Friday, October 11, 2024

 

E-waste experts urge public: Stop trashing electronic products with ordinary garbage (International E-Waste Day Oct. 14 )


14 tonnes of e-waste discarded with regular household garbage every year equals in weight ~24,000 of the world's heaviest passenger planes – enough to form a queue from London-Helsinki, NY-Miami, Cairo-Tripoli, Bangkok- Calcutta



WEEE Forum

International E-Waste Day 

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E-waste is growing in volume five times faster than e-waste recycling.  Organisations involved in effective and responsible e-waste management awareness-raising activities for 14 October, International E-Waste Day.  These range from social media, TV and radio campaigns to city or school e-waste collections and more.

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Credit: WEEE Forum




To mark the upcoming International E-Waste Day, Oct. 14, consumers worldwide are urged to collect dead and/or unused electronics and electrical products and give them a second life through reuse or repair, or recycle them properly.  

Above all: stop tossing them out in household waste bins.

The Global E-waste Monitor 2024, authored by UNITAR in cooperation with ITU, reported almost a quarter of end-of-life electronic waste ends up in home trash, squandering billions of dollars worth of copper, gold and other precious metals, materials critical to the production of such products, along with valuable plastics, and glass.

The 14 million tonnes of e-waste (dead or unused products with a battery or plug) discarded with ordinary household waste equals the weight of ~24,000 of the world's heaviest passenger aircraft – enough to form an unbroken queue of giant planes from London to Helsinki, NY to Miami, Cairo to Tripoli, or Bangkok to Calcutta.

Says Pascal Leroy, Director General of the Brussels-based Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Forum: "Small electronic and electrical goods such as mobile phones, toys, remote controls, game consoles, headphones, lamps, screens and monitors, heating and cooling equipment, and chargers are everywhere. And electronic components embedded in consumer products large and small – even clothing – are now omnipresent. The 844 million e-cigarettes thrown away in 2022 alone contained enough lithium, for example, to power 15,000 electric cars.”

Adds Magdalena Charytanowicz of the WEEE Forum in charge of International E-Waste Day:"We know what to do, and we can do better."

Ms. Charytanowicz says the place to start is the junk drawer, a common feature of homes around the world.

Globally, there are 108 mobile phone subscriptions per 100 people. And earlier surveys have shown that European households alone store about 700 million unused or non-functioning mobile phones – an average of more than two per household.

Why people hoard

She adds that "hoarding is an issue predominantly in wealthier countries. Elsewhere, reasons for keeping appliances are often personal data concerns or a desire to recover some of their value."

A 2022 survey helped explain why so many EU households and businesses fail to bring WEEE in for repair or recycling.

Undertaken by WEEE Forum members – not-for-profit entities that collect e-waste from households and businesses on behalf of manufacturers, and consolidated by UNITAR’s Sustainable Cycles (SCYCLE) Programme, the survey showed the average European household contains 74 e-products, such as phones, tablets, laptops, electric tools, hair dryers, toasters and other appliances (excluding lamps). The survey sample included 8,775 households across a diverse group of European Union countries – Portugal, Netherlands, Italy, Romania and Slovenia – combined with a UK survey, 

Of the 74 average total e-products, 13 were being hoarded (9 of them unused but working, 4 broken).

Top reasons for hoarding in Europe:

  • Might use it again in the future (46%) 
  • Plan to sell / give it away (15%)
  • Has sentimental value (13%)
  • Might have value in the future (9%)
  • Don’t know how to dispose of it (7%)

Others include:

  • Didn't have time, forgot about it, does not take up too much space (3%)
  • Planned use in secondary residence (3%)
  • Presence of sensitive data (2%)
  • There is no incentive to recycle (1%)

Complementary research reveals what motivates people to recycle e-waste:

  • Knowledge – understanding where and how to dispose of e-waste and why our actions can make a difference; 
  • Convenient collection points – making it easy for consumers to make the right gesture;
  • Compensation – some consumers are motivated by financial or other type of compensations; 
  • Social norms – following what others do
  • Care for the environment – a growing concern for many;
  • Benefits to charities – doing something good for others, such as offering unused appliances for reuse, is a great motivator 

People are often surprised by information about the positive CO2 impact of e-waste recycling or simply happy to have done the ‘right thing’. See videos at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwqZMb95b3Q 

Many Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs) – members of the WEEE Forum – organise communication campaigns and provide collection points, now more than 183,000 in all. To date, PROs have collected, cleaned, and recycled or sent for refurbishment 41.6 million tonnes of WEEE, with 3.1 million tonnes collected in 2022. 

Great progress is being made but everyone has a role to play as the volumes of e-waste generated grow rapidly, says Ms. Charytanowicz.

Urging people to Join the E-Waste Hunt -- Retrieve, Recycle and Revive -- the WEEE Forum outlined the Five Ws of E-Waste recycling:

What: Any product with a battery or plug.

Where: WEEE Forum members' collection points: weee-forum.org/members, or any other official e-waste collection point

Why: According to Global E-waste Monitor 2024 (UNITAR / ITU):

  • Global e-waste management reduces CO2 equivalent emissions by 93 billion kg annually, equivalent to the annual emissions of more than 20 million cars
  • Proper e-waste recycling avoids leakages of harmful substance such as lead or cadmium to the environment
  • In 2022, e-waste produced globally contained approximately 4 billion kg of metals classified as critical raw materials, including 3.9 billion kg of aluminium, 34 million kg of cobalt, and 28 million kg of antimony
  • Recovering and reusing secondary raw materials from e-waste in 2022 avoided the need to mine 900 million tonnes of ore (the weight of 17,200 Titanics)

Who: You

When: Now

Says Cosmas Luckyson Zavazava, Director, ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau: “Almost 80% of the world's population today own a mobile phone. Among them, there are those who have several devices, in some cases, each with its own type of chargers, cables and accessories. I call on everyone to ensure the proper recycling of these devices, which is key to reducing their environmental impact and minimizing resource scarcity.”

“We need to keep monitoring the development in the years to come, as the global rise of e-waste generation is outpacing the formal collection and recycling by five times since 2010,” said Kees Baldé, Senior Scientific Specialist at UNITAR SCYCLE, and a lead researcher behind the Global e-Waste Monitor.”

* * * * *

International e-Waste Day (#ewasteday)

Last year, over 195 organisations from 55 countries supported the 4th International E-Waste Day observance. This year, the WEEE Forum invited all organisations involved in effective and responsible e-waste management to plan awareness-raising activities for 14 October. These range from social media, TV and radio campaigns to city or school e-waste collections or even artistic performances.  

www.internationalewasteday.com 


UN research shows 62 billion kg of e-waste were generated globally in 2022 -- 29 kg for each household on Earth

Credit

WEEE Forum

WEEE Forum 

The WEEE Forum (a.i.s.b.l.*) is a Brussels-based for-impact association representing 53 sector-mandated producer responsibility organisations (PROs) worldwide. Through our members’ collective knowledge of the technical, business and operational aspects of collection, logistics, de-pollution, processing, preparing for reuse, and reporting of e-waste, we are at the forefront of making extended producer responsibility an effective waste management policy. Our mission is to be the world’s foremost e-waste competence centre, excelling in the implementation of the circularity principle. 

Member PROs are based in Europe, Oceania, Africa, Asia and the Americas: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Czechia, Cyprus, Denmark, Italy, Greece, Georgia, France, Iceland, India, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Since their founding, the WEEE Forum’s producer responsibility organisations have collected, de-polluted and recycled or sent for preparation for re-use 41.6 million tonnes of WEEE. More than 3.1 million tonnes of this was collected in 2022.

(*) Association internationale sans but lucratif/international non-for-profit association

www.weee-forum.org

Correspondence: pascal.leroy@weee-forum.org 

* * * * *

WEEE Forum member contacts (for national e-waste insights):

* * * * *

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Hospitals that are understaffed for infection prevention and control have higher rates of infection, study says



Nearly 4 in 5 hospitals are not staffed at sufficient level to keep patients safe from preventable infections



Association for Professionals in Infection Control


 

Arlington, Va. — October 10, 2024 — Inadequate infection prevention and control staffing levels are associated with higher rates of healthcare-associated infections, according to a new study published today in the American Journal of Infection Control.

The study, conducted by the APIC Center for Research, Practice & Innovation, summarizes a pilot project to evaluate a new online calculator aimed at providing facility-specific recommendations for infection prevention staffing.

Infection prevention and control programs with staffing levels that are below expected demonstrated significantly higher rates of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), Clostridioides difficile infections, and colon surgical site infections.

For example, 25% of facilities staffed at lower-than-expected staffing levels had elevated CAUTI rates, as compared to only 7% of hospitals with expected or above expected staffing levels.

In an analysis of 390 acute care hospitals that participated in the study, the calculator tool identified nearly 80% (79.2%) as having insufficient staff levels in this area.

Historically, hospitals utilized benchmarks that relied on a ratio of infection preventionists (IPs) per inpatient bed (ranging from 69-100 beds in the last decade). This traditional “one size fits all” method for calculating appropriate IP staffing levels is inadequate and outdated in the modern complex healthcare environment.    

Recognizing the need for a more customized recommendation for IP staffing, APIC developed an online staffing calculator with a predictive algorithm that allows users to enter information about their hospital facility and receive an assessment of staffing needs specific to them. The calculator adjusts optimal staffing ratios based on factors such as the complexity of services provided or the presence of an emergency department, burn unit, stem cell transplant unit, or inpatient rehabilitation unit.

“This facility-specific calculator for infection prevention and control staffing levels is a completely novel tool for our community and one that is clearly needed to help hospitals advocate for adequate resources to keep patients and healthcare workers safe,” said Rebecca Bartles, DrPH, MPH, CIC, FAPIC, executive director of the Center for Research, Practice & Innovation at APIC and lead author of this study. “We look forward to updating the calculator soon with new categories and more granularity based on our experience with the beta tool and to making it available to the IP and broader healthcare communities.”

Additional details from the study include:

  • Hospitals included ranged in size from eight beds to more than 2,000 beds
  • Staffing levels ranged from 1 IP per 40 beds at small hospitals (fewer than 25 beds) to a peak of 1 IP per 161 beds in hospitals with 301-400 beds
  • More than 85% of respondents who believed their staff levels were inadequate came from hospitals found to have lower than expected IP staffing.

 

“This study lays to rest any doubt about the critical need for appropriate levels of IP staffing, identifying an undeniable link between sufficient infection prevention and control resources and patient safety, as measured by rates of healthcare-associated infections,” said Tania Bubb, PhD, RN, CIC, FAPIC, 2024 APIC president. “I believe this calculator will be essential for ensuring that healthcare facilities can target optimal IP staff numbers and improve patient care. It’s an excellent example of the research and development APIC is doing to enhance infection prevention and control everywhere.”

APIC calls on hospital leadership to require use of the staffing calculator to evaluate the need for IP staff, and more importantly, make needed investments in IP staffing per the customized staffing recommendations for their institutions. Additionally, APIC urges the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and standards bodies to require use of the APIC staffing calculator to determine appropriate IP staffing needs.

 About APIC

Founded in 1972, the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) is the leading association for infection preventionists and epidemiologists. With more than 15,000 members, APIC advances the science and practice of infection prevention and control. APIC carries out its mission through research, advocacy, and patient safety; education, credentialing, and certification; and fostering development of the infection prevention and control workforce of the future. Together with our members and partners, we are working toward a safer world through the prevention of infection. Join us and learn more at apic.org.

About AJIC

As the official peer-reviewed journal of APIC, The American Journal of Infection Control (AJIC) is the foremost resource on infection control, epidemiology, infectious diseases, quality management, occupational health, and disease prevention. Published by Elsevier, AJIC also publishes infection control guidelines from APIC and the CDC. AJIC is included in Index Medicus and CINAHL. Visit AJIC at ajicjournal.org.

NOTES FOR EDITORS

“Closing the Gap on Infection Prevention Staffing Recommendations: Results from the Beta Version of the APIC Staffing Calculator,” by Rebecca Bartles, Sara Reese, and Alexandr Gumbar, was published online in AJIC on October 10, 2024. Available at:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2024.09.004

AUTHORS

Rebecca Bartles, DrPH, MPH, CIC, FAPIC (corresponding author: rbartles@apic.org), Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Center for Research, Practice & Innovation

Sara Reese, PhD, MPH, CIC, FAPIC, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Center for Research, Practice & Innovation

Alexandr Gumbar, SA, CSM, MCSE, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Information Technology

# # #

Journal

American Journal of Infection Control

DOI

10.1016/j.ajic.2024.09.004 

Method of Research

Data/statistical analysis

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Closing the Gap on Infection Prevention Staffing Recommendations: Results from the Beta Version of the APIC Staffing Calculator

Article Publication Date

10-Oct-2024

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Ketamine pioneer Dr. Carlos A. Zarate Jr. reshapes depression treatment landscape



Genomic Press Interview reveals personal journey and scientific breakthroughs of NIH Distinguished Investigator



Reports and Proceedings

Genomic Press

Carlos A. Zarate Jr, MD, 

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Carlos A. Zarate Jr, MD, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA.

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Credit: Carlos A. Zarate Jr, MD,




Bethesda, Maryland - 10 October 2024. In a revealing Genomic Press Interview published on 10 October 2024, Dr. Carlos A. Zarate Jr., NIH Distinguished Investigator and pioneer in rapid-acting antidepressant research, offers a glimpse into the personal motivations and scientific breakthroughs that have defined his career. The interview, part of the journal's Innovators and Ideas series, showcases Dr. Zarate's journey from a young tennis instructor in Argentina to a leading figure in psychiatric research at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

Dr. Zarate's work has fundamentally altered the landscape of depression treatment, particularly through his team's groundbreaking research on ketamine. "The ultimate goal of all my research efforts is to develop better and safer treatments for our patients and alleviate the suffering of millions of individuals worldwide with mood disorders," Dr. Zarate states in the interview.

His research has demonstrated that ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, can produce rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects within hours, challenging the traditional paradigm of weeks-long wait times for antidepressant efficacy. This discovery has opened new avenues for understanding the neurobiology of depression and developing targeted, fast-acting treatments.

Dr. Zarate's innovative approach extends beyond the laboratory. He employs a bi-directional translational strategy, seamlessly integrating clinical, behavioral, and imaging technologies with basic science collaborations. This holistic method has led to numerous breakthroughs in mood disorders research, addressing critical issues such as treatment resistance and suicidal ideation.

The interview explores Dr. Zarate's current research focus, including a Phase 2 trial of a ketamine metabolite, (2R,6R)-HNK, which promises the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine without its anesthetic or dissociative side effects. This development could potentially revolutionize depression treatment, offering a safer alternative with reduced risk of misuse.

Dr. Zarate's commitment to mentorship and collaboration shines through in the interview. "I really enjoy seeing [trainees] progress through their careers from training to independence," he shares. His emphasis on "Team Science" - involving universities, government, private foundations, industry, and advocacy groups - underscores the collaborative nature of transformative research in mental health.

The Genomic Press Interview also offers personal insights into Dr. Zarate's life philosophy and values. When asked about his greatest achievement, he points to "setting up the necessary systems and infrastructure to investigate current and future problems in psychiatric research." This response highlights his forward-thinking approach and dedication to advancing the field beyond his own contributions.

As the interview reveals Dr. Zarate's multifaceted approach to mental health research, several questions emerge for further exploration:

1. How might the success of rapid-acting antidepressants like ketamine reshape our understanding of mood disorders at a neurobiological level?

2. What potential applications could Dr. Zarate's research have for other areas of psychiatry, such as anxiety disorders or PTSD?

3. How can the "Team Science" approach be further leveraged to accelerate breakthroughs in mental health treatment?

Dr. Carlos A. Zarate Jr.’s Genomic Press interview is part of a larger series that highlights the people behind today’s most influential scientific ideas. Each interview in the series offers a blend of cutting-edge research and personal reflections, providing readers with a comprehensive view of the scientists shaping the future. By combining a focus on professional achievements with personal insights, this interview style invites a richer narrative that both engages and educates readers. This format provides an ideal starting point for profiles that delve into the scientist’s impact on the field, while also touching on broader human themes. More information on the research leaders and research rising stars featured by Genomic Press can be found in our website: https://genomicpress.com.

The full Genomic Press Interview, titled “Carlos A. Zarate, Jr.: Using clinical translational neuroscience to develop the next generation of antidepressant treatments that act more rapidly and effectively” is available on 10 October 2024 in Brain Medicine, offering readers an unparalleled opportunity to explore the thoughts and experiences of one of the most influential minds in mental health research. The article is freely available online at https://bm.genomicpress.com/aop/

About Brain Medicine: Brain Medicine (ISSN: 2997-2639) is a peer-reviewed journal published by Genomic Press, New York. Brain Medicine is a new home for the cross-disciplinary pathway from innovation in fundamental neuroscience to translational initiatives in brain medicine. The journal’s scope includes the underlying science, causes, outcomes, treatments, and societal impact of brain disorders, across all clinical disciplines and their interface.

Method of Research

News article

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Carlos A. Zarate, Jr.: Using clinical translational neuroscience to develop the next generation of antidepressant treatments that act more rapidly and effectively

Article Publication Date

10-Oct-2024

COI Statement

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The hidden costs of free apps – more than personal data



Linköping University
Hidden costs 

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Rsearchers at Linköping University and RISE, have investigated the costs hidden behind the seemingly free apps.

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Credit: Anna Nilsen




Procrastination, sleep deprivation and reduced focus are part of the price we pay for free mobile apps. This is according to researchers at Linköping University and RISE, who have investigated the costs hidden behind the free apps. Based on their results, they also have some advice for decision-makers.
 
Most of us are becoming aware that our digital attention is hard currency for companies like Google and Facebook. By analysing our digital behaviour patterns, they can target tailored advertising directly to our feeds. Our attention becomes the product that is sold to advertisers. For example, YouTube’s three billion monthly users generated about €30 billion in revenue – mainly from services perceived as free.

Often, this data is collected through mobile applications that do not cost money to download and install. But according to researchers from LiU and RISE, there are more costs, in addition to personal data, associated with the free apps. 

“Putting things off, procrastination, was the biggest hidden cost. But sleep deprivation, reduced focus and the apps taking time from physical contact with friends, hobbies and training, were also costs that arose. It can be difficult for users to put their finger on it at the time,” says Martin Mileros, PhD student at Linköping University and researcher at the research institute RISE.

The phenomenon the researchers are investigating is called the zero-price economy, which means that a service provider offers its services in exchange for the user’s data and attention without money changing hands. In traditional economics, the cost to the private individual corresponds to value for the company. But in the zero-price economy, cost and value are decoupled. 

The researchers interviewed 196 people in Linköping around the university campus and the science park. Therefore, the selection cannot be said to representative of the entire population. The researchers still think, however, that they can get a good indication of how users view hidden costs and their personal data. According to the researchers, this is the first time users and their attitude to the zero-price economy has been examined in this way. 

“We can see that many users value privacy and transparency highly. Furthermore, the study shows that users prefer to make one-time purchases of their favourite apps to protect their privacy over using services that are free, but which collect personal data,” says Martin Mileros.

In addition to more transparency from the companies, the researchers also want policy makers to place tougher demands on companies to disclose potential hidden costs.

“Many apps are designed to make us more or less dependent on them. Children and young people are particularly vulnerable. There should be stricter restrictions for many apps but also some sort of information about hidden costs. You might compare it to the graphic warning messages on cigarette packets. And for users, it’s important to understand these potential hidden costs and make more informed choices,” says Martin Mileros.

Although the findings of the study suggest that there are hidden costs, Martin Mileros still thinks that many users can get a lot of benefit and enjoyment from the free apps.

“You can find information, chat and so on. Also, you can change apps without much trouble if you don’t like something. So, it could be seen as a win-win situation where both companies and individuals benefit. But it’s easy to forget the other aspects of app use.”

Martin Mileros, PhD student and Robert Forchheimer, professor emeritus at Linköping University.

Credit

Anna Nilsen

Journal

Digital Policy Regulation and Governance

DOI

10.1108/DPRG-01-2024-0009 

Method of Research

Survey

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Free for you and me? Exploring the value users gain from their seemingly free apps

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To make children better fact-checkers, expose them to more misinformation — with oversight


"We need to give children experience flexing these skepticism muscles and using these critical thinking skills within this online context," a UC Berkeley psychology researcher said.



University of California - Berkeley




In an era when online misinformation is seemingly everywhere and objective facts are often in dispute, UC Berkeley psychologists in a new study have presented a somewhat paradoxical partial solution: Expose young children to more misinformation online — not less. 

Doing so in limited circumstances, and with careful oversight and education, can help children gain the tools they'll need to sort fact from fiction online, said Evan Orticio, a Ph.D. student in UC Berkeley’s Department of Psychology and lead author of a paper published today (Thursday, Oct. 10) in the journal Nature Human Behaviour. 

Orticio argues that, given children’s natural skepticism and early exposure to the internet's boundless misinformation, it is crucial for adults to teach them practical fact-checking skills. Instead of attempting to completely sanitize their online environment, he said adults should focus on equipping children with tools to critically assess the information they encounter.

"We need to give children experience flexing these skepticism muscles and using these critical thinking skills within this online context in order to set them up for their future, where they're going to be in these contexts close to 24/7," Orticio said.

Orticio and his colleagues used a pair of experiments involving 122 children ages 4 to 7 to test how their level of skepticism changed in different online environments. 

The first study exposed them to an e-book with varying degrees of true and false statements about animals. Next to a picture of a zebra, for example, some children were shown truths, like that zebras had black and white stripes. Others were shown falsehoods about zebras being red and green. Based on that information, they indicated whether the claims were true or false. A second study simulated search engine results and posed similar animal facts and fictions. 

Next, children evaluated the veracity of a new claim within that same digital context, this time about an alien species called Zorpies. On a screen were images of 20 so-called Zorpies. One of the alien's faces showed that it had three eyes; the rest of the Zorpies wore dark sunglasses that obscured their eyes. 

Children were then asked to decide whether all Zorpies had three eyes. But before making their final decision, participants were allowed to fact-check the claim by tapping any number of the aliens, removing their sunglasses and revealing their eyes. Since children knew nothing about the aliens, their skepticism could only come from their assessment of how reliable this digital platform was.

Researchers found that the children who were the most diligent about fact-checking the Zorpies claims were also the ones who saw more false claims about animals earlier in the study. Meanwhile, those who had more reliable environments with fewer false claims earlier in the study did almost no fact-checking. A computer simulation confirmed that the children in the more unreliable environments were more likely to debunk potential misinformation.

"Children can adapt their level of skepticism according to the quality of information they've seen before in a digital context," Orticio said. "They can leverage their expectations of how this digital environment works to make reasonable adjustments to how much they trust or distrust information at face value — even if they know next to nothing about the content itself." 

The project was born from an urgent need to understand how children are faring in an increasingly online world. Previous research has found that an estimated one-third of children have used social media by age 9, and that minors encounter health misinformation within minutes of creating a TikTok account. 

Even platforms that are purportedly curated for young audiences, like YouTube Kids, have become spaces for toxic content and misinformation. That's a particular problem, Orticio stressed, because parents may have the impression that these are safe places their kids can explore. 

But as the new research shows, that may give a false sense of security and allow falsehoods and problematic content to go unchecked and be taken as true and acceptable. 

"Our work suggests that if children have some experience working in controlled, but imperfect, environments where they have experience encountering things that aren't quite right, and we show them the process for figuring out what is is actually true and not, that will set them up with the expectation to be more vigilant," Orticio said.

Orticio knows that not every parent has time to constantly monitor a child's media habits. Rather than trying to create the most sanitized corner of the internet, he said parents should have discussions with their children about how to check claims and to talk about what they're seeing. 

Having clear expectations about what a platform can and can't deliver is also important.

"It's not that we need to enhance skepticism, per se. It's that we need to give them the ability to use that skepticism to their advantage," Orticio said. "In our experiments, fact-checking was very simple. In real life, fact-checking is actually very hard. We need to bridge that gap."

Journal

Nature Human Behaviour

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Exposure to detectable inaccuracies makes children more diligent fact-checkers of novel claims

Article Publication Date

10-Oct-2024

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