Thursday, March 07, 2024

 

Three Dead, Four Injured in Houthi Missile Attack on a Bulker

bulker attacked off Yemen
UKMTO reports the vessel was south southwest of Aden entering the Red Sea and strait bound for Saudi Arabia (CENTCOM)

PUBLISHED MAR 6, 2024 9:27 PM BY THE MARITIME EXECUTIVE

 

 

A Barbados-flagged, Greek-managed bulker was attacked by Yemen's Houthi rebels on Wednesday, causing the first crew casualties since the group began attacking commercial shipping nearly five months ago. Several crewmembers are reported to have been killed in the attack and others badly injured after the vessel, the True Confidence, caught fire. Coalition forces responded to provide assistance and assess the full extent of the situation.  

The British Embassy posted a message saying, “At least two innocent sailors died. This was the sad and predictable result of the Houthis' reckless missile launches on international shipping. They must stop. Our deepest condolences are with the families of those who died and those who were injured.”

Later in the day, U.S. Central Command said that three crewmembers have died and four were injured, of which three are in critical condition. The now-abandoned ship sustained significant damage.

The 50,500 dwt bulker was traveling from China with a stop in Singapore bound for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia when it was attacked on Wednesday morning approximately 50 nautical miles southwest of Aden, Yemen. There were reports of a loud explosion with unconfirmed statements that the vessel was engulfed in a fire and drifting after the crew took to the lifeboats. The picture released by CENTCOM appears to show the fire in the vessel's accommodation area and bridge.

 

 

The vessel’s manager is reporting that there were 20 crewmembers, including Indians, Vietnamese, and Philippine nationals as well as three security guards on the ship. They are saying contact was lost with the crew while both Reuters and Associated Press quoting unnamed U.S. officials saying causalities are likely. Earlier reports said at least three crewmembers were believed missing while four were reported to have suffered severe burns. While other crews have suffered minor injuries, these are the first casualties and severe injuries since the attacks began in November 2023.

In a statement taking credit for the attack, a Houthi spokesperson said, “The targeting operation came after the ship's crew rejected warning messages from the Yemeni naval forces.” Yahya Saree wrote on X that ships “must respond to calls from the Yemeni naval forces, and all crews of the targeted ships must quickly leave after the first attack.”

The United Kingdom Maritime Trade Organizations confirmed it had reports that the True Confidence was being hailed for at least 30 minutes by the so-called “Yemeni navy.” 

The Houthis are claiming the vessel was owned by U.S. interest, identifying Oaktree Capital Management, but the vessel’s managers are refuting any connections to the U.S. The Equasis database shows the ship which was built in 2011 with its previous owner from 2021 until February 2024 registered as OCM Maritime, but now it is reported owned by True Confidence Shipping.

Many bulkers have been reported to be joining the growing number of vessels diverted away from the Red Sea region. The owners are saying this vessel was transporting steel products and trucks to Saudi Arabia.

IMO Secretary-General Arsenio Dominguez issued a statement later in the day expressing the condolences of the IMO. "Innocent seafarers should never become collateral victims," he said. "I once again call for collective action to fortify the safety of those who serve at sea. We all need to do more to protect seafarers."

U.S. Central Command reported several hours earlier that the USS Carney identified one anti-ship ballistic missile and three one-way attack unmanned aerial systems launched by the Houthi toward the destroyer. The U.S. forces downed the attacks with no injuries or damage to the ship. Later in the day, CENTCOM forces also destroyed three anti-ship missiles and three unmanned surface vessels (USV).

In its end of day update, CENTCOM said that the attack on the True Confidence was the fifth anti-ship ballistic missile fired by Houthis in the last two days. Two of these ASBMs hit two merchant ships - M/V MSC Sky II and M/V True Confidence - and one ASBM was shot down by USS Carney.


Report: MSC Boxship Catches Fire After Houthi Missile Strike

Houthi missiles

PUBLISHED MAR 4, 2024 11:57 AM BY THE MARITIME EXECUTIVE

 

[Updated] Yemen's Houthi rebels have hit another merchant ship and sparked a fire with a missile strike in the Gulf of Aden, according to two UK security consultancies. 

Ambrey and Vanguard Tech both report that the sub-Panamax boxship MSC Sky II has been hit by a missile and has caught fire.

The master of MSC Sky II reports that the attack involved two missiles: the first went into the water off the vessel's port quarter, and the second reportedly struck the ship's accommodations block. No injuries were reported, but the impact started a fire, and the crew were engaged in firefighting as of Monday afternoon. 

In an update late in the day, U.S. Central Command reported that the MSC Sky did not request assistance and continued on its voyage. 

MSC is owned and operated by the Aponte family out of its headquarters in Switzerland. However, one of the firm's top shareholders was born in what is now the state of Israel. Some analysts suggest that Yemen's Houthi rebels have identified this connection and are targeting MSC vessels because of the affiliation: the Houthis assert that their campaign against shipping in the Red Sea is aimed at disrupting Israeli commerce and applying political pressure to halt Israel's operation in Gaza. 

MSC vessels have been targeted multiple times since the beginning of Houthi hostilities last fall. Houthi militants attacked MSC Palatium III with a ballistic missile in mid-December; MSC United VIII was attacked in the Red Sea about 10 days later; and MSC Silver II was targeted last month. None of these previous attacks were successful, though the Houthis have caused considerable harm to other owners' vessels. 

MSC had previously indicated that it would suspend Red Sea operations due to the security risk.

WW3.0

Video: Chinese Water Cannon Breaks Bridge Windows on Philippine Boat

A crewmember aboard Unaizah May 4 receives medical attention after the water-cannon incident (Armed Forces of the Philippines)
A crewmember aboard Unaizah May 4 receives medical attention after the water-cannon incident (Armed Forces of the Philippines)

PUBLISHED MAR 6, 2024 4:52 PM BY THE MARITIME EXECUTIVE

 

The Philippine armed forces have released more videos from yesterday's run-in between Philippine and Chinese vessels in the Spratly Islands, including footage of the moment when a Chinese water cannon shattered the bridge windows of a Philippine supply boat. Regional military commander Vice Admiral Alberto Carlos sustained minor hand injuries in the attack, according to Philippine outlet GMA 7. 

The China Coast Guard's actions resulted in minor injuries and vessel damage, but did not rise to the level at which Manila would ask for military help from the United States, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. said Wednesday.

"I do not think that it is a time or the reason to invoke the [U.S.] Mutual Defense Treaty. However, we continue to view with great alarm this continuing dangerous maneuvers and dangerous actions that are being done against our seamen, our coast guard,” Marcos said in an interview during a trip to Australia. 

The U.S. State Department has reiterated that the treaty covers armed aggression at sea. “The United States reaffirms that Article IV of the 1951 US-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty extends to armed attacks on Philippine armed forces, public vessels, or aircraft – including those of its Coast Guard – anywhere in the South China Sea,” a State Department spokesperson said in a statement Tuesday. 

The location of the run-in is within the Philippine exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and the Chinese mainland lies some 700 nautical miles to the north. China believes that the vast majority of the South China Sea is Chinese, despite the 200-mile maximum boundary laid out by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. In 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague ruled that China's claim to sovereignty over Philippine waters was inconsistent with international law, but Beijing has ignored the ruling. 

"The responsibility for the incident lies completely with the Philippines," said Chinese foreign ministry spokeswoman Mao Ning at a press conference on Wednesday. "The so-called arbitral award on the South China Sea arbitration that the Philippines and a handful of countries regard as a benchmark goes against international law including UNCLOS and it is completely illegal, null and void."


China Coast Guard Injures Four With Water Cannon in S. China Sea Standoff

PCG
Courtesy PCG

PUBLISHED MAR 5, 2024 2:16 PM BY THE MARITIME EXECUTIVE

 

The Philippine Coast Guard has reported another "dangerous" run-in with the China Coast Guard at Second Thomas Shoal, a reef guarded by a Philippine military outpost. The encounter included two minor collisions and four injured personnel, according to the PCG.

On the morning of March 5, the Philippine Coast Guard began a regular resupply mission to the garrison on BRP Sierra Madre, the grounded WWII-era LST that serves as a base on the reef. As in past missions, the China Coast Guard (CCG) and Chinese maritime militia "harassed, blocked, deployed water cannons, and executed dangerous maneuvers" to stop the supply boats and interfere with the mission of the PCG. 

At about 0630 hours in the morning, one of these maneuvers resulted in the collision of a China Coast Guard patrol boat and the PCG vessel MRRV 4407. The "minor collision" caused superficial damage to the hull of the MRRV. 

At 815, another China Coast Guard vessel caused a minor collision with the supply boat Unaizah May 4 during an attempted blocking maneuver. At about the same time, two other CCG vessels used their water cannons on the Unaizah May, breaking the windows of the pilot house and injuring four people on board. 

The injured personnel were treated on scene by the crew of MRRV 4407, and the mission command made the decision to turn Unaizah May 4 around due to the damage. The vessel retreated to a safe port on the main island of Palawan, escorted by the MRRV.

A video of the scene released by a pro-Philippine media organization appeared to show a China Coast Guard cutter making way astern at several knots while pursuing one of the supply vessels, an unorthodox approach to close-quarters maneuvering. 

The second supply vessel made it through the Chinese cordon and delivered its goods successfully to the BRP Seirra Madre. 

"Once again, China's latest unprovoked acts of coercion and dangerous maneuvers against a legitimate and routine Philippine rotation and resupply mission to Ayungin Shoal, have put the lives of our people at risk and caused actual injury to Filipinos on board UM4," said the PCG in a statement. "The systematic and consistent manner in which the People's Republic of China carries out these illegal and irresponsible actions puts into question the sincerity of its calls for peaceful dialogue and lessening of tensions." 

The interaction occurred within the Philippine exclusive economic zone. China asserts that it has sovereignty over the area, along with most of the South China Sea, though its sweeping claims were ruled invalid by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague eight years ago. 

The U.S. Embassy in Manila expressed solidarity with the Philippines and spoke out against the China Coast Guard's actions. 

"We strongly condemn the PRC’s dangerous maneuvers at Ayungin/Second Thomas Shoal, which endangered lives, resulted in injuries, and damaged [Philippine Coast Guard] vessels in the EEZ. The U.S. stands with the Philippines and proponents of international law in support of a free and open Indo-Pacific," said U.S. Ambassador to Manila MaryKay Carlson in a statement. 

 

Teams Fight Fire for Fourth Day on MSC Containership in St. Lawrence River

MSC containership
Canadian Coast Guard is assisting the stricken MSC vessel in the St. Lawrence River (Kyle McDougall, ECCC photos courtesy of CCG)

PUBLISHED MAR 6, 2024 4:42 PM BY THE MARITIME EXECUTIVE

 

 

The Canadian Coast Guard reports it is continuing to monitor the situation as teams work to put out an engine room fire aboard the MSC Sao Paulo V. The fire has been burning since it was first reported on Sunday afternoon, March 3. The vessel has been positioned in a sheltered area outside the main shipping lane near the entrance to the Saguenay Fjord near the northeastern end of the St. Lawrence River.

The 63,500 dwt containership was outbound from Montreal, Canada bound for Portugal, when the fire was reported late on Sunday evening as the ship was nearing the pilot station at Les Escoumins. The Canadian Coast Guard reports it received a call for assistance from the containership which is registered in Liberia reporting an engine room fire.

The vessel was able to anchor near the northern side of the river on Monday morning and initially, two Laurentian Pilotage Authority pilot boats were standing by in case the crew required assistance. The pilot boats left on Monday afternoon, but the Canadian Coast Guard icebreaker CCGS Amundsen is standing by as well as a Coast Guard Environmental Response Team nearby in Tadoussac in case there is a need for a response. So far, they are reporting no environmental issues or injuries to the crew.

MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company arranged for a specialized team of American firefighters to board the vessel on March 5, brought in as reinforcements according to the Canadian Coast Guard. A second group of U.S. firefighters and specialized equipment was also placed aboard the vessel on Tuesday.

 

Two MSC vessels, a Coast Guard icebreaker, and two tugs are all standing by the MSC containership (Kyle McDougall, ECCC photos courtesy of CCG)

 

The crew is reporting that the fire has remained under control, although some unconfirmed reports said it has spread beyond the confines of the engine room. The crew has remained aboard the vessel although they are also ferrying over to another MSC containership for rest and supplies. The MSC Don Giovanni (41,590 dwt) was sailing from New York to Montreal and is one of the vessels standing by its fleet mate. The MSC Celine (39,000 dwt) outbound from Montreal for Corner Brook, Canada was also diverted to the scene.

MSC has also hired the tug Ocean Taiga, based in Quebec City, and the Anse de Moulin to assist. On Tuesday, and possibly again today, the tugs were being used to reposition the MSC Sao Paulo V. The Coast Guard reported the vessel was moved to a deeper area in the river to avoid grounding at low tide.

 

Herbivores, displaced by ocean warming, threaten subtropical seagrass meadows


A new study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution describes how subtropical seagrasses are at risk as tropical herbivores move in response to warming oceans


Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA

IMG_8174[80] 

IMAGE: 

RESEARCHERS BEHIND THE RECENT ARTICLE CONDUCTED A SERIES OF COORDINATED EXPERIMENTS IN SEAGRASS BEDS SPANNING SIX COUNTRIES AND 23 DEGREES OF LATITUDE.

view more 

CREDIT: MAGGIE JOHNSON





TAMPA, Fla. (March 6, 2024) – Tropical herbivores are on the move, and that could spell trouble for subtropical seagrass meadows.

As the ocean warms, marine species often travel poleward in search of suitable habitats and food. This phenomenon, known as tropicalization, can expand the range of tropical herbivores such as sea turtles and manatees — which prefer warmer waters — to subtropical regions that have historically supported few marine herbivores.

A new study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution describes how subtropical seagrasses are at risk as tropical herbivores move in response to warming oceans.

“Ocean warming poses multiple threats to marine ecosystems,” said Tom Frazer, co-author of the study, and professor and dean of the University of South Florida College of Marine Science. “Seagrass meadows, which provide forage for herbivores and nursery habitat for many recreational and commercially important fishery species, are already threatened by degraded water quality. This study suggests that the tropicalization of marine ecosystems in response to warming temperatures could further contribute to the decline of these vital habitats.”

The study’s authors used turtlegrass, a foundational seagrass species found throughout the Western Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, as a model for seagrass meadows. Researchers conducted a series of coordinated experiments in seagrass beds spanning 23 degrees of latitude (including sites in Bonaire, Panama, Belize, Mexico, the Cayman Islands, and the United States) and found that turtlegrass populations at higher latitudes had lower productivity in response to simulated grazing than populations at lower latitudes.

The findings suggest that subtropical seagrasses are less resilient to heavy grazing from marine herbivores, in part because they receive less sunlight relative to their tropical counterparts. As tropical herbivores move into subtropical waters, overgrazing may prevent subtropical seagrass meadows from persisting in these environments.

There’s hope, though, for subtropical seagrasses and the many species they sustain. What’s key, according to the study’s authors, is making sure seagrasses have what they need to thrive.

“If we want to give these meadows the best chance of enduring the anticipated increases in grazing, we need to get them as much light as possible,” said Justin Campbell, lead author and marine biologist at Florida International University. “That means protecting the water quality.”

While overgrazing is not yet a widespread occurrence across the Western Atlantic, it already occurs in subtropical to temperate waters around Australia and in the Mediterranean. This recent study can serve as a clarion call to protect subtropical seagrass meadows before grazing pressure from tropical herbivores increases.

“As tropical herbivores extend their ranges, they are likely to have profound effects on the ecology of seagrass ecosystems in the northern Gulf of Mexico,” said Frazer. “The results of this study indicate clearly that future management of marine ecosystems will need to place a higher priority on protections from pollutants and other stressors to give seagrasses the best chance to cope with warming waters and other climate related changes.”

Seagrass meadows provide food for marine herbivores and nursey habitats for many fish species.

CREDIT

Maggie Johnson

About the University of South Florida

The University of South Florida, a high-impact research university dedicated to student success and committed to community engagement, generates an annual economic impact of more than $6 billion. With campuses in Tampa, St. Petersburg and Sarasota-Manatee, USF serves approximately 50,000 students who represent nearly 150 different countries.  For four consecutive years, U.S. News & World Report has ranked USF as one of the nation’s top 50 public universities, including USF’s highest ranking ever in 2023 (No. 42). In 2023, USF became the first public university in Florida in nearly 40 years to be invited to join the Association of American Universities, a prestigious group of the leading universities in the United States and Canada. Through hundreds of millions of dollars in research activity each year and as one of top universities in the world for securing new patents, USF is a leader in solving global problems and improving lives. USF is a member of the American Athletic Conference. Learn more at www.usf.edu.

 

Invasive plant time bombs: A hidden ecological threat


Non-native species can wait decades or centuries before spreading

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS

Plantago Ianceolata-ribwort 

IMAGE: 

PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA, AN INVASIVE PLANT ALSO KNOWN AS RIBWORT PLANTAIN, CAN BE DORMANT FOR UP TO 177 YEARS BEFORE EXPANDING.

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CREDIT: MOHSEN MESGARAN/UC DAVIS




Invasive plants can stay dormant for decades or even centuries after they have been introduced into an environment before rapidly expanding and wreaking ecological havoc, according to a new study led by the University of California, Davis.

The research, published in Nature Ecology and Evolution, looked at more than 5,700 species of invasive plants in nine regions around the globe. It represents the most comprehensive analysis of plant invasions conducted to date, said senior author Mohsen Mesgaran, an assistant professor in the Department of Plant Sciences at UC Davis.

“The longer it is dormant, we’re more likely to ignore it,” Mesgaran said. “This latency allows them to be overlooked, contributing to their eventual emergence as a serious invasive threat. They’re like invasive time bombs.”

Long periods of dormancy

The international team found that nearly one-third of the invasive plants they analyzed exhibited lag periods between introduction and rapid expansion, with the average time being 40 years. The longest dormant period – sycamore maples in the United Kingdom — was 320 years.

Consider the common lawn weed Plantago lanceolata, otherwise known as ribwort or buckhorn plantain, which has the longest dormancy in the United States, according to the report. Noxious to livestock and native plants, the plant was introduced in the United States in 1822 and is found widely here. Velvetleaf, which was introduced as a possible fiber crop, can be dormant for 50 years before it expands, threatening corn, soybean and other crops as it sucks up water and nutrients.  

Nonnative species are generally introduced in two ways: by accident or through intentional importation for medicinal, ornamental, agricultural and other purposes. In California, about 65% of invasive plants were knowingly introduced.

“This lag phase may have played a role,” Mesgaran said. “They didn’t know. With an increase in trade and transportation and tourism we’re going to have more problems.”

Global herbaria

The researchers generated a list of invasive plants in Australia, Great Britain, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Madagascar, South Africa, Japan and the United States and used herbaria records, which are digitized and accessible online, to obtain global data on the location and time of species observations.

They then looked at trends to determine whether species exhibited dormant phases and, if so, for how long. A time series analysis was applied to detect lag periods, followed by a second analysis that compared climate during dormant and expansion phases.

In some of the species that invaded different regions, dormancy periods varied by location. In 90% of cases, climate conditions were different during times when the species spread, suggesting the plants waited for the right conditions or adapted to survive to an environment that was once unsuitable, Mesgaran said. 

Planning for the future

Knowing that problems could loom in the future is key to managing pests and preventing widespread invasion and economic losses down the road. That means growers, policymakers and others should consider dormancy periods.

“The problem is most of the models that we have for risk assessment to see if the species are going to be invasive and a pest problem in the future don’t account for this lag phase or this dormant phase,” Mesgaran said. “It’s not that they’re not going to be a problem, it’s just the calm before the storm.”

The next steps in the research will be to examine the native climate of invasive species relative to conditions in these newer locations.

Scientists from Charles University and the Institute of Botany in Czech Republic, Stellenbosch University in South Africa, Taizhou University in China, University of Gottingen and University of Konstanz in Germany, University of Melbourne in Australia and the University of Vienna in Austria contributed to the research.

Grants from the German Research Foundation, Czech Science Foundation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Belmont Forum and European Biodiversity Partnership supported the research.

Chart of longest lag times per region of invasive plants dormancy before reemergence.

CREDIT

UC Davis

 

The sweet stuff: How insects tell sugars apart


Peer-Reviewed Publication

YALE UNIVERSITY





New Haven, Conn. — Whereas humans have one receptor on their tongues that can detect all sorts of sweet things, from real sugar to artificial sweeteners like aspartame, insects have many receptors that each detect specific types of sugars. Yale researchers have now uncovered one way insect receptors are able to be so selective, an insight they say will help us understand how animals decipher the chemical world and how we might mimic that ability in the future.

They reported their findings in a study published March 6 in Nature.

Sugar is important to animals and humans alike, says Joel Butterwick, assistant professor of pharmacology at Yale School of Medicine and senior author of the study.

“We all taste sugar. It’s a major source of energy for just about every animal,” said Butterwick. 

The ability to taste sugar is also essential for identifying necessary nutrients and generating a pleasurable feeling that becomes paired with nourishment. Different than mammals, insects also rely on their taste system to detect mating partners and identify the best places to deposit their eggs.

But just how insects detect specific sugars — differentiating between molecules that look quite similar to each other but that have subtle differences — has remained unclear. To better understand the sensitivity of insect taste receptors, Butterwick and his research team focused on one receptor that is so selective it responds to only one type of sugar — D-fructose. The receptor is one found in the mouths and brains of silk moths. As a ligand-gated receptor, it becomes activated only after its ligand — the molecule that’s able to bind to it — attaches. 

Unexpectedly, even though D-fructose is the only sugar that activates this receptor, the researchers found that several other sugars bind to it, the researchers said.

“That told us that the area where these sugars attach, the binding pocket, isn’t the only thing determining activation,” said Butterwick. “There had to be some other explanation. So we wanted to look at the receptor at atomic scale to see in detail how the sugar and receptor were interacting.”

The team mapped the structure of the receptor alone as well as the receptor bound to D-fructose. They observed that D-fructose was nestled into the binding pocket and initiated a shape change that activated the receptor. 

They then mapped the structure of the receptor when it was bound to a sugar extremely similar to D-fructose. While that sugar, L-sorbose, did appear to bind to the receptor just as well as D-fructose, it didn’t change the receptor’s shape, leaving the receptor inactive. The difference between the two sugars turned out not to be how they attached to the binding pocket, but how they interacted with a molecular bridge that connects the binding pocket to a different part of the receptor. 

In short, D-fructose was able to engage that bridge and initiate the shape change, and L-sorbose was not.

“What we think is interesting about that is that there are interactions happening outside of the pocket that act as a mechanism of selection,” said Butterwick. “And evolution likely works on both aspects. For example, a less specific receptor than this one maybe binds more molecules or maybe its bridge is easier to activate. With multiple aspects to act upon, there are more ways for evolution to fine-tune these receptors.”

Uncovering the mechanisms that underlie how receptors recognize various substances will help researchers understand how smell and taste enable humans and animals to decipher the chemical world, says Butterwick.

It could also inform the development of biosensors, he added. Some dogs can smell diseases like cancer or Parkinson’s disease. Knowing how smell and taste receptors differentiate substances would aid the development of “electronic noses” that could sniff out disease.

“People are already trying to do this. And while there have been a few successes, there have been more failures,” said Butterwick. “Our work here may help explain why it has been challenging. It’s not just about binding the molecule of interest. How the receptor activates is also essential.”

Going forward, the researchers want to explore the pharmacological potential of these receptors.

“There have been countless cases throughout history where a solved atomic structure paved the way to major discoveries,” said João Victor Gomes, a graduate student in Butterwick’s lab and lead author of the study. Gomes is from Brazil, which is currently facing a severe dengue surge, with more than one million cases of the mosquito-borne disease registered this year alone.

“If we can modulate receptors that affect the feeding behavior of insects,” he said, “perhaps we could develop better strategies against disease-transmitting mosquitoes.”