Wednesday, April 03, 2024

 

New paradigm of peace through health: Traditional medicine meditation in the prevention of collective stress, violence, and war



MAHARISHI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY




A breakthrough perspective article in Frontiers in Public Health, "Peace through Health: Traditional Medicine Meditation in the Prevention of Collective Stress Violence and War," sheds light on the profound impact of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) program on fostering global peace. The article reviews and analyzes the demand for public health and medicine to help prevent collective violence and “intractable” wars in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Africa and elsewhere and the crucial role of meditation practices in public health strategies to mitigate collective stress and armed conflicts.

Highlighting compelling research, the article presents data demonstrating significant reductions in crime rates and war intensity when relatively small groups of people engage in the practice of the TM and TM-Sidhi Program. For instance, "The introduction of group meditation was associated with a noticeable decrease in violent incidents and improved quality of life metrics in conflict zones, underscoring meditation’s potential to influence societal peace," the authors note.

Robert H. Schneider, MD, FACC, Dean of the College of Integrative Medicine at Maharishi International University, explains, "Our review indicates that when a relatively small group (square root of 1%) of a population participates in these meditation programs there's a correlated drop in societal stress and violence indicators. This underscores a collective consciousness effect that can be scientifically measured. Indeed, recognizing the profound effects of meditation on public health and peace represents a paradigm shift in both public health and medicine—fostering peace through health."

The article delves into the neuroscience behind these observations, particularly through the lens of population neuroscience. It suggests that group meditation practices may synchronize brain activities across individuals, leading to enhanced societal coherence and reduced stress-related behaviors. "Population neuroscience offers us a framework to understand how collective meditation can stabilize societal stress and what we may call collective consciousness, potentially averting collective violence and wars," states Tony Nader, MD, PhD, a leading expert in the neuroscience of consciousness.

Gunvant Yeola MD, PhD (Ayurveda), Principal of the DY Patil College of Ayurveda in India, adds, "Ayurveda and Yoga have long recognized the interconnection between individual wellness and societal health. These findings provide a modern scientific validation of ancient wisdom, highlighting meditation's role in public health and peacebuilding."

In advocating for integrating traditional meditation practices into public health initiatives, the authors envision a new paradigm where meditation becomes a foundational strategy for preventing violence and promoting peace globally. "This research represents a beacon of hope, illuminating a path forward where peace is cultivated from within each individual, radiating outwards to transform societies," concludes Schneider.

As the world continues to navigate the complexities of global conflict, this perspective article highlights and explains the transformative power of meditation, offering a scientifically grounded approach to achieving peace through health.

JOURNAL

Frontiers in Public Health

DOI

10.3389/fpubh.2024.1380626 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Commentary/editorial

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Peace Through Health: Traditional Medicine Meditation in the Prevention of Collective Stress, Violence and War

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

3-Apr-2024


Nccih.nih.gov

https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ayurvedic-medicine-in-depth

Ayurvedic Medicine: In Depth | NCCIH 

Ayurvedic medicine is one of the world's oldest medical systems and remains one of India's traditional health care systems. Ayurvedic treatment combines ...

Hopkinsmedicine.org

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/ayurveda

Ayurveda | Johns Hopkins Medicine 

Ayurveda is a system of medicine based on the idea that disease is caused by an imbalance or stress in a person's consciousness.


Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5198827

A glimpse of Ayurveda – The forgotten history and principles... 

Feb 28, 2016 ... The other allied systems of medicine in India are Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Yoga and Naturopathy. Ayurveda is the most dominant system amongst ...

En.wikipedia.org

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda

Ayurveda - Wikipedia 

Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine developed during antiquity and the medieval period, and as such is comparable to pre-modern Chinese and European ...

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Exploring the effect of the presence of familiar people in interpersonal space


Researchers investigate the influence of social relationships on our bodily responses to the presence of other persons in the interpersonal space



WASEDA UNIVERSITY

Effect of Presence of Familiar People in Interpersonal Space (IPS) 

IMAGE: 

THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS INFLUENCE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO THE PRESENCE OF FAMILIAR PEOPLE IN OUR IPS AND THIS RESPONSE ALSO CHANGES BASED ON THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE PERSON.

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CREDIT: KAE MUKAI FROM WASEDA UNIVERSITY




When we communicate with other people face-to-face, we do so by maintaining a certain physical distance from each other. This space surrounding our body while interacting is called the interpersonal space (IPS), and maintaining adequate IPS is crucial for better communication.

Many studies have investigated the psychological and physiological changes that occur based on the presence of another person in the IPS during face-to-face interactions. These studies are based on the avoidance behaviour that we experience when a stranger invades our IPS, which manifests in the form of increased heart rate and discomfort. However, having a social relation with a person, such as with a friend or a spouse, can influence this behaviour. Moreover, most studies have only examined IPS in front of or behind a person, using tasks such as a stopping task, wherein a stranger approaches or retreats from the IPS. They have not determined the shape of IPS by considering different relative positions around a person.

Addressing this gap, a team of researchers from Japan, led by Assistant Professor Kae Mukai from the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Waseda University, investigated the effect of social relationships on the physiological and psychological responses to the presence of another person in the IPS. Dr. Mukai explains, “Considering a real-life situation in which acquaintances or friends are standing next to us, the threat level might be relatively low compared to when strangers are standing next to us. Given the evidence, that smaller IPSs may be formed with family and friends, psychological and physiological responses can differ. In this study, we uncovered these differences.” The team also included Dr. Tomoko Isomura from Nagoya University and Dr. Ryoji Onagawa and Professor Katsumi Watanabe from Waseda University. Their findings were published in the journal Scientific Reports on February 21, 2024.

The researchers used electrocardiogram (ECG) data to measure the changes in subjective discomfort, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV), which indicates parasympathetic activity or the “rest and digest” nervous response, of a person due to the presence of another person at various relative positions in the IPS. They measured these changes during two tasks. In the first task, participants were paired with their friends in a static standing task, where a person stood 30 cm away from the other, with both hands behind their back, within the IPS for a minute.

There were eight relative positions in all: F-see, L-see, R-see, and B-see, as well as F-seen, L-seen, R-seen, and baseline. In the first case, participants stood face-to-face with their friend and looked at the center of their eyes. In the next three cases, they looked at their friend’s left profile, right profile, and back, respectively, with their eyes fixed on the head. On the other hand, the participants stood with their eyes fixed on the fixation point 30 cm in front of them while being seen at their left profiles, right profiles, and backs by their friend in F-seen, L-seen, and R-seen conditions, respectively. Lastly, in the baseline condition, both persons were standing back-to-back, unable to see each other. In the second task, a cylindrical object with height same as that of the person was placed at different positions in the IPS.

The experiments revealed that the greatest discomfort, the greatest decrease in heart rate, and the greatest increase in HRV occurred in the F-see condition. The researchers attributed the decrease in heart rate and increase in parasympathetic activity to the presence of familiar people, as previous studies have shown that the presence of a friend or romantic partner activates parasympathetic activity. Moreover, they found that heart rate only decreased in relative positions F-see and R-see. Additionally, no changes were observed during the task with the object.

These findings are inconsistent with previous studies which report that sympathetic activity, or the “fight or flight” response, is activated when a stranger invades our personal space. “Our study suggests that social relationships between two people influence our physiological responses during social interactions,” says Dr. Mukai. “Our findings could help in the development of a society that makes life easier for a diverse range of people, by introducing appropriate communication methods that vary according to changes in responses to the presence of others.”

 

***

 

Reference

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54439-5 

Authors: Kae Mukai1,2, Tomoko Isomura3, Ryoji Onagawa1,2, and Katsumi Watanabe1

Affiliations      

1Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Japan

2Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan

3Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Japan

 

 

About Waseda University

Located in the heart of Tokyo, Waseda University is a leading private research university that has long been dedicated to academic excellence, innovative research, and civic engagement at both the local and global levels since 1882. The University has produced many changemakers in its history, including nine prime ministers and many leaders in business, science and technology, literature, sports, and film. Waseda has strong collaborations with overseas research institutions and is committed to advancing cutting-edge research and developing leaders who can contribute to the resolution of complex, global social issues. The University has set a target of achieving a zero-carbon campus by 2032, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015. 

To learn more about Waseda University, visit https://www.waseda.jp/top/en  

 

About Assistant Professor Kae Mukai

Kae Mukai is currently an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering in Waseda University in Japan. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 2020. He is also a member of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. His research interests include humanities, social sciences, cognitive science, life sciences, and sports psychology.

JOURNAL

Scientific Reports

DOI

10.1038/s41598-024-54439-5 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Electrocardiographic activity depends on the relative position between intimate persons

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Unfavorable social factors may raise heart disease risk factors in Asian American adults


The link between social determinants of health (income, neighborhood cohesion, psychological distress, etc.) and cardiovascular disease risk factors varied widely among some subgroups of Asian American adults, finds a study in the Journal of the American


Peer-Reviewed Publication

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION




Research Highlights:

  • Asian American adults with more unfavorable factors related to income level, education, housing, access to health care and other social variables had a greater likelihood of having risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this study.
  • The relationship between social determinants of health and cardiovascular disease risk factors varied widely among some Asian American subgroups, based on the study’s findings.

DALLAS, April 3, 2024 — Having more unfavorable social determinants of health, such as being unemployed, uninsured or not having education beyond high school, was associated with an increased likelihood of having risk factors for cardiovascular disease among Asian American adults, according to new research published today in the Journal of the American Heart Association, an open access, peer-reviewed journal of the American Heart Association.

The investigation also noted that the link between these unfavorable social determinants of health variables and cardiovascular disease risk factors varied widely among people in different Asian American subgroups in this study. An association does not mean that social determinants of health directly caused the risk factor.

“Despite the perception that Asian Americans may be less impacted by social determinants of health compared to people in other racial/ethnic groups, our findings indicate unfavorable social factors are associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Asian American adults,” said lead study author Eugene Yang, M.D., a professor of medicine at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle.

“The Asian American population is the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in the United States,” Yang said. “People of South Asian heritage have higher rates of premature heart disease globally, and they recently have been found to have higher cardiovascular mortality than non-Hispanic white people. Better understanding of why differences in cardiovascular risk exist among Asian subgroups is vital to reducing risk and improving outcomes.”

Researchers examined data from the National Health Interview Survey conducted in the U.S. from 2013 to 2018, which included 6,395 adults who self-identified as Asian.

Researchers rated 27 social determinants of health factors as favorable or unfavorable in six areas: economic stability (which included employment and income status); neighborhood and social cohesion (which gauged neighborhood trust and whether homes were owned or rented); psychological distress; food security; education; and health care utilization.

The analysis found a significant relationship between unfavorable social determinants of health and cardiovascular disease risk factors. This relationship varied among people in different Asian American subgroups. Among the findings:

  • For all Asian groups included in the data, a higher unfavorable social determinants of health score by one standardized unit was associated with a 14% greater risk of high blood pressure; a 17% greater risk of poor sleep; and a 24% greater risk of Type 2 diabetes — all of which increase the risk for developing cardiovascular disease.
  • Specifically, more unfavorable social determinants were associated with:
    • a 45% greater likelihood of Type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults and a 24% greater likelihood among Filipino adults;
    • a 28% greater risk of high blood pressure among Filipino adults;
    • a 42% increased likelihood of insufficient physical activity among Asian Indian adults, a 58% increased likelihood among Chinese adults and a 24% increased likelihood among Filipino adults;
    • a 20% likelihood of suboptimal sleep among Asian Indian adults; and
    • a 56% and 50% likelihood of nicotine exposure among Chinese adults and Filipino adults, respectively.
  • Compared with other Asian American subgroups, adults who identified as Filipino reported the highest prevalence — 4 out of 7 — cardiovascular risk factors: poor sleep, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and obesity.

Yang said many social determinants of health are often interconnected, such as neighborhood cohesion, economic stability and use of the health care system.

“It is important to understand how different Asian subgroups are affected,” he said. “When Asian people are lumped together, higher risk groups like South Asian people may not be treated aggressively enough, while groups with lower risk, like people of Korean and Japanese descent, may be overtreated for blood pressure or cholesterol.”

Study background and details:

  • The large, cross-sectional study reviewed data from 2013-2018 National Health Interview Surveys — annual, nationally representative surveys of U.S. adults.
  • Of the 6,395 Asian adults in the survey, about 22% self-identified as Filipino adults; 22% as Asian Indian adults; 21% as Chinese adults; and 36% as other Asian.
  • The sample size of Asian American individuals in the national survey was too small to analyze several major Asian populations, including Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese people, as well as other smaller Asian subgroups.
  • Nearly 56% of the group were women, and nearly 52% were between the ages of 18 and 44. About 77% of the participants were born outside the United States.
  • Participants were assigned scores for social determinants of health by categorizing 27 variables as favorable or unfavorable.
  • The cardiovascular risk factors were self-reported and were similar to the American Heart Association’s Life’s Essential 8 — eight lifestyle metrics assessing ideal cardiovascular health. These eight metrics include: following a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy weight, getting regular exercise and enough quality sleep, avoiding nicotine exposure and maintaining healthy levels of blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol. However, healthy diet was not measured in this study. Reaching optimal levels of these eight metrics improves heart health and reduces the risk for heart disease and stroke.

Limitations of the study include that its small sample size did not allow for analysis of some Asian subgroups (Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other Asian people). In addition, it examined self-reported survey data on social factors and cardiovascular risk factors at a single point in time. Therefore, the analysis could not assess long-term social determinants of health patterns, and it could not prove that unfavorable social factors caused the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Furthermore, language barriers may have been a factor for some participants because the National Heath Interview Surveys were only conducted in English and Spanish.

Study authors noted that it is vital to include more Asian Americans in national surveys to reveal potential differences in optimal social determinants of health profiles and cardiovascular risk factor prevalence and outcomes.

Co-authors, disclosures and funding sources are listed in the manuscript.

Studies published in the American Heart Association’s scientific journals are peer-reviewed. The statements and conclusions in each manuscript are solely those of the study authors and do not necessarily reflect the Association’s policy or position. The Association makes no representation or guarantee as to their accuracy or reliability. The Association receives funding primarily from individuals; foundations and corporations (including pharmaceutical, device manufacturers and other companies) also make donations and fund specific Association programs and events. The Association has strict policies to prevent these relationships from influencing the science content. Revenues from pharmaceutical and biotech companies, device manufacturers and health insurance providers and the Association’s overall financial information are available here.

Additional Resources:

About the American Heart Association

The American Heart Association is a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives. We are dedicated to ensuring equitable health in all communities. Through collaboration with numerous organizations, and powered by millions of volunteers, we fund innovative research, advocate for the public’s health and share lifesaving resources. The Dallas-based organization has been a leading source of health information for a century. During 2024 - our Centennial year - we celebrate our rich 100-year history and accomplishments. As we forge ahead into our second century of bold discovery and impact, our vision is to advance health and hope for everyone, everywhere. Connect with us on heart.org, Facebook, X or by calling 1-800-AHA-USA1.

###

JOURNAL

Journal of the American Heart Association

DOI

10.1161/JAHA.123.032509 

ARTICLE TITLE

Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Asian American Subgroups

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When tickling triggers more than just laughter


Researchers at the University Medical Center Mainz investigate the role of tickling in adult sexuality



UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER OF THE JOHANNES GUTENBERG UNIVERSITY MAINZ




Scientists at the Institute of Pathophysiology of the University Medical Center Mainz made the first comprehensive analysis on how adults use tickling in connection with sexual activity. As part of their study, they surveyed 719 people with a so-called tickling fetish. The results of the study show that human sexuality encompasses a variety of forms of expression that need to be studied and understood in greater depth.

Most people laugh when they are tickled. But there are also individuals for whom tickling or being tickled triggers sexual arousal. This sexual preference is referred to as a tickle fetish or knismolagnia.

"Previous studies on ticklishness have mainly focused on the sensory consequences and playful aspects of tickling. In our study, we investigated the role of tickling in a sexual context for the first time. In doing so, we are challenging previous findings because the range of experiences that lead to sexual pleasure is much wider than previously recognized," explained Dr. Shimpei Ishiyama, Head of the Neurogelotology Research Group at the Institute of Pathophysiology at the University Medical Center Mainz.

The Mainz research group is investigating the neuronal background of laughter and positive experiences. In their current study on tickling in the context of adult sexuality, the scientists identified different roles in the interaction (tickler, tickled) as well as different tickling methods and intensities. Most of the 719 study participants stated that tickling can satisfy them sexually. Almost half of the respondents reported being able to achieve sexual satisfaction without tickling. A quarter of respondents, on the other hand, said that they experienced orgasms exclusively through tickling. Another interesting result of the study: Relevant childhood experiences, such as the depiction of tickling in cartoons, played a decisive role in some of the respondents developing a tickling fetish later on.

"Tickling is an intimate activity that requires a certain level of mutual trust. It can bond individuals and serve as an outlet for sexual energy. Future studies should therefore investigate the mechanisms by which tickling triggers sexual pleasure. Our study results could pave the way for this further research into human sexuality," says Dr. Ishiyama.

 

Original Publication: S. Dagher, S. Ishiyama, Tickle Fetishism: Pleasure Beyond Playfulness, Frontiers in Psychology, 2024, 15:1342342. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1342342

The research was funded by the Freigeist Fellowship by the Volkswagen Stiftung.

Video: https://youtu.be/fGoPTR6hw1c 

 

Contact:
Dr. Shimpei Ishiyama, Institute for Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Mainz,
Telefone 06131 39-28147, E-Mail shimpei.ishiyama@uni-mainz.de

 

Press Contact:
Dr. Natkritta Hüppe, Corporate Communication, University Medical Center Mainz,
Telefone 06131 17-7771, E-Mail pr@unimedizin-mainz.de

 

About the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
The University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz is the only medical institution of supra-maximum supply in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate and an internationally recognized science location. Medical and scientific specialists at more than 60 clinics, institutes and departments work interdisciplinarily to treat more than 345,000 patients per year. Highly specialized patient care, research and teaching are inseparably intertwined. More than 3,500 medicine and dentistry students as well as around 670 future medical, commercial and technical professionals are trained in Mainz. With a workforce of approximately 8,700 colleagues the University Medical Center Mainz is one of the largest employers in the region and an important driver of growth and innovation. Find more information online at www.unimedizin-mainz.de/?L=1.

JOURNAL

Frontiers in Psychology

DOI

10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1342342 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Survey

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Tickle Fetishism: Pleasure Beyond Playfulness

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

3-Apr-2024



Psychopathia Sexualis

Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Psychopathia_Sexualis
... Sexual Instinct: A Medico-forensic Study) is an ... It is regarded as an important text in the history of psychopathology. ... "Sadism and Masochism on the ...

Psychopathia sexualis: With especial reference to contrary sexual instinctR. von Krafft-Ebing336 downloads
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One in five people with cancer participate in medical research studies


Study sheds light on how policies can further increase access to and participation in cancer research



FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER CENTER





SEATTLE – April 2, 2024 – Researchers from Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network and peer institutions released new findings in the Journal of Clinical Oncology showing that when all types of cancer research studies are considered, at least one in five people with cancer, or 21.9%, participate in some form of clinical research.

The study evaluated all categories of cancer studies, such as treatment trials, biorepository studies and quality of life studies—the first time an estimate of participation in all types of cancer studies has been reported. Moreover, enrollment in cancer treatment trials was 7.1%, a notably higher participation rate than previous estimates of 2%-3%.

The study also found that enrollment in treatment trials was over five-fold higher at National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers than at community sites (21.6% versus 4.1%), reflecting the impact that NCI funding for staff and infrastructure has on an institution’s ability to offer trials and recruit patients.

Using deidentified accreditation data provided by the Commission on Cancer, the study updated decades-old estimates for participation in cancer research. This expanded analysis includes more than 70% of people diagnosed with cancer in the U.S. each year who received care at a variety of clinical settings, from community hospitals and academic medical centers to NCI-designated comprehensive cancer centers. Additionally, the study reflects the broad spectrum of cancer research including different study types and those sponsored by industry, government and other sources.

“As we work to increase participation in cancer research studies and make them more accessible to patients, we need an inclusive, accurate assessment of current participation to inform these policies,” said Joseph Unger, PhD, MS, a health services researcher and biostatistician at Fred Hutch and lead author of the study. “While we knew that patients play a significant role in advancing all types of cancer research, now we better understand just how commonly people are participating in all types of cancer studies today.”

While previous estimates of participation in cancer research studies were derived solely from government-sponsored trials, the study authors used patient data from a diverse range of trial sponsors and care settings for this analysis. Importantly, the data included settings such as community hospitals, where a majority of U.S. cancer patients receive care.

“We know that most patients with cancer will participate in a clinical trial if given the chance, and the level of enrollment we see at NCI-designated cancer centers shows what participation can be when patients are offered trials,” stated Mark Fleury, PhD, a policy principle at ACS CAN and senior author of the study. “These findings emphasize the need to offer more patients in community settings the chance to participate and that will require an investment in these sites that currently isn’t there.”

People with cancer enrolled in many different types of clinical studies. The study found the following participation rates in each type of clinical study:  biorepository (12.9%), treatment (7.1%), registry (7.3%), genetic (3.6%), quality-of-life (2.8%), diagnostic (2.5%) and economic studies (2.4%). Expanding the types of cancer clinical studies in this analysis demonstrates that there are a variety of ways people choose to participate in cancer research beyond the previous assessments, which were based only on participation in treatment studies.

“Cancer clinical research, in all of its forms, simply cannot be conducted without the contributions of people with cancer,” emphasized Dr. Unger. “These contributions are much more extensive than was previously recognized. Cancer clinical research is a true partnership between those with cancer and those who study and treat cancer.”

Dr. Unger reports the following disclosure: serves as a consultant for AstraZeneca and the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, which is unrelated to the current work.

# # #

Media Contact:
Claire Hudson
media@fredhutch.org
206-667-2210

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center unites individualized care and advanced research to provide the latest cancer treatment options while accelerating discoveries that prevent, treat and cure cancer and infectious diseases worldwide.

Based in Seattle, Fred Hutch is an independent, nonprofit organization and the only National Cancer Institute-designated cancer center in Washington. We have earned a global reputation for our track record of discoveries in cancer, infectious disease and basic research, including important advances in bone marrow transplantation, immunotherapy, HIV/AIDS prevention and COVID-19 vaccines. Fred Hutch operates eight clinical care sites that provide medical oncology, infusion, radiation, proton therapy and related services. Fred Hutch also serves as UW Medicine’s cancer program.

JOURNAL

Journal of Clinical Oncology

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

2-Apr-2024

COI STATEMENT

Dr. Unger reports the following disclosure: serves as a consultant for AstraZeneca and the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, which is unrelated to the current work.

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