been damaged (64%).

A further 68.4% of women felt they were not adequately prepared for the impact of menopause and perimenopause.

Almost all said they were experiencing symptoms (96.7%).

80%
Respondents who want their employers to introduce a menopause-in-the-workplace policy
Menopause in the Workplace

A total of 2,892 women living in Ireland and aged 35-64 responded in September to the online survey, carried out by The Menopause Hub, an Irish clinic that treats women for menopausal and perimenopausal symptoms.

“This research highlights the devastating impact menopause is having on couples and intimate relationships,” the hub’s chief executive Loretta Dignam said.

“When assessing anyone for treatment, our staff ask how women feel about their relationships, and there’s no doubt many are worried about the effect menopause is having on them and their sex lives.”

Ms Dignam said the findings highlight the need for greater awareness on the effects that the ‘change of life’ has on families and relationships.

Three most popular supports

  • Free health checks for over-40s
  • Free hormone replacement therapy
  • More menopause training for GPs

A total of 85.9% of respondents would like to have access to specialist menopause consultations at work and 80% want their employers to introduce a menopause-in-the-workplace policy.

Just over 70% said greater menopause awareness training for staff at their organisation is needed, with 60% claiming there is a stigma associated with the topic at work.

Of the supports that are available, the three most popular identified by women are free health checks for over-40s, free hormone replacement therapy and more menopause training for GPs.

“Employers can make simple adjustments, such as a relaxation of uniform policies and increased comfort breaks, to help menopausal employees progress in their careers,” said Ms Dignam.

The Menopause in the Workplace survey was released ahead of World Menopause Day on October 18.

Spanish company launches private reusable rocket in milestone for Europe

CGTN

Spanish company PLD Space launched its recoverable Miura-1 rocket on Saturday from a site in southwest Spain, carrying out Europe's first fully private rocket launch.

It is a huge boost for the region's stalled space ambitions with the startup's test nighttime launch from Huelva blasting off after two failed previous attempts.

The Miura-1 rocket, named after a breed of fighting bull, is as tall as a three-story building and has a 100-kg (220-pound) cargo capacity.

The launch carries a payload for test purposes, but this will not be released, the company said.

"My voice is shot after so much shouting," said Raul Torres, CEO of PLD Space. He added that all rocket systems worked "perfectly" and the company would now focus on tripling its workforce. "This is just the beginning," Torres said.

Spain's acting Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez said on social media: "The launch of the Miura 1, the first rocket with 100 percent Spanish technology, has been a success. A milestone that positions Spain's research and development at the forefront of space transportation."

The flight lasted 306 seconds. However, its maximum height of 46 kilometers was barely half the altitude its mission planners had hoped for, according to space.com. The partly reusable launcher landed in the Atlantic Ocean and the company will recover it later this weekend.

A first attempt to launch the Miura-1 rocket in May was abandoned because of winds. A second attempt in June failed when umbilical cables did not all release in time.

Lift-off for PLD Space's first suborbital reusable rocket launch from El Arenosillo military facility in Huelva. /PLD Space/Reuters


Stuttering in Europe

Europe's efforts to develop capabilities to send small satellites into space are in focus after a failed orbital rocket launch by Virgin Orbit from the UK in January.

That system involved releasing the launcher from a converted Boeing 747. Competitors lining up to join the race to launch small payloads include companies in Scotland, Sweden and Germany.

Stefania Paladini, professor in business analytics at Edinburgh's Queen Margaret University, told CGTN Europe: "It's difficult to overstate the importance because it really is a breakthrough for Europe, especially in a moment that's so difficult because we are almost out of autonomous European launching capabilities


The private sector is definitely changing space.
- Stefania Paladini, professor at Queen Margaret University

"The Ariane 5 has been retired, we don't have any longer access to the Soyuz for political reasons and Vega-C is still in not active development because there was an accident last year.

"It's really a difficult moment for Europe and so it's very important to start developing new private launchers with reusable capabilities."

Saturday's mission on the Miura-1 demonstrator was the first of two scheduled suborbital missions. However, analysts say the most critical test will be the development of orbital services on the larger Miura-5, planned for 2025.


The small rocket launch took place under the shadow of recent disruption to Europe's mainstream space activities. In July, the last launch of Europe's largest rocket, the premier Ariane 5 space launcher, took place at the European spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana.

Europe has until recently depended on Ariane 5 and its 11-ton-plus capacity for heavy missions, as well as Russia's Soyuz launcher for medium payloads and Italy's Vega, which is also launched from Kourou, for small ones.

The end of Ariane 5 has left Europe with virtually no autonomous access to space until its successor, Ariane 6, is launched. The European Space Agency said last week that Vega-C would not return to service until the fourth quarter of 2024, following a failed mission last December.

With Amazon owner Jeff Bezos and X's Elon Musk (Space-X) both in full swing in the space race, it would seem private investment is ramping up rocket launch capabilities.

"The private sector is changing the rules of the game because since Space-X entered the market the cost to launch a payload in orbit has collapsed by a figure of 10 times from several thousand dollars," Paladini added. "The private sector is definitely changing space."
Bears Are Smarter Than Scientists Expected

BY JESS THOMSON ON 10/8/23 
NEWSWEEK

When we think of intelligent animals, species like chimpanzees, dolphins and crows spring to mind, due to their charismatic behavior.

There may, however, be another unexpected animal climbing the ranks of intelligent creatures—bears.

Recent research has found that some bear species are capable of using tools to get their food—with one polar bear being spotted using a block of ice to batter a seal—a trait usually only associated with the upper echelons of intelligent animals.

"There are basically two types of intelligence, practical and social," Chris Newman, an ecology researcher at the University of Oxford's Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, told Newsweek. "Socially intelligent animals generally live in groups and this is often linked to the type of food they eat."

A file photo of an Asian black bear and a raven, an established intelligent species. Bears are possibly more intelligent than we first thought.

Some animals hunt together, forming social groups to share food, rather than hoarding individually. Alternatively, practical intelligence is often linked to dexterity and the ability to manipulate the environment.

"Among mammals, this is a feature of climbing species that can grip things with their climbing 'hands' and have a hip anatomy that allows them to stand bipedally for a while to use their hands," Newman said. "Obviously, primates exemplify this sort of practical intelligence, as well as social intelligence, and can even use opposable thumbs to handle tools.

"Various climbing rodents are quite smart too, such as the crafty ways squirrels overcome bird-feeder defenses. Another smart critter is the raccoon, with very dexterous hands and a propensity to form social groups under the right condition - minimally mother and offspring groups. Even Caledonian crows will use tools in their beaks. Ultimately, dexterity and tool use can lead to complex problem solving, more sophisticated tool use and even an appreciation of mechanics, as it did in our own hominid ancestry."

While bears are independent creatures, living and hunting alone, except when caring for their cubs, they are highly specialized and capable of thriving within their environments, and they have been found to use rudimentary tools in recent years.

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"They (or their recent ancestors in the case of polar bears) climb, and thus can stand upright and do clever things with their forepaws," Newman explains. "Where bears really do excel though is in their olfactory abilities. They can sniff out a carcass or a seal under the ice, or a backpack with a chocolate bar in it from miles away. When you combine this with their enormous strength, this is a formidable package - for instance all those stories of bears breaking into cars."

Experiments by Jennifer Vonk, a comparative psychologist at Oakland University, found that black bears are also capable of learning the difference between concepts, such as primates and non-primates, and animals and landscapes. Additionally, they were able to link the number of objects seen in an animal to real-life numbers: for example, they could learn that three almonds in a picture corresponded to receiving three almonds in real life.

"I do think bears are amongst the most flexible and clever species but there is so much we don't know," Vonk told Newsweek. "For example, we know very little about their social cognition - how they read others' intentions and emotions."

A file photo of a black bear eating trash out of a garbage bag. 

It's very difficult to compare intelligence across different species, however, which is a roadblock for scientists attempting to classify animals based on how smart they are.

"Most researchers who work on animal cognition don't like the word 'intelligence,' as it implies we would have standardized tests that would work for all species, reduce their cognition to some score, and compare it to human intelligence to make ourselves feel superior," Ivo Jacobs, a researcher in cognitive zoology at Lund University, told Newsweek. "Instead, we're simply interested in how animal minds work, no matter how smart or stupid. A species that performs well on one task, does not necessarily perform well on another, which also makes it hard to rank them."

Some traits that are basic to one animal may be perceived as a sign of intelligence in another, but these abilities are based strongly on the animal's natural environment and what they need to do to survive.

"If you put a stake in the ground and tie a dog's line to it, they will eventually wrap around a tree (if within range) and become hopelessly entangled," Tom S. Smith, a professor of wildlife sciences at Brigham Young University, told Newsweek. "Do the same with a squirrel and it quickly untangles the line and is free once again.


"Is the squirrel more intelligent than the dog? Looking objectively at these two species, dogs live in a two-dimensional world... whereas squirrels in a three dimensional world (trees). Squirrels have to solve problems like this all the time, whereas dogs don't. If that were some sort of IQ test it would be giving the impression that squirrels are smarter, but of course the tests are biased."

 file photo of a chimpanzee using tools to get fruit from a box. They are among animals we know to be highly intelligent.

Therefore, while tool use is a hallmark of intelligent species, its use by bears doesn't necessarily make them geniuses.


"Tool use is actually a very broad behavior and its associated cognition can only be inferred from proper experiments," Jacobs explains. "Tool use is also instinctual for some animals. For instance, there are insects that throw sand at prey, similar to bears throwing stones. I think it's too early to have solid conclusions about bear intelligence, but what they have shown so far is impressive."

More research needs to be done into other aspects of bear intelligence to truly realize their capacity for figuring out problems and self-awareness.

"Testing intelligence is often done by seeing if animals can comprehend differences in size and quantity (it's also a test of cognitive ability in the development of human babies)," Newman suggests. "Lots vs few / huge vs tiny is fairly easy, but which is slightly bigger is harder: Would a bear be able to discriminate whether the two large picnic hampers left on the park bench represented a greater potential food reward than the four smaller ones?"

A file photo of a crow drinking water out of the drinking fountain at the rest area in Southern California. They are considered to be highly intelligent

There may also be other highly intelligent animals flying under the radar of research that are among the smartest species in nature.

"I am sure there are species whose intelligence we can't appreciate because their minds are so different from our own and they have to solve very different problems. Many animals have not been studied - deep sea creatures being one group that are neglected for obvious reasons," Vonk said.

Jacobs agrees: "There are likely many intelligent animals that we don't know about yet. We are a small field that traditionally has focused on only some animals, particularly primates. Yet, there are many mammals, such as platypuses and marsupials, that have been tested only little or not at all on cognitive tasks. We also don't know much about the cognition of reptiles and amphibians."


It's a global climate solution — if it can get past conspiracy theories and NIMBYs


Carlos Moreno, a Franco-Colombian urbanist, has been helping spread the idea of 15-minute cities — where people can access key things in their life within a short walk, bike ride or transit ride of their home. But the climate solution is seeing huge challenges, including conspiracy theories.

October 8, 2023
By  Julia Simon
NPR

PARIS — In the 11th arrondissement, a middle-to-working class neighborhood in the east of Paris, if you walk out your front door, you can arrive at a preschool in one minute. A bookstore in three minutes. A cheese store in four minutes. Baguette for that cheese? Bakery's across the street.

Grocery store and pharmacy, five minutes. Parks, restaurants, metro stops, a hospital: all within a 15-minute walk. I know this because I used to live there, on a tiny cobblestone street with buildings covered in vines.

This is a 15-minute city, says Carlos Moreno, a professor at University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, who met me on the banks of the Seine River. Moreno says that in a 15-minute city, a person can access key things in their life — work, food, schools and recreation — within a short walk, bike, or transit ride of their home.

My former Paris street and much of the neighborhood were built in this dense way more than 150 years ago. But this old idea of areas with many amenities close by has now evolved into an urban planning model gaining popularity with politicians around the world. Moreno says that's because it not only improves quality of life, but 15-minute cities can also reduce cars' planet-warming greenhouse gases. Transportation accounts for about 20% of global energy-related carbon dioxide pollution, with cars making up almost 10%, according to the International Energy Agency.

In recent years, Moreno has been helping mayors put this idea to use, particularly the mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo. Paris is converting old military buildings and old parking structures into mixed-use buildings with apartments, retail and office space. Parisian neighborhoods are opening new parks and community gardens and expanding hours for child care nurseries. And the city has built more than 600 miles of protected bike lanes. "What is important is creating a roadmap for the transformation of the city," Moreno says.

Now the 15-minute city idea is spreading with mayors in the United States, including Justin Bibb, the 36-year-old mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, who made building 15-minute cities one of his top priorities when he came into office last year. But this climate solution is running into obstacles, from zoning regimes that prioritize single-family homes to conspiracy theories that have stirred up death threats for the idea's proponents.

"We're trying to retrofit suburbia," says Michael Brilliot, deputy director for citywide planning for San Jose, Calif. "It really is like trying to turn an ocean liner."


Paris is using the 15-minute city as part of a broader strategy to cut back on cars and air pollution, says François Croquette, the city's director for climate and ecology.
A tale of two cities 4,000 miles apart

Moreno says focusing on the way people want to live is key to successfully introducing a 15-minute city approach to an area. For example, besides reducing planet-heating emissions, there are lots of "co-benefits" for people who live in 15-minute cities, he says. Infrastructure that prioritizes walking, biking and public transit means less noise from cars and more safety for pedestrians and bikers. Less air pollution from cars and daily routines with more walking and biking promote health. More parks and urban trees can pull carbon dioxide from the air, provide shade, and cool down neighborhoods — all increasingly important as the planet warms.

And redesigning cities where homes are mixed in with businesses can drive more foot traffic to those businesses, Moreno says. "That is why our concept is liked by many mayors," Moreno says. "We are proposing climate solutions that generate more economic activity."
 A1 5-minute city gives you an amazing baseline to prioritize people.                                                   Jason Bibb, mayor of Cleveland
Moreno is agnostic as to whether people travel by foot, bike or public transit. And he has a loose definition for 15 minutes. "It can be 10 or 18," Moreno says. "What is important is the proximity to accessing services."

Paris is using the 15-minute city as part of a broader strategy to reduce the number of cars and amount of air pollution, says François Croquette, the city's director for climate and ecology. This includes converting streets away from cars and increasing infrastructure for bikers and pedestrians. Since 2011, Paris has reduced the amount of car traffic by about 45% and nitrogen oxide pollution — a common type of car pollution — by about 40%, Croquette says.

Croquette says the 15-minute city, or "la ville du quart d'heure," is now part of Paris' climate plan. "Our plan has been to use ville du quart d'heure as leverage to get closer to net zerogoals," he says.


The Clichy-Batignolles neighborhood in the north of Paris has built more high-density apartments in addition to green spaces and access to amenities.

Paris' experience with 15-minute cities reached Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb in March 2020. Back then, in the early days of the pandemic, Bibb was a banker, stuck at home at his apartment in downtown Cleveland. He was poking around online when he found an article about the mayor of Paris and the 15-minute cities she was promoting.

"I read up on it. I'm like, 'Oh, the dots are connecting for me now,'" Bibb says. He thought about when he went to college in Washington, D.C., and would catch a bus to the grocery store. He thought about studying abroad in London, when he would walk to classes and restaurants, or take a bus to the barbershop. And he thought about growing up in Cleveland and his old neighborhood, with many amenities within a 15-minute walk.

"It really showed me that when you think about urban planning," Bibb says, "a 15-minute city gives you an amazing baseline to prioritize people."

Bibb says when he came into office last year, "first thing we did was we conducted our own internal 15-minute city index. To really examine from a data-driven perspective, what parts of our city would we consider a 15-minute city?"

It turned out that many parts of Cleveland had amenities within a 15-minute walk, bus or bike ride. The problem, Bibb said, was the quality of those amenities, like grocery stores and parks. And the quality of the transport infrastructure, like buses, bike lanes and sidewalks.

Cleveland was once the fifth-largest American city. Now it is around the 54th, shrunk in the past 70-plus years by white flight and a loss of manufacturing jobs. Today, Bibb sees a way back to more density. "We have to reimagine our infrastructure," he says, "to make sure that regardless of where you live in Cleveland, you have a 15-minute city with high-quality amenities."

But Bibb and other politicians are encountering big obstacles in their pursuit of higher-density cities where residents are less reliant on cars.


A protester demonstrates against 15-minute cities in Oxford, England, in February 2023. Fifteen-minute cities have gotten drawn into a conspiracy that global elites are trying to restrict people's movements and create open-air prisons.
Martin Pope/Getty Images


Conspiracy theories mean urban planners are getting death threats

Conspiracy theories are a growing problem for 15-minute cities. For Duncan Enright, a councilor in West Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom, the problems started at a community meeting in fall 2022. Enright and his colleagues have been trying to introduce a type of bus priority lanes to car-congested central Oxford to reduce emissions and address local air pollution.

At the fall meeting, Enright saw a group of attendees he didn't recognize. One of them stood up and asked about 15-minute cities. "To be honest, first I'd ever heard of that phrase," Enright says.

The group grew so agitated that they stopped the meeting. "They were explaining all about this theory about world government via the World Economic Forum trying to institute this policy everywhere of '15-minute cities,'" Enright recalls, "by which they meant you would only be able to travel 15 minutes from your home."

Enright couldn't understand why the bus priority lanes were getting mixed up with a conspiracy theory about 15-minute cities that restrict people's movements. "My job is to make travel easier so people can go wherever they like to find opportunity: jobs, education," he says. "Not to stop people going more than 15 minutes."

Yet the conspiracy theory that 15-minute cities are a way for the global elite to contain people in open-air prisons took off in the past year, says Jennie King, head of climate research and policy at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue in London, a nonprofit that studies extremism.

"Fifteen-minute cities is the latest victim in a broader trend," King says. "The unifying theme of a lot of these attacks and conspiracies is that climate change is being used as a pretext to strip people of their civil liberties."

Some prominent right-wing podcasters, including Canadian psychologist Jordan Peterson and Joe Rogan, have brought up the conspiracy theory on their shows. Last month, Rogan talked about 15-minute cities on his show. "You'll essentially be contained unless you get permission to leave," Rogan said. "That's the idea they're starting to roll out in Europe."

Now the language of this 15-minute conspiracy theory has made its way to some of the highest levels of the British government. Last week at the U.K.'s Conservative Party conference, the country's transport secretary, Mark Harper, said he was "calling time on the misuse of so-called 15-minute cities."

"What is sinister and what we shouldn't tolerate," Harper said, "is the idea that local councils can decide how often you go to the shops and that they ration who uses the roads and when, and they police it all with CCTV."

While Oxford plans to use cameras for these lanes that prioritize buses over private cars, it is false that local governments in the U.K. are deciding how often people can go shopping or restricting people's freedom of movement.


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Pyrra Technologies, a company that monitors misinformation on smaller social media sites, pulled data for NPR that showed more than 5,000 posts about 15-minute cities in the past year. These posts spiked during events like the fires in Maui in August and the February derailment of a train in Ohio, with posters saying — falsely — that these were planned events to kick people off their land and into 15-minute cities. Cleveland Mayor Justin Bibb says one of his city planners received online attacks for the city's promotion of 15-minute cities.

In February, thousands of protesters gathered in Oxford decrying the proposed bus priority lanes, which they saw as an onramp to draconian societal controls. Enright and his colleagues began receiving strange messages, phone calls and, eventually, death threats.

The protests in the U.K. brought more attention to the man behind the 15-minute city idea, Carlos Moreno. Around this time, Moreno also began receiving death threats. "With the death threats it was a little more difficult to bear psychologically because it wasn't just me anymore, but my wife, my daughters," Moreno says. "So it was heavier."

The problem, Enright says, is that the prevalence of conspiracy theories is complicating his local climate work by muddying legitimate criticisms of the bus priority lane rollout with untruths.

King says that's a deliberate outcome. She notes that a lot of disinformation around climate change has moved from denying that global warming exists, to attacks on climate solutions.

"It actually doesn't matter if 99% of the public believe in climate change," King says. "If they are still confused about the viable pathways forward, or you're able to embed real fear and seeds of doubt about the solutions that are on the table, you end up with the same outcome, which is no legislative agenda, no meaningful policy proposals, no local action."

Falafel's Drive In is on a car-friendly boulevard in San Jose, Calif., where we struggled to cross the four lanes of traffic by foot. San Jose is trying to build denser neighborhoods, but it's a challenge.  
Other obstacles for 15-minute cities include zoning, schools and NIMBYs

Many U.S. cities see potential benefits for implementing the 15-minute city model. But America has huge obstacles to creating higher-density urban living that have long been woven into public policy.

Lots of those obstacles can be found in California's third-largest city, San Jose. I met Brilliot, a planner for the city of San Jose, at Falafel's Drive In. It's on car-friendly Stevens Creek Boulevard, where we struggled to cross the four lanes of traffic by foot.

Some challenges to building 15-minute cities across the U.S. are financial. Many banks are still reluctant to provide loans for mixed-use developments, because they are still a relatively uncommon way to build communities. Other barriers have to do with parking: Many cities require that developers make parking spots when they build new housing or businesses, and that takes up space and diminishes neighborhood density. And some obstacles involve public schools, says Carrie Makarewicz, an urban and regional planning professor at University of Colorado, Denver.

When urban U.S. couples have kids, they often leave cities for suburbs, which they think have better schools, she says. "If we want regional sustainability, we have to look to these urban places and why aren't people staying in them and thriving in them, and a lot of it comes back down to the urban schools," Makarewicz says.

But one of the biggest obstacles to creating 15-minute cities in the U.S. is zoning restrictions, says Jonathan Levine, professor of urban and regional planning at University of Michigan. "The single-family zone absolutely dominates residential land in all of our metropolitan areas."

The prevalence of single-family zoning traces back to policies of segregation. For much of the 20th century, federal loan guarantees were fundamentally restricted to whites and were mostly geared toward building single-family homes.

Single-family zoning reduces neighborhood density, because you can't fit as many people on a lot with a house compared to a lot with an apartment or a duplex, Levine says. And single-family zoning often precludes establishing nearby retail businesses, which are the amenities that make 15-minute cities possible.

Brilliot says he's seen the limits of zoning firsthand. San Jose is working on a project called "urban villages," their version of 15-minute cities, he says. Brilliot and I drove to the new urban villages — apartment buildings with both low income and "market rate" units and some amenities close by.

We parked and walked along the tree-lined pedestrian-friendly passageway that connects the new buildings, past a playground, a dog park and benches. Along the other side of the building is a nail salon, a coffee shop and a popular brunch spot.

But once we left the quiet, tree-lined street, we were back in a loud, car-dominated area. Surrounding us were blocks and blocks of single-family homes.

Brilliot explains that the urban villages are in a special corridor of "mixed-use" zoning sandwiched in between single-family zoning. "These properties here were developed because they're on the corridor, but going south of here into the single-family neighborhood," Brilliot says. "Generally, that's the approach. We don't — for the most part — plan to encroach in the single-family neighborhood."

The problem is there's only so much land zoned for mixed uses in San Jose. About 94% of residential land in San Jose is zoned for single-family homes, Brilliot says. He says they'll eventually have to think about converting neighborhoods full of single-family properties into higher-density developments, including duplexes and fourplexes.

Michael Brilliot, deputy director for citywide planning for San Jose, Calif., is building urban villages — with a mix of apartments and amenities nearby. He says it's the city's version of 15-minute cities. Most of San Jose is dominated by single-family neighborhoods that aren't so dense.

Many challenges to rezoning to build things like 15-minute-cities can come from the communities themselves, says Fernando Burga, assistant professor of urban planning at the University of Minneso


Some of this comes as "not in my backyard," or NIMBY, attitudes, sometimes called "neighborhood defenders," Levine says.

Burga notes that his city, Minneapolis, is currently seeing a legal challenge to the 2018 plan to end single-family zoning. The Minneapolis challenge comes primarily from environmentalists, who see new apartments posing a threat to wildlife migration. "There is this vein of NIMBYism in the American psyche, arguably," Burga says.

But Burga adds that given the history of U.S. urban planning, which includes paving over predominantly Black neighborhoods for freeways, some mistrust of planners is understandable.

"I would be remiss in demonizing NIMBYists," Burga says. "I can have my reasons why I don't agree with them, but I think it's more productive to bring them to a conversation."

Along the Seine River in Paris, cars used to zoom by making noise and pollution. Now the city has converted some streets along the Seine into places for pedestrians and restaurants.
15-minute cities are not predestined; they take political will
Levine says when Americans visit a place like Paris or Amsterdam and experience 15-minute cities, what they are experiencing wasn't inevitable.

"The result that many Americans find desirable — 'Wow, isn't it wonderful? We go to Europe, we can walk, we can take the bus, we can take the train, etc.' — is a policy choice. It's not preordained," Levine says.

Much of Europe was just as enamored with cars after World War II as the U.S. was, Levine says. But European cities like Amsterdam and Paris — and other cities like Seoul and Mexico City — have deliberately chosen to move away from cars.

The COVID-19 pandemic showed that some urban spaces can get transformed away from cars in a relatively quick period, says Farzaneh Bahrami, a professor of urban design and mobility at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands. "We have seen that we can make radical changes if we see the urgency," she says.

But not all political leaders and communities see the urgency of addressing global warming or the housing crisis, she says.
And Moreno says there isn't a varita mágica, or magic wand. "There's no magic wand to 'poof!' transform it," he says. "It's a question of political will."