Longer-lasting and more sustainable green hydrogen production

RIKEN

 

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PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE (PEM) WATER ELECTROLYZER USING MANGANESE OXIDE.

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CREDIT: RIKEN

Researchers led by Ryuhei Nakamura at the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) in Japan have improved on their green and sustainable method of extracting hydrogen from water by using a custom-made catalyst for the chemical reaction. Published in Nature Catalysis, the study details how they manipulated the catalyst’s 3D structure, which led to improved stability and an increase in the catalyst’s lifetime by almost 4,000%. The findings impact the ability to achieve a lasting and sustainable hydrogen-based energy economy.  

Water electrolysis using proton exchange membranes is a green electrochemical process for splitting water into oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen produced this way can then be stored and used at a later time. For example, when combined with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, the stored hydrogen can be used to power an electric car. However, PEM electrolysis still has limitations that prevent widespread industrial uses such as in power plants. In particular, the necessary chemical reactions happen in a highly acidic environment, and the best catalysts for these reactions are extremely rare earth metals, such as iridium. As Nakamura explains, “scaling up PEM electrolysis to the terawatt scale would require 40 years’ worth of iridium, which is certainly impractical and highly unsustainable.” 

Almost two years ago, Nakamura and his team developed a breakthrough process that allowed acid water electrolysis that did not rely on rare earth metals. By inserting manganese into a cobalt oxide lattice, they created a process that relied only on common and sustainable earth metals. Despite the success, the process was still not as stable as it needs to be in a PEM electrolyzer. Now, they have built on their previous discovery and developed a longer-lasting earth-abundant catalyst.  

The new catalyst is a form of manganese oxide (MnO2). The key finding was that reaction stability could be increased over 40 times by altering the catalyst’s lattice structure. Oxygen in the 3D lattice structure of manganese oxide comes in two configurations, planar and pyramidal. The planar version forms stronger bonds with manganese, and the researchers discovered that increasing the amount of planar oxygen in the lattice significantly enhanced catalytic stability.  

They tested four different manganese oxides, which varied in the percentage of planar oxygen. When using the version with the highest achievable percentage, 94%, the critical oxygen evolution reaction could be maintained in acid for one month at 1000 mA/cm2. The total amount of charge transferred in this case was 100 times more than anything seen in previous studies.  

When tested in a PEM electrolyzer, water electrolysis could be sustained for about 6 weeks at 200 mA/cm2. The total amount of water electrolyzed in this time period, and therefore the amount of hydrogen produced, was 10 times more than has been achieved in the past with other non-rare metal catalysts. “Surprisingly,” says co-first author Shuang Kong, “the improved stability did not come at a cost in activity, which is usually the case. A PEM water electrolyzer that generates hydrogen with an earth-abundant catalyst at a rate of 200 mA/cm2 is highly efficient.”    

There is still work to be done. Industrial applications typically require a stable current density of 1000 mA/cm2 that lasts for several years, rather than a month. Nevertheless, the researchers think that tangible, real-world applications will eventually be possible and contribute to carbon neutrality. “We will continue to modify catalyst structure to increase both current density and catalyst lifetime,” says Nakamura. “In the long-term, our efforts should help achieve the ultimate objective for all stakeholders -- to conduct PEM water electrolysis without the use of iridium.”  

In the meantime, the researchers hope that their findings will ignite further public interest in sustainable hydrogen production as a realistic solution for slowing fossil fuel-related climate change.  

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JOURNAL

Nature Catalysis

DOI

10.1038/s41929-023-01091-3 

 

Divining peak groundwater

Extraction peaks by mid-century could affect global trade

DOE/OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

 

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NEW RESEARCH PREDICTS PEAK GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION FOR KEY BASINS AROUND THE GLOBE BY THE YEAR 2050. THE MAP INDICATES GROUNDWATER STORAGE TRENDS FOR EARTH’S 37 LARGEST AQUIFERS USING DATA FROM THE NASA JET PROPULSION LABORATORY GRACE SATELLITE. 

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CREDIT: CREDIT: NASA

Groundwater withdrawals are expected to peak in about one-third of the world’s basins by 2050, potentially triggering significant trade and agriculture shifts, a new analysis finds. 

Scientists at Pacific Northwest and Oak Ridge national laboratories examined water, energy and food systems for 235 basins under 900 scenarios to analyze patterns in nonrenewable groundwater usage over the 21st century, as detailed in Nature Sustainability. 

“The world’s not running out of water, but how and where we source it looks likely to shift in the coming decades as major groundwater sources become unviable,” said Sean Turner, a water resources analyst at ORNL. 

Regions with the greatest current rates of depletion, including some in the United States, are more likely to face higher groundwater and food production costs by mid-century. The model can inform decision-making as regions shift to surface water and rainfall, different growing regions, imported food or other adaptative measures. — Stephanie Seay

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JOURNAL

Nature Sustainability

ARTICLE TITLE

Global peak water limit of future groundwater withdrawals

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

22-Apr-2024

 

Scientists capture X-rays from upward positive lightning

EPFL researchers have for the first time recorded X-rays being produced at the beginning of upward positive lightning flashes; an observation that gives important insight into the origins of this rare – and particularly dangerous – form of lightning

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE

 

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HIGH-SPEED CAMERA IMAGE OF AN UPWARD POSITIVE LIGHTNING FLASH © EMC EPFL CC BY SA

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CREDIT: © EMC EPFL CC BY SA

Globally, lightning is responsible for over 4,000 fatalities and billions of dollars in damage every year; Switzerland itself weathers up to 150,000 strikes annually. Understanding exactly how lightning forms is key for reducing risk, but because lightning phenomena occur on sub-millisecond timescales, direct measurements are extremely difficult to obtain.

Now, researchers from the Electromagnetic Compatibility Lab, led by Farhad Rachidi, in EPFL’s School of Engineering have for the first time directly measured an elusive phenomenon that explains a lot about the birth of a lightning bolt: X-ray radiation. In a collaborative study with the University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland and Uppsala University in Sweden, they recorded lightning strikes at the Säntis tower in northeastern Switzerland, identifying X-rays associated with the beginning of upward positive flashes. These flashes start with negatively charged tendrils (leaders) that ascend stepwise from a high-altitude object, before connecting with a thundercloud, transferring positive charge to the ground.

“At sea level, upward flashes are rare, but could become the dominant type at high altitudes. They also have the potential to be more damaging, because in an upward flash, lightning remains in contact with a structure for longer than it does during a downward flash, giving it more time to transfer electrical charge,” explains Electromagnetic Compatibility Lab PhD candidate Toma Oregel-Chaumont.

Although X-ray emissions have previously been observed from other types of lightning, this is the first time they have been captured from upward positive flashes. Oregel-Chaumont, the first author on a recent Nature Scientific Reports paper describing the observations, says that they offer valuable insights into how lightning – and upward lightning in particular – forms.

“The actual mechanism by which lightning initiates and propagates is still a mystery. The observation of upward lightning from tall structures like the Säntis tower makes it possible to correlate X-ray measurements with other simultaneously measured quantities, like high-speed video observations and electric currents.”

A unique observation opportunity

It’s perhaps not surprising that the novel observations were made in Switzerland, as the Säntis tower offers unique and ideal measurement conditions. The 124-meter tower is perched atop a high peak of the Appenzell Alps, making it a prime lightning target. There is a clear line of sight from neighboring peaks, and the expansive research facility is packed with

high-speed cameras, X-ray detectors, electric field sensors, and current-measuring devices.

Crucially, the speed and sensitivity of this equipment allowed the team to see a difference between negative leader steps that emitted X-rays and those that did not, supporting a theory of lightning formation known as the cold runaway electron model. In a nutshell, the association of X-rays with very rapid electric field changes supported the theory that sudden increases in the air’s electric field causes ambient electrons to “run away” and become a plasma: lightning. 

“As a physicist, I like to be able to understand the theory behind observations, but this information is also important for understanding lightning from an engineering perspective: More and more high-altitude structures, like wind turbines and aircraft, are being built from composite materials. These are less conductive than metals like aluminum, so they heat up more, making them vulnerable to damage from upward lightning,” Oregel-Chaumont says.

The observations at Säntis – which receives over 100 lightning strikes every year – are ongoing. Next, the scientists plan to add a microwave sensor to the tower’s arsenal of equipment; this could help determine whether the cold runaway model also applies to downward lightning, as unlike X-rays, microwaves can be measured from the clouds.

The Säntis tower in northeastern Switzerland © EMC EPFL CC BY SA

CREDIT

© EMC EPFL CC BY SA

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JOURNAL

Scientific Reports

DOI

10.1038/s41598-024-58520-x 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Observational study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Direct observations of X-rays produced by upward positive lightning

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

26-Apr-2024

 

Researchers propose groundbreaking framework for future network systems

ENGINEERING

 

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CONSTRUCTING THE IDEAL NETWORK SYSTEM THAT ARE “DESIGNED FOR CHANGES” AND “CAPABLE OF SYMBIOSIS AND COEXISTENCE”.

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CREDIT: JIANGXING WU, JUNFEI LI, PENGHAO SUN, YUXIANG HU, ZIYONG

In a new study published in Engineering, Academician Wu Jiangxing’s research team unveils a theoretical framework that could revolutionize the landscape of network systems and architectures. The paper titled “Theoretical Framework for a Polymorphic Network Environment,” addresses a fundamental challenge in network design—achieving global scalability while accommodating the diverse needs of evolving services.

For decades, the quest for an ideal network capable of seamlessly scaling across various dimensions has remained elusive. The team, however, has identified a critical barrier known as the “impossible service-level agreement (S), multiplexity (M), and variousness (V)  triangle” dilemma, which highlights the inherent limitations of traditional unimorphic network systems. These systems struggle to adapt to the growing complexity of services and application scenarios while maintaining global scalability throughout the network’s life cycle.

To overcome this challenge, the researchers propose a paradigm shift in network development—an approach they term the polymorphic network environment (PNE). At the core of this framework lies the separation of application network systems from the underlying infrastructure environment. By leveraging core technologies such as network elementization and dynamic resource aggregation, the PNE enables the creation of a versatile “network of networks” capable of accommodating diverse service requirements.

Through extensive theoretical analysis and environment testing, the team demonstrates the viability of the PNE model. Results indicate that the framework not only supports multiple application network modalities simultaneously but also aligns with technical and economic constraints, thus paving the way for scalable and adaptable network architectures.

This study challenges the conventional wisdom surrounding network design and offers a promising path towards achieving the elusive goal of an ideal network system. The PNE not only addresses the limitations of current approaches but also lays the foundation for a more flexible and resilient network infrastructure.

Looking ahead, the team aims to further refine the PNE framework and explore key techniques such as elemental extraction and flexible resource scheduling. By doing so, they seek to unlock the full potential of polymorphic network systems and usher in a new era of connectivity and innovation.

The publication of this paper marks a significant milestone in the field of network engineering, with implications that extend far beyond academia. As society becomes increasingly reliant on interconnected systems, the development of scalable and adaptable networks is more crucial than ever. With the PNE, researchers are one step closer to realizing this vision.

The paper “Theoretical Framework for a Polymorphic Network Environment,” authored by Jiangxing Wu, Junfei Li, Penghao Sun, Yuxiang Hu, Ziyong Li. Full text of the open access paper: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.018. For more information about the Engineering, follow us on Twitter (https://twitter.com/EngineeringJrnl) & like us on Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/EngineeringJrnl).

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JOURNAL

Engineering

DOI

10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.018 

ARTICLE TITLE

Theoretical Framework for a Polymorphic Network Environment

 

New favorite—smart electric wheel drive tractor: realizes efficient drive with ingenious structure and intelligent control

ENGINEERING

Electric tractors are intended to be used in the field instead of traditional fuel tractors and can be used in greenhouse planting, indoor farming, mountainous operations, and other special operating scenarios. Unlike traditional fuel tractors, electric tractors have no exhaust emissions, rapid drive system response, flexible power output, or other advantages. These scenarios require electric tractors to be able to adapt to complex drive and operating environments, putting higher requirements on the design of electric tractors and their control systems. Therefore, improving the operating efficiency of electric tractors and giving full play to their traction capacity have become urgent breakthrough issues.

Specifically, existing tractors suffer from reduced traction efficiency, low fuel efficiency, and high greenhouse gas emissions when ploughing on complex field surfaces. These issues are manifested as follows: high wheel slip due to the inability to achieve differential torque distribution between the left and right drive wheels, unreasonable front- and rear-axle load distribution due to the inability to continuously and intelligently regulate the fixed counterweight, and low tillage quality due to the inability of the electro-hydraulic suspension system to balance the agronomic requirements of the operation with the traction performance of the unit.

Therefore, in response to the problems of excessive greenhouse-gas and particulate emissions and the low traction efficiency of conventional diesel tractors in the field, a purely electric wheel-side drive tractor was studied, including an electric motor drive system, a battery ballast system, and an electro-hydraulic suspension system. This paper develops a dynamics model of an electric tractor-ploughing unit under complex soil conditions, leading to the proposal of an active control method for drive wheel torque and a joint control method for the traction force of the suspension system and the front- and rear-axle loads of a tractor. Finally, the tractor is prototyped and assembled, and ploughing tests are carried out. The ploughing results show that the active torque-distribution control method proposed in this study reduces the tractor slip by 14.83% and increases the traction efficiency by 10.28% compared with the average torque-distribution mode. Compared with the conventional traction control mode, the joint control method for traction and ballast proposed in this paper results in a 3.7% increase in traction efficiency, a 15.05% decrease in slip, and a 4.9% reduction in total drive motor energy consumption.

The main contributions of this work are as follows:

(1) A new overall configuration for an electric tractor, composed of a wheel-side motor independent drive system, a battery ballast system, and a direct-drive electro-hydraulic suspension system, is proposed to provide an intelligent carrier for the key system and the whole machine in order to realize high-efficiency control.

(2) To overcome the problems of longitudinal wheel slip, rearward shift of the center of gravity of the unit, and insufficient traction power of the whole tractor during field operation, a nine-degrees-of-freedom (9-DOFs) electric tractor dynamics model is constructed; moreover, an active control method for the driving wheel torque and a joint control method for the traction force and the front- and rear-axle loads are researched.

(3) This study will help to improve the operation quality and traction efficiency of electric tractors in complex soil conditions.

The paper titled “Reducing Operation Emissions and Improving Work Efficiency Using a Pure Electric Wheel Drive Tractor” was published in Engineering. Chang-kai Wen is listed as the first author, with Bin Xie and Zhi-jun Meng as the co-corresponding authors. The study also received guidance from Mr. Chun-jiang Zhao, who is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Full text of the open access paper: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.026. For more information about the Engineering, follow us on Twitter (https://twitter.com/EngineeringJrnl) & like us on Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/EngineeringJrnl).

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JOURNAL

Engineering

DOI

10.1016/j.eng.2024.01.026 

ARTICLE TITLE

Reducing Operation Emissions and Improving Work Efficiency Using a Pure Electric Wheel Drive Tractor

 

Breast cancer rates rising among Canadian women in their 20s, 30s and 40s

Researchers highlights need for immediate shift in public health policy as early detection is key to reducing breast cancer death and complications

UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

 

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"BREAST CANCER IN YOUNGER WOMEN TENDS TO BE DIAGNOSED AT LATER STAGES AND IS OFTEN MORE AGGRESSIVE," SAID LEAD AUTHOR DR. JEAN SEELY, Head of Breast Imaging AT THE OTTAWA HOSPITAL AND Professor IN THE DEPARTMENT OF RADIOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA. "IT’S ALARMING TO SEE RISING RATES AMONG WOMEN IN THEIR TWENTIES AND THIRTIES BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT REGULARLY SCREENED FOR BREAST CANCER.”

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CREDIT: UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA/THE OTTAWA HOSPITAL

Rates of breast cancer in women under the age of 50 are rising in Canada according to a study which showed an increase in breast cancer diagnoses among females in their Twenties, Thirties, and Forties.

Led by Dr. Jean Seely, this study published in the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal reviewed breast cancer cases over 35 years to shed light on trends in breast cancer detection in Canada.

"Breast cancer in younger women tends to be diagnosed at later stages and is often more aggressive," said Dr. Seely, Head of Breast Imaging at The Ottawa Hospital and Professor in the Department of Radiology at the University of Ottawa. "It’s alarming to see rising rates among women in their Twenties and Thirties because they are not regularly screened for breast cancer.”

Risk increases with age

Using data from the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System (1984-1991) and the Canadian Cancer Registry (1992-2019) at Statistics Canada, the research team, which included Larry Ellison from Statistics Canada and Dr. Anna Wilkinson, an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, looked at all women aged 20 to 54 who were diagnosed with breast cancer.

Their findings included:

• For women in their Twenties, there were 3.9 cases per 100,000 people between 1984 and 1988, compared to 5.7 cases per 100,000 between 2015 and 2019 for a 45.5% increase.
• For women in their Thirties, there were 37.7 cases per 100,000 people between 1984 and 1988, compared to 42.4 cases per 100,000 between 2015 and 2019 for a 12.5% increase.
• For women in their Forties, there were 127.8 cases per 100,000 people between 1984 and 1988, compared to 139.4 cases per 100,000 between 2015 and 2019 for a 9.1% increase.

The study’s results show the importance of targeting younger women in breast cancer awareness campaigns and screening programs. Most public health efforts focus on women over 50, but these findings suggest that younger women are increasingly at risk and may benefit from earlier and more frequent screenings.

Personal experience

Chelsea Bland is one of those women.

Hearing about a death from breast cancer at age 33 led Chelsea – then 28 – to conduct her own self-examination, where she discovered a lump. This led to screenings which ultimately led to a breast cancer diagnosis and subsequent treatment. While she is two years cancer free, she remains on hormone therapy today. The entire experience led Chelsea to help establish a local group that provides peer support for younger women – the average ages range between 28 to 40.

“I hope that by bringing awareness to this study it makes people think twice about saying that being in your twenties, thirties and forties is too young to have breast cancer. In my support group, I have heard the same story over and over again,” Chelsea says. “Young women are not being taken seriously after they find a lump because they are told they are too young for breast cancer. This has ultimately led to delays in being diagnosed and being diagnosed at a more advanced stage. We are not too young for this and this is happening to women who do not have any high-risk genetic markers for breast cancer, myself included.”

Improving awareness

The investigators say more research is needed to understand the root cause of rising breast cancer rates among younger women, information that could be used to develop targeted intervention strategies.

“We’re calling for increased awareness among health-care professionals and the public regarding the rising incidence of breast cancer in younger women,” said Dr. Seely, who alongside Dr. Wilkinson have long documented the benefits of early detection with screening for women in their forties. “We need to adapt our strategies and policies to reflect these changing trends, ensuring that all women, regardless of age, have access to the information and resources they need to detect and combat this disease.”

“Young women are not being taken seriously after they find a lump because they are told they are too young for breast cancer," says Chelsea Bland, who was diagnosed with breast cancer. "This has ultimately led to delays in being diagnosed and being diagnosed at a more advanced stage. We are not too young for this and this is happening to women who do not have any high-risk genetic markers for breast cancer, myself included.”

CREDIT

University of Ottawa

JOURNAL

Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal

DOI

10.1177/08465371241246422 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Data/statistical analysis

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

People

ARTICLE TITLE

Incidence of Breast Cancer in Younger Women – A Canadian Trend Analysis

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

26-Apr-2024

 

UNC Charlotte bioinformatics professor discovers surprising evolutionary pattern in landmark yeast study

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE

 

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YEAST COLONIES (ARTIFICIALLY COLORED)

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CREDIT: UNC CHARLOTTE

University of North Carolina at Charlotte Assistant Professor of Bioinformatics Abigail Leavitt LaBella has co-led an ambitious research study — published this week in the widely influential journal Science — that reports intriguing findings made through innovative artificial intelligence analysis about yeasts, the small fungi that are key contributors to biotechnology, food production and human health. The findings challenge accepted frameworks within which yeast evolution is studied and provide access to an incredibly rich yeast analysis dataset that could have major implications for future evolutionary biology and bioinformatics research.

LaBella, who joined UNC Charlotte’s Department of Bioinformatics in the College of Computing and Informatics as an assistant professor and researcher at the North Carolina Research Campus in 2022, conducted the study with co-lead author Dana A. Opulente of Villanova University. They collaborated with fellow researchers from Vanderbilt University and the University of Wisconsin at Madison, along with colleagues from research institutions across the globe.

This is the flagship study of the Y1000+ Project, a massive inter-institutional yeast genome sequencing and phenotyping endeavor that LaBella joined as a postdoctoral researcher at Vanderbilt University. 

“Yeasts are single-celled fungi that play critical roles in our everyday lives. They make bread and beer, are used in the production of medicine, can cause infection, and as close relatives to animals have helped us learn about how cancer works,” said LaBella. “We wanted to know how these small fungi have evolved to have such an incredible range of functions and features. With the characterization of over one thousand yeasts, we found that yeasts do not fit the adage ‘jack of all trades, master of none.’” 

This study contributes to basic understanding of how the microbes change over time while generating more than 900 new genome sequences for yeasts — many of which could be leveraged in biofungal fields such as agricultural pest control, drug development and biofuels production.  

LaBella and her co-authors — through an artificial intelligence-assisted, machine-learning analysis of the Y1000+ Project's dataset comprising 1,154 strains of the ancient, single-cell yeast Saccaromycotina — attempted to answer an important question. That is: Why do some yeasts eat (or metabolize) only a few types of carbon for energy while others can eat more than a dozen? 

The total number of carbon sources used by a yeast for energy is known in ecological terms as its carbon niche-breadth. Humans also vary in their carbon niche breadth — for example, some people can metabolize lactose while others cannot. 

Evolutionary biology research has supported two key overarching paradigms about niche breadth, the phenomenon explaining why some yeast organisms (“specialists”) evolve to be able to metabolize only a small number of carbon forms as fuel while others (“generalists”) evolve to be able to consume and grow on a broad variety of carbon forms. One of these paradigms illustrates that being a generalist comes with certain trade-offs compared to being a specialist. Notably, in the latter case, the ability to process a wide range of carbon forms comes at the expense of the yeast’s capacity to process and grow on each carbon form efficiently. The second is that these yeast specialists and generalists evolve to fit either profile due to the combined effects of different intrinsic traits of their respective genomes and different extrinsic influences based on the varying environments in which yeast organisms exist.

LaBella and her colleagues found ample evidence supporting the idea that there are identifiable, intrinsic genetic differences in yeast specialists versus generalists, specifically that generalists tend to have a larger total number of genes than specialists. For example, they found that generalists are more likely to be able to synthesize carnitine, a molecule that is involved in energy production and often sold as an exercise supplement.

But unexpectedly, their research found very limited evidence for the anticipated evolutionary trade-off of a yeast’s ability to process many forms of carbon coming at the expense of its ability to do so efficiently and grow accordingly, and vice versa.

“We saw that the yeasts that could grow on lots of carbon substrates are actually very good growers,” said LaBella. “That was a very surprising finding to us.”

While the findings of this specific experiment and the innovative machine-learning mechanisms used in its analysis could have major implications for bioinformatics, ecology, metabolics and evolutionary biology, the publishing of this study means that the Y1000+ Project’s massive compendium of yeast data is now available for scholars worldwide to use as a starting point to amplify their own yeast research.

“This dataset will be a huge resource going forward,” said LaBella.

  

Abigail Leavitt LaBella

CREDIT

UNC Charlotte

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JOURNAL

Science

DOI

10.1000/xyz123 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental study

ARTICLE TITLE

Genomic factors shape carbon and nitrogen metabolic niche breadth across Saccharomycotina yeasts

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

25-Apr-2024

COI STATEMENT

JLS was a scientific adviser for WittGen Biotechnologies and is an adviser for ForensisGroup, Inc. AR is a scientific consultant for LifeMine Therapeutics, Inc. The other authors declare no other competing interests.