Finding pearls in the mud: eco-friendly tungsten recovery from semiconductor waste

Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH)

 

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Schematic design and economic assessment of tungsten recovery processes from semiconductor wastewater

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Credit: POSTECH

Semiconductor industry waste is typically seen as a costly disposal problem and an environmental hazard. But what if this waste could be transformed into a valuable resource? In an exciting development, researchers from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) have unveiled an eco-friendly method to extract rare metals from semiconductor waste. This innovative approach not only recovers precious tungsten but also assesses its economic viability, offering a sustainable solution for waste management in the tech industry.

Professor Jeehoon Han from the Department of Chemical Engineering, alongside PhD candidate Yoonjae Lee and alumnus Hyunseo Choi, collaborated with Dr. Soonchun Chung and Dr. Joonsong Park from SAIT to pioneer an environmentally friendly and cost-effective process for tungsten recovery. Their research was featured as a supplementary cover in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.

Tungsten is widely used in electronics, semiconductors, aviation, and automotive industries. Given its rarity and the limited number of countries where it can be mined, research into recovering metals from industrial waste has become increasingly important. To prepare for the depletion of these metal resources, recovering metals from industrial wastewater is crucial. Industrial wastewater, if not properly treated, can severely impact water quality and soil, making this field of research a promising solution for both resource recovery and environmental protection.

In this study, the research team used bioleaching to recover tungsten from wastewater generated by the semiconductor manufacturing industry and assessed the economic feasibility of the technology. Microorganisms, which can derive energy necessary for survival and growth from metals, dissolve metals from ores or waste using their natural capabilities. This method, compared to traditional chemical processes, has a lower environmental impact and can extract metals at relatively low energy and cost.

The researchers utilized the fungus Penicillium simplicissimum, commonly found in soil, air, and plants, to dissolve tungsten and other metals. Following bioleaching, they recovered tungsten from the solution using two purification processes: activated carbon-based adsorption-desorption and ammonium paratungstate (APT) precipitation.

The economic analysis revealed that the activated carbon-based adsorption-desorption process was about 7 percent cheaper than the precipitation process. The study found that improving microbial strain adaptation and growth, as well as reducing reaction time, were crucial for enhancing process efficiency. The research confirmed the economic feasibility of an environmentally friendly process for treating semiconductor industry wastewater, highlighting its significance in preventing environmental pollution and recycling resources.

Professor Jeehoon Han of POSTECH highlighted, “Our study demonstrates the economic and industrial feasibility of an eco-friendly bioleaching process for tungsten recovery.” Dr. Soonchun Chung of SAIT added, “We aim to enhance the economic viability of this process by developing high-efficiency microbial strains.”

This research was supported by the Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology and the Young Researcher Program funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT.

Process flow diagram for tungsten recovery from semiconductor wastewater

Credit

POSTECH

Journal

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

DOI

10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c02941 

Article Title

Economic Feasibility Evaluation of Bioleaching-Based Tungsten Recycling of Semiconductor Industry Waste

More evidence on the dangerous attitudes of men who ogle

A new Edith Cowan University (ECU) study has provided further evidence that men who frequently stare at women’s bodies, rather than their faces, are more likely to harbour harmful attitudes and show tendencies that may lead to sexual assault

Edith Cowan University


A new Edith Cowan University (ECU) study has provided further evidence that men who frequently stare at women’s bodies, rather than their faces, are more likely to harbour harmful attitudes and show tendencies that may lead to sexual assault.

The study by ECU psychology researcher Dr Ross Hollett examined pervasive body gaze associations with explicit, implicit, and physiological sexual assault propensity measures. 



“The most significant finding is that pervasive body gaze behaviour in heterosexual men towards women is strongly correlated with various markers of sexual assault propensity,” Dr Hollett said.



“Specifically, pervasive body gaze is linked with rape myth acceptance attitudes, prior perpetration of sexual assault, stronger implicit associations between erotica and aggression, and lower physiological emotional responses to images of partially dressed injured women,” he said.



“This indicates that men who frequently engage in body gaze are more likely to hold insidious attitudes and exhibit behaviours that facilitate sexual assault and are potentially desensitised to victimised women.”



Excessive body gaze shown to be reliable marker



This study builds on previous research by further validating the ‘pervasive body gaze scale’, a self-report research method developed by Dr Hollett in 2022, which has been verified through the use of eye tracking technology to measure gaze patterns.



“The previous study established correlations between body gaze behaviour and victim-blaming attitudes,” Dr Hollett said.



“The current study extends these findings by demonstrating that pervasive body gaze also correlates with implicit and psychological measures related to sexual assault, as well as the actual perpetration of sexual assault, providing stronger evidence of the validity of the body gaze scale as a marker of sexual objectification and assault propensity.”



Implications for the research



Dr Hollett said understanding the attitudes and behaviours that precede or accompany sexual assault is crucial for predicting and reducing the likelihood of offending.



“Because pervasive body gaze is a readily observable social behaviour, these new insights offer valuable guidance for detecting deviant sexual objectification attitudes,” he said.



“This could be instrumental in developing risk assessments, estimating intervention efficacy, and enhancing public awareness about sexual assault and objectification.”



Future research



Dr Hollett said the next steps for the research involve implementing the pervasive body gaze scale in applied settings, such as prevention or intervention programs for university students or sex offenders.



“Longitudinal studies could track changes in body gaze behaviour and its correlation with sexual assault-related outcomes over time,” he said.



“Additionally, developing gaze intervention tasks to deliberately disrupt body gaze towards women and encourage face gaze behaviour could be beneficial. This could involve developing brief computerised attention tasks that aim to reduce cognitive and attentional biases towards women’s bodies.”



The paper ‘Evidence that pervasive body gaze behaviour in heterosexual men is a social marker for implicit, physiological, and explicit sexual assault propensities’ was published in the journal Archives of Sexual Behaviour.



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Media contact:



Tori Pree, (08) 6304 2208, v.pree@ecu.edu.au

or

ECU Corporate Relations, (08) 6304 2222, pr@ecu.edu.au



Journal

Archives of Sexual Behavior

DOI

10.1007/s10508-024-02953-y

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Evidence That Pervasive Body Gaze Behavior in Heterosexual Men Is a Social Marker for Implicit, Physiological, and Explicit Sexual Assault Propensities

 

Discovering how plants make life-and-death decisions

Michigan State University

 

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A Michigan State University researcher holds a vial of Arabidopsis seeds floating in water. Each seed can be as small as a grain of sand.

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Credit: Kara Headley/MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory

Researchers at Michigan State University have discovered two proteins that work together to determine the fate of cells in plants facing certain stresses.

Ironically, a key discovery in this finding, published recently in Nature Communications, was made right as the project's leader was getting ready to destress.

Postdoctoral researcher Noelia Pastor-Cantizano was riding a bus to the airport to fly out for vacation, when she decided to share a promising result she had helped gather a day earlier.

“I didn’t want to wait ten days until I came back to send it. It took almost two years to get there,” said Pastor-Cantizano, who then worked in the Brandizzi lab in the MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, or PRL.

"That's what I remember at the moment," Pastor-Cantizano said. "I was thinking 'I can relax now, at least for one week.'

Pastor-Cantizano had been working identify a gene in the model plant Arabidopsis that could control the plants response to stressors, which can lead to the plant’s death. She and her collaborators had identified a protein in Arabidopsis that seemed to control whether a plant would live or die under stress conditions.

Having identified the gene was just the beginning of the story, despite being years into the journey. It would take five more years to get to this new paper.

The researchers discovered that the proteins BON-associated protein2, or BAP2, and inositol-requiring enzyme 1, or IRE1, work together when dealing with stress conditions — a matter of life and death for plant cells.

Understanding how these proteins function can help researchers breed plants that are more resilient to death conditions.

Creating plants that are more resistant to endoplasmic reticulum stress, or ER stress, has widespread implications in agriculture. If crops can be made to be more resilient in the face of drought or heat conditions, the plants stand a better chance of surviving and thriving, despite the changing climate.

“Research in our lab is fueled by enthusiasm and gratitude to be able to make important contributions to science,” said Federica Brandizzi, MSU Research Foundation Professor in the Department of Plant Biology and at the PRL. “The work was herculean, and has been possible only thanks to the patience, enthusiasm and dedication of a wonderful team. Noelia was simply fantastic.”

Working in tandem

Within eukaryotic cells is an organelle known as the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER. It creates proteins and folds them into shapes the cell can utilize. Like cutting up vegetables to use in a recipe, the proteins must be formed into the right shape before they can be used.

Protein making and protein folding capacity must be in balance, like a sous chef and a chef, working in tandem. If the sous chef is providing the chef with too little or too many ingredients, it throws off the balance in the kitchen.

When the ER cannot properly do its job, or the balance is thrown off, it enters a state known as ER stress. The cell will jumpstart a mechanism known as the unfolded protein response, or UPR, to decide what to do next. If the problem can be resolved, the cell will initiative life saving measures to resolve the problem. If it cannot be, the cell begins to shut down, ending its and potentially the plant’s life.

It was known that the enzyme IRE1 was responsible for directing the mechanisms that would either save the cell or kill it off.

But what calls IRE1 to action?

In this study, the Brandizzi lab researchers were searching for the master regulator of these pro-death processes, known as programmed cell death.

“I had the idea because I read that irritable bowel disease is linked to a mutation in a gene controlled by IRE1 that occurs among humans,” Brandizzi said. “Humans are diverse and so are plants. So I thought to look into plant diversity as a source of new important findings in the UPR.”

The researchers started by looking at hundreds of accessions, or plants of the same species but specific to one locale. For example, a plant that grows in Colombia will have genetic variations to the same species of plant that grows in Spain, and the ways they each respond to stress conditions could differ.

They found extensive variation in the response to ER stress between the different accessions. Taking the accessions whose responses were the most dissimilar, they tried to identify the differences in their genomes. This is where the BAP2 gene candidate came into play.

“We found that BAP2 responds to ER stress,” said Pastor-Cantizano, who is currently a postdoc at the University of Valencia. “And the cool thing is that it is able to control and modify the activity of IRE1. But also IRE1 is able to regulate BAP2 expression.”

BAP2 and IRE1 work together, signaling to each other what the best course of action for the cell is. Having one without the other results in the death of the plant when the ER homeostasis is unbalanced.

Seven years

From start to finish, this project took over seven years of dedicated work.

Day in and out, the researchers spent their time tediously placing seeds onto plates with a medium in which they could grow. Arabidopsis seeds are not much larger than grains of sand at their smallest, so this was delicate work that required time and attention.

From there, the researchers spent several more months with these plants, looking at the accessions offsprings and identifying how BAP2 worked within the plants. This took another few years.

“It has been a long road with its obstacles, but it has been worth it,” said Pastor-Cantizano. “When I started this project, I couldn't imagine how it would end.”

This work was funded by the National Institutes of Health, with contributing support from Chemical Sciences, Geoscience and Biosciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy; the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research; and MSU AgBioResearch. Additional contributing support comes from the Generalitat Valenciana, “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR.”

 

 

A Michigan State University researcher carefully plates Arabidopsis seeds, which consists of placing seeds in water and dropping them one at a time onto a plate with a growth substrate. Once the seeds sprout, they can be potted and grown for research.

Credit

Kara Headley/MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory

Journal

Nature Communications

DOI

10.1038/s41467-024-50105-6 

Article Title

Programmed cell death regulator BAP2 is required for IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response in Arabidopsis

 

Using photos or videos, these AI systems can conjure simulations that train robots to function in physical spaces

University of Washington

Researchers working on large artificial intelligence models like ChatGPT have vast swaths of internet text, photos and videos to train systems. But roboticists training physical machines face barriers: Robot data is expensive, and because there aren’t fleets of robots roaming the world at large, there simply isn’t enough data easily available to make them perform well in dynamic environments, such as people’s homes.

Some researchers have turned to simulations to train robots. Yet even that process, which often involves a graphic designer or engineer, is laborious and costly.

Two new studies from University of Washington researchers introduce AI systems that use either video or photos to create simulations that can train robots to function in real settings. This could significantly lower the costs of training robots to function in complex settings.

In the first study, a user quickly scans a space with a smartphone to record its geometry. The system, called RialTo, can then create a “digital twin” simulation of the space, where the user can enter how different things function (opening a drawer, for instance). A robot can then virtually repeat motions in the simulation with slight variations to learn to do them effectively. In the second study, the team built a system called URDFormer, which takes images of real environments from the internet and quickly creates physically realistic simulation environments where robots can train.

The teams presented their studies — the first on July 16 and the second on July 19 — at the Robotics Science and Systems conference in Delft, Netherlands.

“We’re trying to enable systems that cheaply go from the real world to simulation,” said Abhishek Gupta, a UW assistant professor in the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering and co-senior author on both papers. “The systems can then train robots in those simulation scenes, so the robot can function more effectively in a physical space. That’s useful for safety — you can’t have poorly trained robots breaking things and hurting people — and it potentially widens access. If you can get a robot to work in your house just by scanning it with your phone, that democratizes the technology.”

While many robots are currently well suited to working in environments like assembly lines, teaching them to interact with people and in less structured environments remains a challenge.

“In a factory, for example, there's a ton of repetition,” said lead author of the URDFormer study Zoey Chen, a UW doctoral student in the Allen School. “The tasks might be hard to do, but once you program a robot, it can keep doing the task over and over and over. Whereas homes are unique and constantly changing. There’s a diversity of objects, of tasks, of floorplans and of people moving through them. This is where AI becomes really useful to roboticists.”

The two systems approach these challenges in different ways.

RialTo — which Gupta created with a team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology — has someone pass through an environment and take video of its geometry and moving parts. For instance, in a kitchen, they’ll open cabinets and the toaster and the fridge. The system then uses existing AI models — and a human does some quick work through a graphic user interface to show how things move — to create a simulated version of the kitchen shown in the video. A virtual robot trains itself through trial and error in the simulated environment by repeatedly attempting tasks such as opening that toaster oven — a method called reinforcement learning.

By going through this process in the simulation, the robot improves at that task and works around disturbances or changes in the environment, such as a mug placed beside the toaster. The robot can then transfer that learning to the physical environment, where it’s nearly as accurate as a robot trained in the real kitchen.

The other system, URDFormer, is focused less on relatively high accuracy in a single kitchen; instead, it quickly and cheaply conjures hundreds of generic kitchen simulations. URDFormer scans images from the internet and pairs them with existing models of how, for instance, those kitchen drawers and cabinets will likely move. It then predicts a simulation from the initial real-world image, allowing researchers to quickly and inexpensively train robots in a huge range of environments. The trade-off is that these simulations are significantly less accurate than those that RialTo generates.

“The two approaches can complement each other,” Gupta said. “URDFormer is really useful for pre-training on hundreds of scenarios. RialTo is particularly useful if you've already pre-trained a robot, and now you want to deploy it in someone’s home and have it be maybe 95% successful.”

Moving forward, the RialTo team wants to deploy its system in peoples’ homes (it’s largely been tested in a lab), and Gupta said he wants to incorporate small amounts of real-world training data with the systems to improve their success rates.

“Hopefully, just a tiny amount of real-world data can fix the failures,” Gupta said. “But we still have to figure out how best to combine data collected directly in the real world, which is expensive, with data collected in simulations, which is cheap, but slightly wrong.”

On the URDFormer paper additional co-authors include the UW’s Aaron Walsman, Marius Memmel, Alex Fang — all doctoral students in the Allen School; Karthikeya Vemuri, an undergraduate in the Allen School; Alan Wu, a masters student in the Allen School; and Kaichun Mo, a research scientist at NVIDIA. Dieter Fox, a professor in the Allen School, was a co-senior author. On the URDFormer paper additional co-authors include MIT’s Marcel Torne, Anthony Simeonov, Tao Chen — all doctoral students; Zechu Li, a research assistant; and April Chan, an undergraduate. Pulkit Agrawal, an assistant professor at MIT, was a co-senior author. The URDFormer research was partially funded by Amazon Science Hub. The RialTo research was partially funded by the Sony Research Award, the U.S. Government and Hyundai Motor Company.

For more information, contact Gupta at abhgupta@cs.washington.edu and Chen at qiuyuc@uw.edu.

---

Article Title

URDFormer: A Pipeline for Constructing Articulated Simulation Environments from Real-World Images

When is too much knowledge a bad thing?

A Knowledge Curse: How Knowledge Can Reduce Human Welfare

CORNELL UNIVERSITY MEDIA RELATIONS OFFICE

FOR RELEASE: August 7, 2024

Kaitlyn Serrao

607-882-1140

kms465@cornell.edu

When is too much knowledge a bad thing?

ITHACA, N.Y. – A new study finds an increase in knowledge could be a bad thing when people use it to act in their own self-interest rather than in the best interests of the larger group.

Cornell University economics professor Kaushik Basu and Jörgen Weibull, professor emeritus at the Stockholm School of Economics, are co-authors of “A Knowledge Curse: How Knowledge Can Reduce Human Welfare,” published Aug. 7 in Royal Society Open Science.

According to the pair, even for a group of rational individuals, greater knowledge can backfire. And, they said, enhanced knowledge about an existing reality – such as the cost-benefit of wearing a face mask to help prevent the spread of disease – may hinder cooperation among purely self-interested individuals.

“We assume that a scientific breakthrough that gives us a deeper understanding of the world can only help,” said Basu. “Our paper shows that in the real world, where many people live and strive individually or in small groups to do well for themselves, this intuition may not hold. Science may not be the panacea we take it to be.”

Basu and Weibull build the case – with modeling in a theoretical two-player Base Game – that the “knowledge curse” can happen if, at first, only a few people are privy to the greater knowledge.

In the Base Game, each player has two actions to choose from. There are four combinations of actions, each with expected payoffs to both players. Each player chooses to maximize their own payoff.

However, if another set of options is added that introduces the chance that the other player would get nothing, along with an option of a very small payoff for both, the mutual small reward becomes more appealing – a form of the Prisoner’s Dilemma, in which two “prisoners” can either cooperate for mutual benefit or betray their partner for individual reward. In other words, more “knowledge” can lead to worse overall outcomes.

The paper goes further and shows that a scientific breakthrough that does not add any new option but simply deepens the players’ understanding of the payoffs and their fluctuations can make the players worse off.

The authors extend their theoretical calculations into real-world dilemmas, such as crafting policy without knowing the full contours of a problem. The drafting of a nation’s constitution, for instance, must anticipate and address problems likely to occur well into a future with unknowable sets of circumstances. “Such preemptive laws have conferred large benefits to humankind,” the authors wrote.

“By drawing attention to this paradoxical result,” Basu said, “the paper urges policymakers and even the lay person to think of preemptive actions, agreements and moral commitments that we as human beings should take and make to avert disasters that future scientific advances can cause.

“Science can yield huge benefits, but we need safeguards,” he said. “What those are, we do not know. But the paper urges us to pay attention to this.”

Funding for this research came from the Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation.

For additional information, read this Cornell Chronicle story.

Cornell University has dedicated television and audio studios available for media interviews.

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Journal

Royal Society Open Science

Article Publication Date

7-Aug-2024

 

Work-from-home success might depend on home office setup

Dutch survey study links air ventilation and other home-office factors to productivity levels

PLOS

 

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Dutch employees who worked from home tended to report higher levels of productivity and less burnout if they were more satisfied with their home office setup, according to the new study.

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Credit: Domenico Loia, Unsplash, CC0 (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)

In a new survey study, Dutch employees who worked from home tended to report higher levels of productivity and less burnout if they were more satisfied with their home office setup. The study also linked more air ventilation in the home office to higher self-reported productivity. Martijn Stroom and colleagues at Maastricht University in the Netherlands report these findings in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on August 7, 2024.

In recent years, thanks in large part to the COVID-19 pandemic and technological advancements, working from home has become the “new normal” for many workers who otherwise would have worked in offices. Researchers are increasingly exploring factors that may influence job satisfaction and productivity among employees who work from home, such as whether a particular job is well-suited for remote work.

However, few studies have looked at potential links between productivity, job satisfaction, and the physical home office environment. To address this knowledge gap, Stroom and colleagues surveyed 1,002 Dutch at-home workers about various characteristics of their home offices, as well as about their productivity, job satisfaction, and related measures. They applied statistical tools known as logistic regressions and structural equation models to identify links between the various factors.

The analysis showed that workers who had higher levels of satisfaction with their home office setup—including both environmental factors such as temperature and noise, as well as hardware items such as office chairs and screens—tended to have higher self-reported productivity and a lower propensity towards professional burnout.

The researchers also found that a higher level of air ventilation in the home office during the workday was statistically linked with higher productivity, greater willingness to continue working from home in the future, and lower propensity to burnout. This finding is in line with prior research linking air quality to workplace productivity. Moreover, they found a distinct discrepancy between the amount of ventilation and the most closely related self-reported satisfaction scores of indoor air, rates bringing to light the shortcomings of heavily relying on these self-reported scores which have been the basis for most literature and policy.

On the basis of their findings, the researchers suggest that investment in home-office hardware and environmental factors—supported by objective measurements of the indoor climate—could help ensure the future success of work-from-home policies. Meanwhile, additional research could help clarify any causal relationships between the factors explored in this study.

The authors add: “The physical climate of the home office plays a key role in work-from-home productivity. Different home offices are likely to lead to different willingness to work from home and work-from-home success!”

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In your coverage please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS ONE: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0306475

Citation: Stroom M, Eichholtz P, Kok N (2024) Does working from home work? That depends on the home. PLoS ONE 19(8): e0306475. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306475

Author Countries: The Netherlands

Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

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Journal

PLoS ONE

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0306475 

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Does working from home work? That depends on the home

Article Publication Date

7-Aug-2024

COI Statement

 

Trained dogs can sniff out CWD, a disease of major concern, in the droppings of farmed and wild deer, offering potential for non-invasive surveillance

PLOS

 

image: 

Glen J. Golden, Study Director, is running Moose during a single trial (out of 20) of the 1-in-5 scratch box assay used to monitor operantly conditioned responses of trained dogs to odors emitted from fecal samples derived from avian influenza virus-positive and avian influenza virus-negative donor mallards. The positive sample is in position 2 as Moose is indicating with a scratch alert. 

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Credit: Raja Basak-Smith, CC-BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Trained dogs can sniff out CWD, a disease of major concern, in the droppings of farmed and wild deer, offering potential for non-invasive surveillance

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Article URL:  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0303225

Article Title: Biodetection of an odor signature in white-tailed deer associated with infection by chronic wasting disease prions

Author Countries: USA

Funding: TWRA AP-14839 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and WILDLIFE RESOURCES AGENCY, TENNESSEE https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/business-services/financial-management-division/financial_services_branch/agreements_service_center/terms-conditions-for-aphis-awards Dan Grove helped with study design, decision to publish and manuscript preparation TWRA APP-17383 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service and WILDLIFE RESOURCES AGENCY, TENNESSEE https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/business-services/financial-management-division/financial_services_branch/agreements_service_center/terms-conditions-for-aphis-awards Dan Grove helped with study design, decision to publish and manuscript preparation GJG APP-15390 National Wildlife Research Center https://www.aphis.usda.gov/national-wildlife-programs/nwrc No role played by funders GJG 22-7400-1646-CA National Wildlife Research Center https://www.aphis.usda.gov/national-wildlife-programs/nwrc No role played by funders.

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Journal

PLoS ONE

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0303225 

Article Title

Biodetection of an odor signature in white-tailed deer associated with infection by chronic wasting disease prions

Article Publication Date

7-Aug-2024

COI Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.