Saturday, January 06, 2024

 Pro-Palestine demonstrations held across the island of Ireland




People take part in a pro-Palestine march and rally at Belfast City Hall (David Young/PA)


By David Young, PA
Today at 08:40


Thousands of people demanded an immediate ceasefire in Gaza as they took part in pro-Palestine rallies in various locations across the island of Ireland.

Belfast and Cork saw two of the largest protests on Saturday.

In Dublin, a smaller demonstration outside RTE’s headquarters saw 108 pairs of shoes laid out in a display activists said was to signify the number of journalists killed since the conflict began in October.

The rally at Belfast City Hall came after supporters of the Palestinian cause marched through the city centre on Saturday afternoon.

Protesters carrying Palestine flags and placards criticising the Israeli regime were among the large crowd that gathered outside the gates of the landmark building to hear a series of speeches.

108 pairs of shoes for each journalist killed in Gaza are laid out as Mother’s Against Genocide protest outside RTE in Dublin (Niall Carson/PA)


The addresses were interspersed with chants and songs voicing support for the Palestinian people and demanding a ceasefire in Gaza.

Among the speakers was Mark McTaggart, who is northern secretary of the INTO teaching union and also spokesman for the Trade Union Friends of Palestine group.

He reflected on the numbers of students and teachers who have been killed in Gaza and the West Bank.

“We look at what happened in our country during the time when there was unrest – education was the last bastion of hope for most people, it was the schools and the schoolteachers from across the north who kept children safe and schools were seen as places of safety,” he said.

“Those chances and those life chances are being taken away from young people across in Palestine.”

Mr McTaggart also encouraged people to actively boycott Israeli goods and companies.

People take part in a pro-Palestine march and rally at Belfast City Hall (David Young/PA)


In Cork, hundreds attended a demonstration organised by The Cork Palestine Solidarity Campaign.

Similar demonstrations have taken place in the city every weekend since the conflict erupted.

The protest at RTE HQ in Donnybrook in Dublin was organised by the group Mothers Against Genocide.

One of those taking part was sustainable development scientist Naomi Sheehan.

She said Ireland’s national broadcaster should be referring to Israel’s actions in Gaza as “genocide”.

“It’s hard to even speak about this because it is so emotional, this is like witnessing the worst human rights atrocities of our times,” she said.

“It’s a silent genocide and we are hearing a deafening silence in terms of assigning appropriate accountability to the forces who are enabling this genocide.”

Cities on the island of Ireland have also witnessed pro-Israeli demonstrations since the conflict began in October.

Saturday’s pro-Palestinian protests were staged after Tanaiste Micheal Martin warned that a widening of the conflict in the Middle East would have devastating consequences for the world.

Mr Martin’s comments came as Hezbollah in Lebanon claimed it fired dozens of rockets at Israeli observations posts after it blamed Israel for a strike on Beirut that killed a senior Hamas official during the week.

The Tanaiste also rejected suggestions coming from some Israeli ministers that large numbers of Palestinians should be relocated out of Gaza.

Mr Martin further expressed concern about the situation in the Red Sea where commercial ships have been attacked by Houthi rebels from Yemen.

The Irish minister for foreign affairs said the need for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire in Gaza was “more urgent than ever”.

Tanaist Micheal Martin reiterated his call for a ceasefire in Gaza (Niall Carson/PA)

He also stressed the urgency of the immediate and unconditional release of all hostages held in Gaza and “full, safe and unhindered humanitarian access” to the enclave.

“Events across the region in recent days are also a stark reminder of the potential for further escalation,” he said.

“A widening of this conflict would have devastating consequences for the region and for the world.

“The international community simply cannot allow further civilian suffering and deaths. I urge all parties in the region to exercise restraint and avoid escalation.”

The Tanaiste added: “Attacks on shipping in the Red Sea by the Houthis in Yemen are not only putting the lives of the crews in danger but are having an increasingly serious impact on global trade, with all the consequences that has for the lives and livelihoods of communities across the globe.

We must take concrete steps to achieve long-term peace, stability and security for Palestinians and Israelis and for the region as a whole

Tanaiste Micheal Martin

“As always, it is the poorest and most vulnerable communities – in the Middle East, Africa and globally – that are the most severely affected.

“This trajectory must be reversed. The international community, including parties in the region, must, in the first instance, redouble efforts to end the conflict in Gaza.

“But our ambition should not be limited to de-escalation. We must take concrete steps to achieve long-term peace, stability and security for Palestinians and Israelis and for the region as a whole. This can only be done through a sustained and serious commitment to a two-state solution; not as an oft-repeated shibboleth but as a concrete reality.

“In that context, the recent comments by Israeli government ministers calling for the resettlement of Palestinians outside of Gaza are utterly unacceptable and inflammatory. Gaza is Palestinian land and is an integral part of a future state of Palestine.”

Pro-Palestinian demonstrators in UK intensify calls for immediate Gaza cease-fire


As Israel's war on Gaza extends into its 92nd day, local communities once again mobilizing, taking to streets to protest against Israel

Aysu Bicer and Cuneyt Karadag |06.01.2024 


LONDON / BERLIN

As Israel's war on Gaza extends into its 92nd day, pro-Palestinian demonstrators in the UK have intensified their calls for an immediate and permanent cease-fire in the blockaded strip.

Despite the passing days, the fervor of the protesters shows no signs of waning. Local communities are once again mobilizing, taking to the streets to amplify their collective demand for an end to the conflict and a lasting resolution.

The widespread demonstrations are aimed at urging a cease-fire in Gaza, with participants converging in various cities, including Birmingham, Bristol, Brighton, Canterbury, Oxford, and Hastings.

Amid diverse locations, local London marches are scheduled in areas such as Camden, Hackney, Harrow, and Ealing.

Notably, the Camden protest featured a rally outside the office of Labour leader Keir Starmer.

Campaigners have criticized Starmer for his perceived failure to advocate for a cease-fire in the Gaza Strip despite the growing death toll.

Protesters chanted anti-Israel slogans and carried Palestinian flags and signs, with some reading "Stop bombing Gaza," "You should be ashamed," "From river to sea Palestine will be free," "Freedom for Palestine," "End Genocide," and "Cease-fire now."

"With Israel’s catastrophic onslaught ongoing, we must continue to take action to demand a cease-fire now, and an end to British complicity in Israel’s apartheid rule over the Palestinian people," the Palestine Solidarity Campaign said in a statement.

Addressing the protesters in Camden, Sabby Sagall, the president of the Camden Palestine Solidarity Campaign, said Israel has intensified its attacks on Gaza.

Pointing out Israel's history of ethnic cleansing since 1947, Sagall praised the International Criminal Court's application against Israel, submitted by South Africa, and described it as the most positive step taken during this process.

Sagall, expressing support for the Palestinian people as a Jew, said Israel has been terrorizing Palestinians for 75 years.

'British government diplomatically covering up genocide'

In his speech, Andrew Murray, deputy president of the Stop the War Coalition, emphasized the need for an end to political support in the UK for Israeli "genocide" in Gaza.

"The British and the American governments are ignoring the genocide. Our government is arming the genocide, it is politically supporting and diplomatically covering up genocide," he said.

"No movement is more important than the one we have built in Britain and our government's political support of this genocide must be broken," he added.

"Israel has been doing genocide and we can see it in the dead babies in their incubators. We can see it in the attacks that is making Gaza unlivable in the foreseeable future," he said.

A retired doctor Jonathan Flaxman, who is also Jewish, gave some information about what has happened to the health sector in Gaza and Palestine.

"There's no functioning health service in northern Gaza. Twenty-three out of 36 hospitals have been destroyed. And by destroying the hospitals, people who are injured, who couldn't be saved, will die slow, painful death. We know that it's part of the ethnic cleansing," he added.

Flaxman said hospitals are deliberately attacked under the pretext of targeting Hamas leaders, leading to the intentional targeting of health care workers, with over 300 of them killed.

Meanwhile, a group calling themselves the Organise Corbyn Inspired Socialist Alliance has started working to field an independent candidate against Starmer in the next election to oust the leader of the Labour Party.

"I am outraged that Keir Starmer hasn't called for a cease-fire. There are beautiful children in Gaza right now being murdered, being slaughtered, being traumatized. And Starmer hasn't voted for a cease-fire and we are outraged and we are campaigning to unseat him in his constituency," an alliance volunteer told Anadolu.

She said the politicians shouldn't take the people for granted, saying: "They need to listen to us, and millions of us want a cease-fire in Gaza."

She added that 26,000 votes are needed to elect a new member of parliament to replace Starmer.

Phil Davidson, one of the campaign volunteers, mentioned being prevented from voting in internal party elections as a former Labour Party member.

"I dedicate my time to make sure that Starmer was not in parliament. I see him live threat to democracy and democratic values," he said, adding that there must be an MP who will put the good of humanity first.

"It's not about socialism. It's not about conservatives. It's not about Islam or Christianity. It's about doing the right thing, looking after the weakest helping people when they need it," he added.

Pro-Palestine demonstration held in Berlin


Also, a demonstration in solidarity with Palestine was held in Germany’s capital Berlin on Saturday.

Nearly 1,500 protesters gathered at Mehringplatz Square and marched to Potsdamer Platz in the center of Berlin, conveying messages of support to Palestine as well as protesting Israel's attacks on Gaza.


Protesters chanted slogans such as "Israel is a terror state," "Killing children is a crime," "Why are you silent, Scholz?" "Freedom for Palestine," "Stop the genocide in Gaza," "Germany finances, Israel bombs," and "Stop the war."


Carrying Palestinian flags, protesters held banners with messages such as "Stop killing innocent people," "Chancellor Scholz, Foreign Minister Baerbock, when will you have enough blood?" "German politicians are silent, deaf, and blind to Palestine," "End the occupation in Gaza," and "You cannot build sacred grounds on the mass graves of children."

Pro-Palestine London protests turn violent, protesters clash with police


ByMallika Soni
Jan 06, 2024 

Pro-Palestine protests in London: Scuffles broke out as officers advanced towards the protest leader who was giving a speech.

Protesters at a demonstration against Israel's war in Gaza clashed with police in London as Metropolitan Police officers attempted to break up the march while hundreds of people gathered at St James’s Park. Scuffles broke out as officers advanced towards the protest leader who was giving a speech. Police also prevented demonstrators crossing Westminster Bridge.

Pro-Palestine protests in London: Police also prevented demonstrators crossing Westminster Bridge.

Some protesters were heard chanting “shame on you” and “who do you serve, who do you protect?” while others were seen waving Palestinian flags and holding placards condemning Israel’s war in Gaza.

The Free Palestine Coalition (FPC) made up of “grassroots organisations in London, including Sisters Uncut, Black Lives Matter UK, London for a Free Palestine, and the Palestinian Youth Movement” called for the protest and said that they will be “blockading a well-known location in London”

“The FPC has chosen this date, in advance of Parliament returning, to send a strong signal to the UK Government that Palestine is a political priority and that there can be no business as usual,” it said after which the police said that a large number of officers will be in central London “to minimise disruption and deal with any offences”.

“Various protest groups, including Sisters Uncut and Black Lives Matter, are planning to hold a protest in central London today. Officers have attempted to speak with the organisers, however they have not shared any information with us about their proposed route. This has an impact on how we plan our policing response and means more officers have to be deployed to central London to ensure we can respond quickly," the police said.



Protesters clash with London police at Westminster bridge


Pro-Palestinian protesters took to the streets demanding an immediate Ceasefire in Gaza. Clashes occurred between protestors and the Metropolitan police who stated that the protests were not authorised, they were, however, allowed at a restricted area until 3 pm. The Metropolitan statement said: ‘We have a duty to allow people to take part in legal protest. When there could be serious disruption, we impose conditions to prevent this.’ Protesters demanded an end to the 3-month ongoing genocide in Gaza and an immediate ceasefire.




January 6, 2024 


Pro-Palestinian Protesters Block Bridge Outside UK Parliament


January 06, 2024 
Reuters
Pro-Palestinian protesters chant slogans in front of Elizabeth Tower, commonly known by the name of the clock's bell, "Big Ben," at the Palace of Westminster, home to parliament, in central London on Jan. 6, 2024. They demanded a cease-fire in the Israel-Hamas war.

LONDON —

Pro-Palestinian protesters blocked roads outside the British parliament in London on Saturday, demanding an immediate cease-fire in the Israel-Hamas war and clashing with police who prevented them from marching across Westminster Bridge.

London, like other Western cities, has seen regular and sometimes large demonstrations calling for Israel to halt the bombardment of Gaza triggered by a surprise October 7 attack by Hamas militants that Israeli officials say killed more than 1,200 people.

The Hamas-controlled Gaza Health Ministry says 22,722 people have been killed in Israel's bombardment.

Videos posted on social media showed police blocking protesters' access to the bridge, and a Reuters reporter said there had been several small scuffles. Unable to fully access the bridge, where they had planned to unfurl banners, protesters instead occupied the surrounding roads.

Police said that they had imposed a legal order limiting the location of the protests and that by 3 p.m. people had begun to disperse. Those who refused to comply with an order to leave could be arrested, police said.

Saturday's action was smaller than previous mass marches but came two days before the British parliament returns to work after its Christmas break. The protest was designed to push politicians to adopt a harder stance toward Israel.

So far, Britain has stopped short of calling for an immediate cease-fire, with foreign minister David Cameron arguing that any such agreement could be unsustainable and may worsen violence without a plan for longer term peace.

Most previous protests in London have been coordinated with police and remained largely peaceful, but police said the organizers of Saturday's protests had refused to share details of their plans.

 


In Pictures

Pro-Palestine protesters block bridge outside UK parliament

Demonstrators gathered on the streets of central London, demanding an immediate ceasefire in Israel’s war on Gaza.

People in London take part in a protest in solidarity with Palestinians in Gaza [Hollie Adams/Reuters]
Published On 6 Jan 20246 Jan 2024

Hundreds of pro-Palestine demonstrators blocked access to a bridge near the British parliament on Saturday, calling for a ceasefire in Gaza in an act of civil disobedience.

London, like other Western cities, has seen regular and sometimes large demonstrations calling for an end to Israel’s bombardment of the besieged strip.

Police clashed with the protesters, who occupied surrounding roads after they were prevented from marching across Westminster Bridge, where they had planned to unfurl banners.

Police said they had imposed a legal order limiting the location of the protests and that by 3pm (15:00 GMT) people had begun to disperse. Those who refused to comply with an order to leave could be arrested, police said.

Saturday’s action, the first major demonstration of the new year, was smaller than previous mass marches but comes two days before the UK Parliament returns to work after its Christmas break.

The protest was designed to push politicians to adopt a harder stance towards Israel in its war on Gaza, which has killed more than 22,700 Palestinians in three months.

Two young girls, one wrapped in a Palestinian flag, chant slogans as they take part in a pro-Palestine demonstration in front of the Elizabeth Tower, commonly called "Big Ben", near the Houses of Parliament in central London. [Henry Nicholls/AFP]

People take part in a protest in solidarity with Palestinians in Gaza, calling for an immediate ceasefire in the three-month war. [Hollie Adams/Reuters]
Metropolitan Police officers clash with protesters during a pro-Palestinian demonstration in front of the Palace of Westminster. [Henry Nicholls/AFP]

A police officer speaks and gestures towards a pro-Palestinian supporter at a march in the capital. [Henry Nicholls/AFP]
Metropolitan Police officers stand in front of pro-Palestine protesters calling for a ceasefire. [Henry Nicholls/AFP]
A pro-Palestine supporter with a message reading "Peace is the white man's word" written on her face takes part in a demonstration in central London. [Henry Nicholls/AFP]
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Some Metropolitan Police officers clashed with protesters during the demonstration. [Henry Nicholls/AFP]
Pro-Palestine supporters wave Palestinian flags and chant slogans during the demonstration. [Henry Nicholls/AFP]
Metropolitan Police officers arrest a demonstrator at the march. [Henry Nicholls/AFP]


NAKBA 2
Chad, DRC, Rwanda deny reports of talks with Israel on taking in forcibly displaced Palestinians from Gaza

Chad, the DRC, and Rwanda have all dismissed reports that they've had discussions with Israel on taking in Gaza's forcibly displaced Palestinians.

The New Arab Staff
06 January, 2024

Chad was one of three African countries to dismiss reports it would take in forcibly displaced Palestinians [Getty]

Three African countries have dismissed Israeli media reports that they have had discussions Israel on taking in Palestinians in Gaza who have been forcibly displaced by Tel Aviv's war on the territory.

Officials from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Chad have all said that they have not had the discussions with Israeli officials that were reported Israeli media outlets including i24NEWS earlier this week.

Chad's government "categorically denies the recent allegations broadcasted by the Israeli channel i24, which claim that talks between Israel and Chad are taking place with the aim of receiving thousands of Palestinians from Gaza," an official spokesperson was reported as saying on Saturday.

"Our commitment to the fundamental principles of international law prohibits any agreement to displace individuals from Gaza or participation in such actions, as it would constitute a violation of these rights,” the spokesman reportedly said.

Rwanda's foreign ministry on Friday issued a "disinformation alert" over the reports, and said it is "not in discussion with Israel on transfer of Palestinians from Gaza".


DRC government spokesman Patrick Muyaya was also quoted as saying that the Israeli media claims were false, and that there were no plans to take in forcibly displaced Palestinians.

Most of Gaza's 2.3 million population have been displaced by Israel's indiscriminate and brutal war, which has so far killed at least 22,700 people.

Some Israeli ministers have called for Gaza to be ethnically cleansed of Palestinians, while others have said the territory will remain under some kind of Palestinian civil control.
RELATED

The looming human catastrophe of Israel's war in south Gaza
Analysis
Dario Sabaghi

Egypt's Sinai peninsula has been touted by some Israeli politicians as a possible site for Palestinians to be forced into - but Cairo has repeatedly rejected such a plan.

The permanent forced displacement of Palestinians would constitute a war crime, rights groups and legal experts have said.


Former Israeli Ambassador calls on the Western world to take the Gazan population


Dror Eydar, former Israeli Ambassador to Italy, made disturbing remarks on Channel 14 regarding the future of the war on Gaza. Eydar stated the land should be taken away from the Palestinians, given that the Palestinian culture considers a man without his land to be nothing. He emphasises that this is the appropriate ‘punishment’ and urges for the continuation in this direction despite opposing voices. Eydar called upon the Western world saying: ‘I expect the Western world, as they did by welcoming a million Syrian refugees, to open their doors and welcome the people of Gaza.’



January 6, 2024 






French Foreign Minister: Gaza is Palestinian land, and “Israel” has no right to determine its future


[06/January/2024]

PARIS January 6. 2024 (Saba) - French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna confirmed that Gaza is Palestinian land and the Zionist enemy has no right to determine its future.

“These calls are irresponsible and keep us away from a solution. We need to return to the principle of international law and respect it,” Colonna explained in response to the statements of the two extremist ministers in the government of the Zionist enemy, Bezalel Smotrich and Itamar Ben Gvir, calling for the displacement of the Palestinian people from Gaza Strip, the reoccupation of the Strip and the construction of colonies.

"Gaza is a Palestinian land that wants to become part of the future Palestinian state. We support the two-state separation, which is the only viable option, and Gaza and the West Bank together must be part of the future Palestinian state," she said.


Z.E



Japan criticizes Zionist ministers' remarks on Gaza displacement


[06/January/2024]

TOKYO January 06. 2024 (Saba) - Japan is worried about two Israeli ministers' remarks on displacement of the Palestinian people from Gaza and erection of settlements in the Strip, spokesperson for the Japanese foreign ministry said.

Settlement activities violate the international law and undermine the applicability of Two-State solution, Maki Kobayashi added in a statement.

These provocative, unacceptable remarks fuel tensions, she warned, as Tokyo "calls for refrainment from irresponsible words and actions."

K.N
‘Scientifically important…,’ What NASA scientist said on ISRO's Aditya-L1 entering Halo orbit

06 Jan 2024

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) injects Aditya-L1 spacecraft into its final destination orbit, marking a significant scientific milestone.

India's first solar observatory Aditya-L1 has reached its destination

In a significant stride for India's space exploration endeavours, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully maneuvered its Solar Mission Aditya-L1 into the Halo Orbit, garnering praise from NASA Scientist

Ghosh, reflecting on India's scientific achievements, said, "India is right now in most of the areas where it's scientifically important. And then there is 'Gaganyaan,' which is the human space flight part, that is in the works right now. So, it's been a tremendous stride for the last 20 years. Going from not having a planetary science programme to where we stand today, and particularly after the success of Aditya, it's been a very remarkable journey."

In a significant scientific milestone, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Saturday injected Aditya-L1 spacecraft - the first dedicated solar mission - into its final destination orbit.

Prime Minister Narenendra Modi and Minister of State for Science and Technology Jitendra Singh were among leaders who hailed the achievement.

Aditya-L1 has reached Lagrange Point L1, about 1.5 million km from earth.

The PSLV-C57.1 rocket carrying the Aditya-L1 orbiter lifted off successfully from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, in September.

The successful launch of the maiden solar mission of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) came on the heels of the historic lunar landing mission -- Chandrayaan-3.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi said India will continue to pursue new frontiers of science for the benefit of humanity.

"India creates yet another landmark. India's first solar observatory Aditya-L1 reaches it's destination. It is a testament to the relentless dedication of our scientists in realising among the most complex and intricate space missions. I join the nation in applauding this extraordinary feat. We will continue to pursue new frontiers of science for the benefit of humanity," he said in post on X.

Aditya L1 has seven different payloads on board, to conduct a detailed study of the sun, four of which will observe the light from the sun and the other three will measure in-situ parameters of the plasma and magnetic fields.

The largest and technically most challenging payload on Aditya-L1 is the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph or VELC. VELC was integrated, tested, and calibrated at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics' CREST (Centre for Research and Education in Science Technology) campus in Hosakote in collaboration with ISRO.

This strategic location will enable Aditya-L1 to continuously observe the sun without being hindered by eclipses or occultation, allowing scientists to study solar activities and their impact on space weather in real-time.

Also, the spacecraft's data will help identify the sequence of processes that lead to solar eruptive events and contribute to a deeper understanding of space weather drivers.


Major objectives of India's solar mission include the study of the physics of solar corona and its heating mechanism, the solar wind acceleration, coupling and dynamics of the solar atmosphere, solar wind distribution and temperature anisotropy, and origin of Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) and flares and near-earth space weather. (ANI)

Aditya-L1: India's Sun mission set to reach destination in hours

Geeta Pandey - BBC News, Delhi
Fri, January 5, 2024 

India's first Sun mission lifted off from the launch pad at Sriharikota on 2 September

India's first solar observation mission is set to reach its final destination in a few hours.

On Saturday, the space agency Isro will attempt to place Aditya-L1 in a spot in space from where it will be able to continuously watch the Sun.

The spacecraft has been travelling towards the Sun for four months since lift-off on 2 September.


It was launched just days after India made history by becoming the first to land near the Moon's south pole.

India's first space-based mission to study the solar system's biggest object is named after Surya - the Hindu god of the Sun, who is also known as Aditya. And L1 stands for Lagrange point 1 - the exact place between the Sun and Earth where the spacecraft is heading.

According to the European Space Agency, a Lagrange point is a spot where the gravitational forces of two large objects - such as the Sun and the Earth - cancel each other out, allowing a spacecraft to "hover".

L1 is located 1.5 million km (932,000 miles) from the Earth, which is 1% of the Earth-Sun distance. Isro recently said that the spacecraft had already covered most of the distance to its destination.

The year India reached the Moon - and aimed for the Sun


How important are India's Moon mission findings?


India makes historic landing near Moon's south pole

An Isro official told the BBC that "a final manoeuvre" will be performed on Saturday at around 16:00 India time (10:30 GMT) to place Aditya in L1's orbit.

Isro chief S Somanath has said they will trap the craft in orbit and will occasionally need to do more manoeuvres to keep it in place.

Once Aditya-L1 reaches this "parking spot" it will be able to orbit the Sun at the same rate as the Earth. From this vantage point it will be able to watch the Sun constantly, even during eclipses and occultations, and carry out scientific studies.


Aditya-L1's trajectory

The orbiter carries seven scientific instruments which will observe and study the solar corona (the outermost layer); the photosphere (the Sun's surface or the part we see from the Earth) and the chromosphere (a thin layer of plasma that lies between the photosphere and the corona).

After lift-off on 2 September, the spacecraft went four times around the Earth before escaping the sphere of Earth's influence on 30 September. In early October, Isro said they had done a slight correction to its trajectory to ensure it was on its intended path towards the final destination.

The agency says some of the instruments on board have already started work, gathering data and taking images.

Just days after lift-off, Isro shared the first images sent by the mission - one showed the Earth and the Moon in one frame and the second was a "selfie" that showed two of its scientific instruments.

And last month the agency released the first-ever full-disk images of the Sun in wavelengths ranging from 200 to 400 nanometres, saying they provided "insights into the intricate details of the Sun's photosphere and chromosphere".

India launches its first mission to observe the Sun


What has India's rover been up to on the Moon?

Scientists say the mission will help them understand solar activity, such as the solar wind and solar flares, and their effect on Earth and near-space weather in real time.

The radiation, heat and flow of particles and magnetic fields of the Sun constantly influence the Earth's weather. They also impact the space weather where nearly 7,800 satellites, including more than 50 from India, are stationed.


Isro says these images of the Sun sent by Aditya-L1 provide insights into the Sun's photosphere and chromosphere

Scientists say Aditya can help better understand, and even give a forewarning, about solar winds or eruptions a couple of days ahead, which will help India and other countries move satellites out of harm's way.

Isro has not given details of the mission's cost, but reports in the Indian press have put it at 3.78bn rupees ($46m; £36m).

If Saturday's manoeuvre is successful, India will join a select group of countries that are already studying the Sun.

The US space agency Nasa has been watching the Sun since the 1960s; Japan launched its first solar mission in 1981 and the European Space Agency (ESA) has been observing the Sun since the 1990s.

In February 2020, Nasa and ESA jointly launched a Solar Orbiter that is studying the Sun from close quarters and gathering data that, scientists say, will help understand what drives its dynamic behaviour.

And in 2021, Nasa's newest spacecraft Parker Solar Probe made history by becoming the first to fly through the corona, the outer atmosphere of the Sun.

AKA 
JOURNEY TO THE FAR SIDE OF THE SUN

The Implications Of ‘Oumuamua On Panspermia

Status Report
astro-ph.EP
January 5, 2024

The Implications Of ‘Oumuamua On Panspermia

‘Oumuamua — NASA

Panspermia is the hypothesis that life originated on Earth from the bombardment of foreign interstellar ejecta harboring polyextremophile microorganisms.

Since the 2017 discovery of the comet-like body ‘Oumuamua (1I/2017 U1) by the Pans-STARRS telescope, various studies have re-examined panspermia based on updated number density models that accommodate for ‘Oumuamua’s properties.

By utilizing ‘Oumuamua’s properties as an anchor, we estimate the mass and number density of ejecta in the ISM (rho_m [kg au^-3] and rho_n [au^-3]).

We build upon prior work by first accounting for the minimum ejecta size to shield microbes from supernova radiation. Second, we estimate the total number of impact events C_n on Earth after its formation and prior to the emergence of life (~0.8Gyr).

We derive a conditional probability relation for the likelihood of panspermia for Earth specifically of <10^-5, given a number of factors including f_B, the fraction of ejecta harboring extremophiles and other factors that are poorly constrained.

However, we find that panspermia is a plausible potential life-seeding mechanism for (optimistically) up to ~10^5 of the ~10^9 Earth-sized habitable zone worlds in our Galaxy.

David Cao, Peter Plavchan, Michael Summers

Comments: submitted to AAS journals, feedback welcome, 12 pages, 3 figures
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
Cite as: arXiv:2401.02390 [astro-ph.EP] (or arXiv:2401.02390v1 [astro-ph.EP] for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.02390
Focus to learn more
Submission history
From: David Cao
[v1] Thu, 4 Jan 2024 18:06:24 UTC (303 KB)
https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.02390
Astrobiology,

Calibrating Instruments For Exoplanets: What Neptune And Uranus Really Look Like

Press Release
University of Oxford
January 6, 2024

Calibrating Instruments For Exoplanets: What Neptune And Uranus Really Look Like

Voyager 2/ISS images of Uranus and Neptune released shortly after the Voyager 2 flybys in 1986 and 1989, respectively, compared with a reprocessing of the individual filter images in this study to determine the best estimate of the true colours of these planets. CREDIT Patrick Irwin.

Neptune is fondly known for being a rich blue and Uranus green – but a new study has revealed that the two ice giants are actually far closer in colour than typically thought.

The correct shades of the planets have been confirmed with the help of research led by Professor Patrick Irwin from the University of Oxford, which has been published today in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

He and his team found that both worlds are in fact a similar shade of greenish blue, despite the commonly-held belief that Neptune is a deep azure and Uranus has a pale cyan appearance.

Astronomers have long known that most modern images of the two planets do not accurately reflect their true colours.

The misconception arose because images captured of both planets during the 20th century – including by NASA’s Voyager 2 mission, the only spacecraft to fly past these worlds – recorded images in separate colours.

The single-colour images were later recombined to create composite colour images, which were not always accurately balanced to achieve a “true” colour image, and – particularly in the case of Neptune – were often made “too blue”.

In addition, the early Neptune images from Voyager 2 were strongly contrast enhanced to better reveal the clouds, bands, and winds that shape our modern perspective of Neptune.

Professor Irwin said: “Although the familiar Voyager 2 images of Uranus were published in a form closer to ‘true’ colour, those of Neptune were, in fact, stretched and enhanced, and therefore made artificially too blue.”

“Even though the artificially-saturated colour was known at the time amongst planetary scientists – and the images were released with captions explaining it – that distinction had become lost over time.”

“Applying our model to the original data, we have been able to reconstitute the most accurate representation yet of the colour of both Neptune and Uranus.”

In the new study, the researchers used data from Hubble Space Telescope’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope. In both instruments, each pixel is a continuous spectrum of colours.

This means that STIS and MUSE observations can be unambiguously processed to determine the true apparent colour of Uranus and Neptune.

Uranus as seen by HST/WFC3 from 2015-2022. During this sequence the north pole, which has a paler green colour, swings down towards the Sun and Earth. In these images the equator and latitude lines at 35N and 35S are marked. CREDIT Patrick Irwin

The researchers used these data to re-balance the composite colour images recorded by the Voyager 2 camera, and also by the Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3).

This revealed that Uranus and Neptune are actually a rather similar shade of greenish blue. The main difference is that Neptune has a slight hint of additional blue, which the model reveals to be due to a thinner haze layer on that planet.

The study also provides an answer to the long-standing mystery of why Uranus’s colour changes slightly during its 84-year orbit of the Sun.

The authors came to their conclusion after first comparing images of the ice giant to measurements of its brightness, which were recorded by the Lowell Observatory in Arizona from 1950 – 2016 at blue and green wavelengths.

These measurements showed that Uranus appears a little greener at its solstices (i.e. summer and winter), when one of the planet’s poles is pointed towards our star. But during its equinoxes – when the Sun is over the equator – it has a somewhat bluer tinge.

Part of the reason for this was known to be because Uranus has a highly unusual spin.

It effectively spins almost on its side during its orbit, meaning that during the planet’s solstices either its north or south pole points almost directly towards the Sun and Earth.

This is important, the authors said, because any changes to the reflectivity of the polar regions would therefore have a big impact on Uranus’s overall brightness when viewed from our planet.

What astronomers were less clear about is how or why this reflectivity differs.

This led the researchers to develop a model which compared the spectra of Uranus’s polar regions to its equatorial regions.

It found that the polar regions are more reflective at green and red wavelengths than at blue wavelengths, partly because methane, which is red absorbing, is about half as abundant near the poles than the equator.

However, this wasn’t enough to fully explain the colour change so the researchers added a new variable to the model in the form of a ‘hood’ of gradually thickening icy haze which has previously been observed over the summer, sunlit pole as the planet moves from equinox to solstice.

Astronomers think this is likely to be made up of methane ice particles.

When simulated in the model, the ice particles further increased the reflection at green and red wavelengths at the poles, offering an explanation as to why Uranus is greener at the solstice.

Professor Irwin said: “This is the first study to match a quantitative model to imaging data to explain why the colour of Uranus changes during its orbit.”

“In this way, we have demonstrated that Uranus is greener at the solstice due to the polar regions having reduced methane abundance but also an increased thickness of brightly scattering methane ice particles.”

Dr Heidi Hammel, of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), who has spent decades studying Neptune and Uranus but was not involved in the study, said: “The misperception of Neptune’s colour, as well as the unusual colour changes of Uranus, have bedevilled us for decades. This comprehensive study should finally put both issues to rest.”

The ice giants Uranus and Neptune remain a tantalising destination for future robotic explorers, building on the legacy of Voyager in the 1980s.

Professor Leigh Fletcher, a planetary scientist from the University of Leicester and co-author of the new study, said: “A mission to explore the Uranian system – from its bizarre seasonal atmosphere, to its diverse collection of rings and moons – is a high priority for the space agencies in the decades to come.”

However, even a long-lived planetary explorer, in orbit around Uranus, would only capture a short snapshot of a Uranian year.

“Earth-based studies like this, showing how Uranus’ appearance and colour has changed over the decades in response to the weirdest seasons in the Solar System, will be vital in placing the discoveries of this future mission into their broader context,” Professor Fletcher added.

Modelling the seasonal cycle of Uranus’s colour and magnitude, and comparison with Neptune, PNAS (open access)

Astrobiology

  

The first Vulcan rocket launch will carry a private lander to the moon

The United Launch Alliance’s Vulcan rocket is scheduled to launch for the first time on 8 January, carrying the Peregrine lander to the lunar surface

By Leah Crane

NEW SCIENTIST

5 January 2024

A United Launch Alliance Vulcan rocket is being prepared to launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida

UPI / Alamy Stock Photo Provider: Alamy Live

The flurry of missions to the moon in 2024 is starting big with the first launch of the new Vulcan rocket. The launch, planned for 8 January, will carry Astrobotic’s Peregrine lander to the moon in the first mission of NASA’s ambitious Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) programme.

Vulcan was built by the United Launch Alliance (ULA), a collaboration between Boeing and and Lockheed Martin. Prior to the arrival of SpaceX on the scene, ULA was a dominant force in the US space launch business, but in recent years SpaceX has performed the majority of US launches.

Vulcan could be ULA’s opportunity to snatch back some of that market share, which is particularly important for it because the company is now for sale. Potential buyers include Jeff Bezos’s space flight company Blue Origin, among others. If all goes well with this launch, there are six more planned for 2024.

The launch is meant to shuttle the Peregrine lander to the lunar surface. If it is successful, this will mark the first time a private company has successfully landed on the moon. The lander carries a variety of scientific instruments, including sensors to study lunar water and radiation on the surface of the moon, both of which are key to understand for future human exploration. The CLPS programme includes many other moon missions in the coming years, which will make complementary measurements to prepare for a sustained human presence on the moon.

The rocket also has two particularly controversial payloads aboard – capsules of human cremains being sent to space by a company called Celestis, which provides what it called “memorial spaceflights”. One of these capsules contains the ashes of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and actors James Doohan and Nichelle Nichols, due to be placed in orbit around the sun, and the other contains other human ashes bound for the moon.

Buu Nygren, the leader of the Navajo Nation, sent a letter to the US government objecting to the inclusion of this capsule, stating: “The placement of human remains on the moon is a profound desecration of this celestial body revered by our people.” NASA responded that because this is a private mission, the agency does not have power over what payloads it carries.

ULA says its Vulcan rocket is finally ready to fly

The United Launch Alliance Vulcan rocket is transported from the Vertical Integration Facility (VIF) to Space Launch Complex-41 at Cape Canaveral, Florida, in preparation for the certification mission (Cert-1). The mission will launch the Astrobotic Peregrine commercial lunar lander, as part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, into a highly elliptical orbit more than 220,000 miles (360,000 km) above Earth to intercept the Moon and carry a Celestis Memorial Spaceflight Payload into deep space. Image: ULA

Nearly a decade of planning, designing, assembly and testing for United Launch Alliance (ULA) is about to culminate in the first launch of its Vulcan rocket. The maiden flight of the launch vehicle is set for Monday, Jan. 8, at 2:18 am EST (0718 UTC) from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.

The fully assembled rocket emerged from the Vertical Integration Facility around 10:40 a.m. EST on Friday to travel the roughly 500-meter journey to the launch pad. After the 61.6-meter-tall (202 feet) rocket completed its trek, ULA teams spent the rest of the day performing leak checks on the umbilicals that will fuel the rocket and checking out the guidance and flight termination systems.

Onboard, the primary payload, Astrobotic’s Peregrine lunar lander, is awaiting its ride to the Moon. It was hoisted atop the rocket inside the 15.5-meter-long (51 feet) payload fairing, manufactured by Beyond Gravity, on Dec. 20. Peregrine will be launched into a trans-lunar injection orbit to begin its journey to the Moon before the Centaur 5 upper stage continues on with Celestis Memorial Spaceflight’s “Enterprise Flight” to a heliocentric orbit around the Sun.

Mark Peller, ULA vice president of Vulcan Development, described the pending launch as a defining moment for many in the ULA company.

“It’s terribly exciting. It’s one of these once-in-your-career opportunities for most people and many people go through their whole career without ever getting this opportunity,” Peller said. “It’s been a lot of hard work, but it’s tremendously gratifying and it’s really helped us at ULA obviously develop our capabilities internally to bring new products to market.”

This version of the Vulcan rocket, a VC2S variant, is 61.6 meters (202 feet) tall and is initially powered by a combination of two Northrop Grumman GEM 63XL solid rocket boosters and two, methane/oxygen-fueled BE-4 engines from Blue Origin. The upper stage is powered by a pair of Aerojet Rockedyne-provided RL10C-1-1A engines that burn a combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.

Starting in 2025, the Centaur 5 will use the upgraded RL10C-X engines that are currently being developed and tested by Aerojet Rocketdyne about 150 miles south of the Cape near West Palm Beach, Florida.

The next few days will be a flurry of activity. On Sunday, the countdown to launch will start by powering on the Vulcan rocket at 3 p.m. EST (2000 UTC), 11 hours prior to liftoff. The launch complex will be cleared at L-6 hours (8 p.m. EST, 0100 UTC) and an hour later, they will start chilling the feed lines ahead of the start of tanking.

Vulcan is loaded with 454,000 kg (1 million lbs) of propellant, which is a combination of methane, liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. It weighs 663,367 kg (1,462,474 lbs.) once it’s fully fueled.

ULA’s Vulcan rocket rolls out of its assembly building on Jan. 5, 2024. Photo: Adam Bernstein/Spaceflight Now.

Gary Wentz, ULA vice president of Government and Commercial Programs, said tanking will be completed at L-2 hours (12:00 a.m. EST, 0500 UTC). During a media teleconference about the mission on Friday, Wentz was asked about a more detailed timeline, but declined to go into more specifics.

This will be the first time a major U.S. rocket has been introduced without the launch company providing a countdown timeline to the news media. ULA was also limiting news media access to countdown audio and video of the rocket to the final hour of the countdown after the propellant loading process will be complete.

“This is a flight test. This is our first test. The initial timeline that we have had some margin in it and over time, those timelines will change and I imagine more detail, as we go through the process, will come out,” Wentz said. “But right now, we’ll say there’s some margin built into the timelines and so, we’re going to work through that.”

Wentz noted that there is a planned 60-minute hold at T-7 minutes, during which the launch team will assess their technical readiness.

While the launch is currently planned for 2:18 a.m. EST (0718 UTC) on Jan. 8, there are multiple backup opportunities available to ULA:

  • Jan. 8 – 2:18 a.m. EST / 0718 UTC (45 min. window)
  • Jan. 9 – 12:15 a.m. EST / 0515 UTC (9 min. window)
  • Jan. 10 – 12:12 a.m. EST / 0512 UTC (1 min. window)
  • Jan. 11 – 12:14 a.m. EST / 0514 UTC (3 min. Window)

Wentz said the varying times are driven by a combination of “orbital mechanics and us being able to rendezvous for the lunar injection.”

“As we go through the flow, the number of back-to-back attempts will depend upon how far we go into the count, how much consumables/commodities we actually expend in the scrub process, assuming it’s a weather delay or something like that,” Wentz said.

He added that if none of those dates work out, the next launch opportunity opens on Jan. 23.

Ready for flight

ULA President and CEO Tory Bruno formally announced Vulcan to the world on April 13, 2015, about seven months after its announced partnership with Blue Origin to acquire BE-4 engines to power the booster stage of this new rocket. The pivot away from the Russian RD-180 engines used on the Atlas 5 rocket came after pressure from the U.S. Congress following Russia’s invasion of Crimea in 2014.

The rocket was planned to make its debut in 2019, but would go on to encounter years of delays in development as well as delays in the delivery of the BE-4 engines themselves. During a press briefing on Friday, Astrobotic CEO John Thornton said the legacy of ULA, which boasts a 100 percent mission success rate since its inception in 2006, was a big reason they chose Vulcan as their ride to space.

“Vulcan has a new name, but it really is an upgraded Atlas 5, so that gives us great comfort in that as well,” Thornton said. “They’ve been a fantastic partner to us over the years in development of this capability in parallel with development of their rocket.”

Thornton added that because they are also operating on a constrained budget, they had to find creative ways to pay for their flight to the Moon. He said the risk of being on the debut flight of Vulcan helped a great deal with that.

“We chose United Launch Alliance’s first flight of Vulcan because we believe so much in the company and we’re very, very confident that this mission will be successful,” Thornton said. “And, of course, that came with some relief on the price and that makes this mission possible.”

Thornton didn’t go into detail on how much Astrobotic paid for the ULA flight, but NASA is paying Astrobotic $108 million to ferry its five payloads to the lunar surface as part of its Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program. That was an increase from the original $79.5 million for 14 NASA payloads. The additional cost stemmed from supply chain impacts of COVID-19 and a shifting of the landing location in 2022, according to NASA’s Joel Kearns, and the offloaded payloads will fly on other CLPS missions.

Wentz added that Vulcan is predominantly legacy hardware with a series of upgrades or variants to them, which ULA believes helps instil further confidence.

“The only hardware that hasn’t flown prior to this flight is the BE-4 engine. All the other, or variants there to, have flown on either Atlas or Delta flights on missions for other customers,” Wentz said. “So, that gave us confidence to be able to offer this to support NASA and Astrobotic’s missions.”

Preparing for what comes next

This first launch for ULA’s Vulcan rocket is a crucial proving ground for the company as it looks towards the critically important missions that are part of the U.S. Space Force’s National Security Space Launch (NSSL) program. Vulcan needs to complete two certification flights before it can launch its first NSSL mission.

After the Peregrine flight checks the box for Cert-1, ULA aims to launch Sierra Space’s Dream Chaser spaceplane to the International Space Station on the Cert-2 mission. Peller said after Cert-1 launches, they set aside 60 days for a data review and to ensure they’re ready to move on.

United Launch Alliance’s Vulcan rocket approaches the pad at Space Launch Complex-41 ahead of its planned launch on Monday, Jan. 8. Image: ULA

They hope to launch the Cert-2 mission around April, a month currently set to feature another ULA mission to the ISS: the launch of the Crew Flight Test mission for Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft. It’s unclear if both missions would launch within the same month.

Wentz said ULA has six Vulcan flights currently on the 2024 manifest with the four non-certification flights all poised to be NSSL missions. In addition to that, the company is also planning to fly nine Atlas 5 rockets and the final Delta 4 Heavy rocket.

“Next year, the rate increases to a total of on the order of 28 launches for the year,” Wentz said. “We’re also putting in place a secondary capability where we can do vertical integration of a second vehicle in parallel. And once that capability is brought on board, our flight rate will increase.”