Saturday, December 23, 2023

360-degree head-up display view could warn drivers of road obstacles in real time

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

Researchers have developed an augmented reality head-up display that could improve road safety by displaying potential hazards as high-resolution three-dimensional holograms directly in a driver’s field of vision in real time.

Current head-up display systems are limited to two-dimensional projections onto the windscreen of a vehicle, but researchers from the Universities of Cambridge, Oxford and University College London (UCL) developed a system using 3D laser scanner and LiDAR data to create a fully 3D representation of London streets.

The system they developed can effectively ‘see through’ objects to project holographic representations of road obstacles that are hidden from the driver’s field of view, aligned with the real object in both size and distance. For example, a road sign blocked from view by a large truck would appear as a 3D hologram so that the driver knows exactly where the sign is and what information it displays.

The 3D holographic projection technology keeps the driver’s focus on the road instead of the windscreen, and could improve road safety by projecting road obstacles and potential hazards in real time from any angle. The results are reported in the journal Advanced Optical Materials.

Every day, around 16,000 people are killed in traffic accidents caused by human error. Technology could be used to reduce this number and improve road safety, in part by providing information to drivers about potential hazards. Currently, this is mostly done using head-up displays, which can provide information such as current speed or driving directions.

“The idea behind a head-up display is that it keeps the driver’s eyes up, because even a fraction of a second not looking at the road is enough time for a crash to happen,” said Jana Skirnewskaja from Cambridge’s Department of Engineering, the study’s first author. “However, because these are two-dimensional images, projected onto a small area of the windscreen, the driver can be looking at the image, and not actually looking at the road ahead of them.”

For several years, Skirnewskaja and her colleagues have been working to develop alternatives to head-up displays (HUDs) that could improve road safety by providing more accurate information to drivers while keeping their eyes on the road.

“We want to project information anywhere in the driver’s field of view, but in a way that isn’t overwhelming or distracting,” said Skirnewskaja. “We don’t want to provide any information that isn’t directly related to the driving task at hand.”

The team developed an augmented reality holographic point cloud video projection system to display objects aligned with real-life objects in size and distance within the driver’s field of view. The system combines data from a 3D holographic setup with LiDAR (light detection and ranging) data. LiDAR uses a pulsed light source to illuminate an object and the reflected light pulses are then measured to calculate how far the object is from the light source.

The researchers tested the system by scanning Malet Street on the UCL campus in central London. Information from the LiDAR point cloud was transformed into layered 3D holograms, consisting of as many as 400,000 data points. The concept of projecting a 360° obstacle assessment for drivers stemmed from meticulous data processing, ensuring clear visibility of each object’s depth.

The researchers sped up the scanning process so that the holograms were generated and projected in real-time. Importantly, the scans can provide dynamic information, since busy streets change from one moment to the next.

“The data we collected can be shared and stored in the cloud, so that any drivers passing by would have access to it – it’s like a more sophisticated version of the navigation apps we use every day to provide real-time traffic information,” said Skirnewskaja. “This way, the system is dynamic and can adapt to changing conditions, as hazards or obstacles move on or off the street.”

While more data collection from diverse locations enhances accuracy, the researchers say the unique contribution of their study lies in enabling a 360° view by judiciously choosing data points from single scans of specific objects, such as trucks or buildings, enabling a comprehensive assessment of road hazards.

“We can scan up to 400,000 data points for a single object, but obviously that is quite data-heavy and makes it more challenging to scan, extract and project data about that object in real time,” said Skirnewskaja. “With as little as 100 data points, we can know what the object is and how big it is. We need to get just enough information so that the driver knows what’s around them.”

Earlier this year, Skirnewskaja and her colleagues conducted a virtual demonstration with virtual reality headsets loaded with the LiDAR data of the system at the Science Museum in London. User feedback from the sessions helped the researchers improve the system to make the design more inclusive and user-friendly. For example, they have fine-tuned the system to reduce eye strain, and have accounted for visual impairments.

“We want a system that is accessible and inclusive, so that end users are comfortable with it,” said Skirnewskaja. “If the system is a distraction, then it doesn’t work. We want something that is useful to drivers, and improves safety for all road users, including pedestrians and cyclists.”

The researchers are currently collaborating with Google to develop the technology so that it can be tested in real cars. They are hoping to carry out road tests, either on public or private roads, in 2024.

The research was supported in part by Stiftung der Deutschen Wirtschaft and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI).

CREDIT

Jana Skirnewskaja

JOURNAL

Advanced Optical Materials

DOI

10.1002/adom.202301772

ARTICLE TITLE

Accelerated Augmented Reality Holographic 4K Video Projections Based on LiDAR Point Clouds for Automotive Head-Up Displays

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

20-Dec-2023

Microglia act as a “facilitator and stabilizer” for anesthesia

Critical role microglial cells play in general anesthesia

Peer-Reviewed Publication

FUDAN UNIVERSITY

Schematic summary of this study. — IMAGE:
THIS FIGURE SUMMARIZES THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY.
view more
CREDIT: HE ET AL., ELIFE, 2023

Though it may be a surprise to the millions of people who undergo general anesthesia every year for medical procedures, the biological mechanism for how different anesthetics block consciousness is still not fully understood. However, researchers may be one step closer after uncovering the way small immune cells in the brain called microglia are impacted by general anesthesia.

The research was presented in a paper published in eLife on 22/Dec/2023.

“We found that microglia play an important role in regulating the body’s response to general anesthesia. Microglia are important immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play critical roles in CNS function and dysfunction,” said Bo Peng, a professor in the Institute for Translational Brain Research at Fudan University in Shanghai, China. Previous microglia research has shown that the cells’ behavior changes while under anesthesia, but this study is the first that demonstrates how microglia regulate neuronal activity in a brain region-specific manner and play a key role in how anesthesia works.

The first glimpse of how microglia impact the effectiveness of anesthesia was observed unintentionally during other research and then confirmed through additional testing. Microglia depletion was induced in mice by blocking the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling. When microglia were killed with a CSF1R inhibitor called PLX5622, there was a strong resistance to anesthesia. This resistance to anesthesia was observed with four different types of anesthesia with two different receptors and the observations were confirmed through electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) measurements.

Microglia also regulate brain network activity in a region-specific manner instead of a universal manner. Different parts of the brain regulate anesthesia induction and emergence. Induction is when the animal receiving general anesthesia goes from consciousness to unconsciousness, while emergence is when the patient goes from unconsciousness to consciousness. “We identified that microglia can facilitate and stabilize the response to general anesthesia via modulating the neuronal network in a brain region-specific manner. This is mediated by the microglial P2Y12 receptor and its downstream calcium signaling,” said Peng. Because of this brain region-specific regulation, microglial depletion not only delayed how long it took for anesthesia to work (delayed induction), but it also meant the anesthesia wore off faster (early emergence). “Our results also indicate that microglia sophisticatedly and diversely contribute to orchestrating the CNS function, rather than play an indiscriminate role of negative feedback control,” said Peng.

Looking ahead, researchers want to understand more about the microglial cells and how the P2Y12 receptor relates to neurological disorders. This receptor seems to be essential for a stable neuronal network and it is suppressed in multiple neurological disorders. Additionally, researchers will continue to learn how general anesthesia works. “Looking ahead, we plan to continue to dissect the mechanism of general anesthesia and study how microglia contribute to the central nervous system (CNS) function,” said Yousheng Shu, who is also a professor in the Institute of Translation Brain Research at Fudan University.

Other contributors include Yang He, Taohui Liu, Quansheng He, Wei Ke, Xiaoyu Li, Jinjin Du, Suixin Deng, Zhenfeng Shu, Jialin Wu, Baozhi Yang, Yuqing Wang, Ying Mao, Yanxia Rao, and Yousheng Shu.

The STI2030-Major Projects, National Natural Science Foundation of China, “Shuguang Program” supported by Shanghai Education Development Foundation and Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader, The Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local University in Shanghai, Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project, and ZJ Lab supported this research.

JOURNAL

eLife

DOI

10.7554/eLife.92252

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

Microglia facilitate and stabilize the response to general anesthesia via modulating the neuronal network in a brain region-specific manner

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

22-Dec-2023

Light colour is less important for the internal clock than originally thought

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF BASEL

Vision is a complex process. The visual perception of the environment is created by a combination of different wavelengths of light, which are decoded as colours and brightness in the brain. Photoreceptors in the retina first convert the light into electrical impulses: with sufficient light, the cones enable sharp, detailed, and coloured vision. Rods only contribute to vision in low light conditions allowing for different shades of grey to be distinguished but leaving vision much less precise. The electrical nerve impulses are finally transmitted to ganglion cells in the retina and then via the optic nerve to the visual cortex in the brain. This region of the brain processes the neural activity into a coloured image.

What influences the internal clock?

Ambient light however does not only allow us to see, it also influences our sleep-wake rhythm. Specialised ganglion cells are significantly involved in this process, which - like the cones and rods - are sensitive to light and react particularly strongly to short-wavelength light at a wavelength of around 490 nanometres. If light consists solely of short wavelengths of 440 to 490 nanometres, we perceive it as blue. If short-wavelength light activates the ganglion cells, they signal to the internal clock that it is daytime. The decisive factor here is how intense the light is per wavelength; the perceived colour is not relevant.

"However, the light-sensitive ganglion cells also receive information from the cones. This raises the question of whether the cones, and thereby the light colour, also influence the internal clock. After all, the most striking changes in brightness and light colour occur at sunrise and sunset, marking the beginning and end of a day," says Dr. Christine Blume. At the Centre for Chronobiology of the University of Basel, she investigates the effects of light on humans and is the first author of a study investigating the effects of different light colours on the internal clock and sleep. The team of researchers from the University of Basel and the TUM has now published its findings in the scientific journal "Nature Human Behaviour".

Light colours in comparison

"A study in mice in 2019 suggested that yellowish light has a stronger influence on the internal clock than blueish light," says Christine Blume. In humans, the main effect of light on the internal clock and sleep is probably mediated via the light-sensitive ganglion cells. "However, there is reason to believe that the colour of light, which is encoded by the cones, could also be relevant for the internal clock."

To get to the bottom of this, the researchers exposed 16 healthy volunteers to a blueish or yellowish light stimulus for one hour in the late evening, as well as a white light stimulus as a control condition. The light stimuli were designed in such a way that they differentially activated the colour-sensitive cones in the retina in a very controlled manner. However, the stimulation of the light-sensitive ganglion cells was the same in all three conditions. Differences in the effect of the light were therefore directly attributable to the respective stimulation of the cones and ultimately the colour of the light.

"This method of light stimulation allows us to separate the light properties that may play a role in how light effects humans in a clean experimental way," says Manuel Spitschan, Professor of Chronobiology and Health at the Technical University of Munich, who was also involved in the study.

In order to understand the effects of the different light stimuli on the body, in the sleep laboratory the researchers determined whether the internal clock of the participants had changed depending on the colour of the light. Additionally, they assessed how long it took the volunteers to fall asleep and how deep their sleep was at the beginning of the night. The researchers also enquired about their tiredness and tested their ability to react, which decreases with increasing sleepiness.

Ganglion cells are crucial

The conclusion: "We found no evidence that the variation of light colour along a blue-yellow dimension plays a relevant role for the human internal clock or sleep," says Christine Blume. This contradicts the results of the mouse study mentioned above. "Rather, our results support the findings of many other studies that the light-sensitive ganglion cells are most important for the human internal clock," says the scientist.

Manuel Spitschan sees the study as an important step towards putting basic research into practice: "Our findings show that it is probably most important to take into account the effect of light on the light-sensitive ganglion cells when planning and designing lighting. The cones and therefore the colour play a very subordinate role."

It remains to be seen whether the colour of the light also has no effect on sleep if the parameters change and, for example, the duration of the light exposure is extended or takes place at a different time. Follow-up studies should answer questions like these.

CONTEXTBOX

Night mode on screens - useful or not?

We often hear that the short-wavelength component of light from smartphone and tablet screens affects biological rhythms and sleep. The recommendation is therefore to put your mobile phone away early in the evening or at least use the night shift mode, which reduces the short-wavelength light proportions and looks slightly yellowish. Christine Blume confirms this. However, the yellowish colour adjustment is a by-product that could be avoided. "Technologically, it is possible to reduce the short-wavelength proportions even without colour adjustment of the display, however this has not yet been implemented in commercial mobile phone displays," says the sleep researcher.

JOURNAL

Nature Human Behaviour

DOI

10.1038/s41562-023-01791-7

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Effects of calibrated blue–yellow changes in light on the human circadian clock

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

22-Dec-2023

Like kids in a candy store

Analysis of queries about over-the-counter overdosing reveals pervasive abuse

Peer-Reviewed Publication

KYOTO UNIVERSITY

Abuse over the counter — IMAGE:
DRUG ABUSERS AND POTENTIAL ABUSERS SOUGHT INFORMATION ABOUT OTC OR ADVICE ON QUITTING THEIR DRUG ADDICTION ON SOCIAL MEDIA. THE CURRENT CRISIS MAY BE MUCH MORE SERIOUS THAN IT APPEARS.
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CREDIT: KYOTOU/JAKE TOBIYAMA

Kyoto, Japan – A non-prescription drug abuse crisis in Japan seems only one overdose away. The demand for a particular anti-cough drug has been rising, along with the social impact of its abuse due to its psychosomatic effects.

The ease of obtaining information online about how to acquire over-the-counter medications or OTCs for achieving overdose, however, does not appear to be the real problem.

Now, a study by a team of researchers at Kyoto University suggests that reliable information about OTC abuse needs to be readily available and effectively disseminated.

"We focused on potential OTC abusers at risk of addiction though they did not show sufficient symptoms to justify or necessitate visits to medical institutions or support facilities," says corresponding author Azusa Kariya of KyotoU's Graduate School of Medicine and School of Public Health.

Users of Japan's largest consumer-generated media -- or CGM -- service, Yahoo! Chiebukuro, post their questions and responses about OTCs primarily to learn more about overdosing, such as access to the drugs, their efficacy and effects, and health risks.

Abuse results from two causes: one is from seeking symptomatic relief from some physical pain and overdosing to the point of addiction. The other occurs when people intentionally overdose to cause either self-harm or psychosomatic changes.

Kariya's team also found that OTC abusers and potential abusers sought advice on quitting their drug addiction on the Yahoo! community website. Most poignantly, the team discovered that OTC overdosers resist consulting others in person, making the CGM a convenient source of anonymously obtained information.

"Our study aims to make sense of our CGM data to identify possible overdosers. We could then be better positioned to cooperate with health professionals and seek support from pharmacies to reduce OTC abuse," adds Kariya.

Kariya's team searched the names of commonly abused OTCs, tracked the keywords overdose and OD, and tallied the number of relevant questions posted on the Yahoo! site.

The number of OD-related queries containing the keyword BRON -- an antitussive and expectorant -- has increased sharply, pointing to the significant impact of community-based websites.

Furthermore, the team extracted 467 items of question data that met the eligibility criteria from 528 items of BRON-tagged text data, generating 26 codes and six categories. Three main themes resulted: expectations for overdose, anxieties about overdose, and troubles in quitting overdose.

"The current crisis that mental health professionals are confronting is just the tip of the iceberg. We must dive below to see the scale of abuse hidden from view," reflects Kariya.

###

The paper "Internet-Based Inquiries From Users With the Intention to Overdose With Over-the-Counter" appeared on 23 November 2023 in JMIR Formative Research, with doi: 10.2196/45021

About Kyoto University
Kyoto University is one of Japan and Asia's premier research institutions, founded in 1897 and responsible for producing numerous Nobel laureates and winners of other prestigious international prizes. A broad curriculum across the arts and sciences at undergraduate and graduate levels complements several research centers, facilities, and offices around Japan and the world. For more information, please see: http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en

JOURNAL

JMIR Formative Research

DOI

10.2196/45021

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Internet-Based Inquiries From Users With the Intention to Overdose With Over-the-Counter

New study explores how young people with early-onset psychosis view substance use and interventions

Peer-Reviewed Publication

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY

DALLAS (SMU) – A new study led by SMU medical and psychological anthropologist Neely Myers indicates that while young people diagnosed with early psychosis understand the importance of discontinuing use of substances like cannabis, many are ambivalent about stopping.

Myers, who leads SMU's Mental Health Equity Lab, focuses on helping people with psychosis because it's the least understood and most stigmatized among mental health disorders. Psychosis is a collection of symptoms that affect the mind, in which there has been some break with consensus reality. The condition often begins in young adulthood, between the late teens and mid-20s. Myers recruited participants for her study from Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) programs, which provide comprehensive outpatient mental health treatment to persons experiencing an early onset.

Despite the known prevalence of substance use among this demographic and increasing evidence of its connection to psychosis, there has been a lack of specialized interventions during care to address substance use effectively. This includes cannabis, whose use among teenagers is at its highest level in 30 years, with today's teens more likely to use cannabis than alcohol.

"Most people with psychosis don't worry about substance use until it detrimentally affects them, and even then they are very reluctant to talk about it," Myers said. "Adolescents can look at substance use as a way to be social and manage their own health—for example, to reduce anxiety or physical pain-- but using substances like cannabis can worsen their condition. More research is needed to understand why so that early intervention programs can better support young people’s mental health.”

Published in the journal Early Intervention in Psychiatry, Myers’ study aimed to understand the motivations and concerns surrounding substance use among young adults (ages 18 to 30) in CSC programs by engaging them in 60-90 minute person-centered, semi-structured, audio-recorded Zoom interviews.

Many of the participants understood that they should likely reduce substance use, but displayed ambivalence about their motivations to do so. They did offer feedback on ways to improve care that included more information about substance use, establishing positive peer communities promoting healthy choices, and the need for strategies that address psychological and physical pain without relying on substance use.

Myers has been working on early psychosis care since 2014 in the North Texas area. Her lab partners with EPINET-National, a larger National Institute of Mental Health-funded endeavor to create hubs for research around the country that accelerate advances in early psychosis care and recovery outcomes through learning health care partnerships. In addition to her appointments at SMU, Myers is also an adjunct associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry at UT Southwestern Medical Center.

About SMU

SMU is the nationally ranked global research university in the dynamic city of Dallas. SMU’s alumni, faculty and more than 12,000 students in eight degree-granting schools demonstrate an entrepreneurial spirit as they lead change in their professions, communities and the world.

JOURNAL

Early Intervention in Psychiatry

DOI

10.1111/eip.13488

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Case study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Perspectives of young adults diagnosed with early psychosis using coordinated specialty care in Texas on substance use and substance use interventions

Pandemic lessons: Insights into how mobility restrictions affect healthcare costs

Understanding how a restriction on walking, driving or using public transport impacts the medical costs of lifestyle-related diseases

Peer-Reviewed Publication

OSAKA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY

Exploring the correlation between restriction on human mobility and the cost of lifestyle-related diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic — IMAGE:
AN INCREASE IN WALKING AND PUBLIC TRANSIT USE WERE ASSOCIATED WITH OVERALL REDUCED MEDICAL COSTS
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CREDIT: CREDIT: HARUKA KATO, OSAKA METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY

Osaka, Japan - As the world grappled with lockdowns and restrictions brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers at Osaka Metropolitan University conducted an extensive study to elucidate the link between changes in human mobility and the impact on medical costs associated with lifestyle-related diseases.

Dr. Haruka Kato and Professor Atsushi Takizawa of the Graduate School of Human Life and Ecology at Osaka Metropolitan University were concerned by the negative health effects resulting from the restriction of human mobility and approached the issue from a population health perspective. Using boosted tree analysis, the researchers analyzed the nonlinear relationship between human mobility types and the economic impact on lifestyle-related diseases in Japan.

The results indicated that medical costs were differently affected by walking, driving, and public transit, depending on the prefecture types. An increase in walking by over 70% reduced medical costs for lifestyle-related diseases, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. In metropolitan prefectures, the total effect on medical costs was higher for walking and public transit. In addition, medical costs decreased by increasing public transit use by over 110%. In non-metropolitan prefectures, the total effect of public transit was lower than driving, and medical costs increased from 80% to 160%. These results are significant because they indicate the standard value for each type of human mobility in metropolitan areas and non-metropolitan prefectures, offering insights and guidance for preparing for a future pandemic.

“Based on the standard values, our findings provide valuable insights for governments and policymakers. They suggest the necessity of other measures beyond restricting walking and public transit during a pandemic,” said Dr. Kato. “We also point to the need for more walkable cities and sustainable urban planning where people can live without cars and opt for public transit, especially in metropolises.”

Their findings were published in Journal of Transport & Health.

###

About OMU

Osaka Metropolitan University is the third largest public university in Japan, formed by a merger between Osaka City University and Osaka Prefecture University in 2022. OMU upholds "Convergence of Knowledge" through 11 undergraduate schools, a college, and 15 graduate schools. For more research news, visit https://www.omu.ac.jp/en/ or follow us on Twitter: @OsakaMetUniv_en, or Facebook.

JOURNAL

Journal of Transport & Health

DOI

10.1016/j.jth.2023.101728

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Human mobility and medical costs of lifestyle-related diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Japan

Major breakthrough in hypertension diagnosis could save Government billions

Peer-Reviewed Publication

HUNTER MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

HMRI and University of Newcastle researcher, Professor Murray Cairns, along with his Precision Medicine team have discovered a way of predicting who will respond to blood pressure treatments to lower sodium in the body. Their findings were published this week in Circulation, a prestigious international cardiology journal.

Professor Cairns says, “High blood pressure – or hypertension related disease – kills up to 20 per cent of people. At least 30 per cent of the adult population has it – that’s one in three Australian adults – and only 30 per cent of those people get it under control.

“A 25% reduction in the prevalence of hypertension could save the Australian Government $34 billion per year,” says Professor Cairns.

Professor Cairns and his team have figured out how to use each person’s individual genetics to inform treatment.

“The way people respond to drugs is different. We can measure an individual’s genetic risk of developing high blood pressure with respect to the physiological systems responsible – including kidneys, heart or smooth muscle - and then target medications accurately,” says Professor Cairns.

Some hypertension medications work to lower sodium – and subsequently blood volume – in the body. Professor Cairns says that while many people have a genetic predisposition to high blood pressure that is triggered or exacerbated by a high salt modern diet, they will respond well to treatment that reduces sodium. He also says that for some people, salt is not a significant factor in their hypertension so they may benefit more from treatments that target other biological aspects of their genetic risk.

With 80 per cent of people ending up with some form of chronic disease, and 20 per cent with two or more, genetic insights driving precision medicine could have a massive impact on global health.

The team used real world data from the UK biobank in order to measure the interaction between sodium-associated genetic scores, sodium levels and blood pressure.

To download a headshot of Professor Murray Cairns, click here.

HMRI is a partnership between the University of Newcastle, Hunter New England Health and the community.

-ENDS-

JOURNAL

Circulation

DOI

10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.065394

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Human tissue samples

ARTICLE TITLE

Utilising genetics to inform interventions related to sodium and potassium in hypertension

COI STATEMENT

Drs Reay and Cairns have filed a patent related to the use of the pharmagenic enrichment score framework in complex disorders (WIPO patent application WO/2020/237314), an approach used in a section of this study. Dr Cairns is director of a company that aims to commercialize the pharmagenic enrichment score platform (PolygenRx Pty Ltd), in which Dr Reay holds equity. The remaining authors declare no competing financial interests.