It’s possible that I shall make an ass of myself. But in that case one can always get out of it with a little dialectic. I have, of course, so worded my proposition as to be right either way (K.Marx, Letter to F.Engels on the Indian Mutiny)
Trump is a pestilence, an abomination. Really. He is. No more debate. It is as evident as a cloud of locusts. It is as undeniable as his pronouncements, appointments, and Project 2025. What name should we give all that? Call it anything you like. But by any other name fascism is still fascist.
Whether from day one in an avalanche of proclamations that seek to bury all opposition in a shock and awe flash, or, less apocalyptically and more strategically, over many months in a careful slow boil that burns a bit at a time until we are all cooked, Trump and his minions mean to impose horror on all but themselves. They are preparing a carpet bombing of vile policies that range from massive anti-human deportations to incendiary anti-economic tariffs, and from suicidal drill baby drill for oil billionaires to unlimited repressive incarceration to stifle effective disobedience. That is already a whole lot, but don’t overlook the long term. Trump and his minions also mean to transform government agencies and political institutions to ensure persistent one-thug rule. Goodbye guardrails. Hello holocaust.
So, be against Trump? Of course. But how? Once mobilized, I don’t think it is rocket science. Mass movements that raise costs for elites are what can win change. Organize to generate ever-widening solidarity and understanding. Provide sanctuary to protect allies and block incarcerations. Educate to awaken ever-broader circles of resistance. Rally, boycott, occupy, and strike to block and to simultaneously develop capacity to resist further. Volunteer for or join movement organizations. Each person decide to join the collective fight, or not—and then find entry and welcome. That is the hard part, not once aligned, once prepared, what to do. That will have many answers, yes, to be sure, but only one of the plausible answers will be widely daunting and confusing.
And to address that, have you recently heard the phrase “by any means necessary.” I have. Indeed, I believe in it. But I also think many people hear that phrase only partially. Inadequately. The recent killing of an insurance industry CEO has spurred attention to the sentiment. But that attention is now, as it has often been in the past, a sometimes too narrow attention.
The “‘by any means” aspect of the featured phrase attracts thought. It gets attention. And what does the word “‘any” mean? It means violent. So the phrase tends to say to people, “it is time to get violent.” The phrase is heard to say, “if the target is sufficiently vile, the remedy can and even must be violence, including even murder. “Gear up or shut up” say some of the phrase’s advocates.
Indeed, when I was a youngster that was how the phrase “by any means necessary” reverberated through the minds of many outraged young mates of mine, and me too. When suffering is bad enough, violence is justified. So let’s get on with the “any.”
But hold on just a second. What about the word “necessary”? In the passion of the times, to notice that word, necessary, proves hard for some people. They mull the option to hurt human targets or not to hurt human targets. They hear “by any means necessary” and for them that is the question, hurt humans or not hurt humans? They spend virtually no time asking “what qualifies as necessary”?
Well, once you do attend to the “‘necessary” aspect of the tactical entreaty “by any means necessary,” one thing is undeniable. Acts that would fail to reduce the immense suffering at play, much less acts that what would instead reduce the prospects of reducing that suffering, certainly aren’t necessary.
Let me put that a little more specifically. Trump is indeed an abomination. When the predictable consequences of his preferred policies, much less of his intention to ensure a persistently fascistic future, fully enter one’s mind, when the devastating consequences fully form in our mind’s understanding and then contour our feelings, the consequences rightfully tell us violence is in no way ruled out. Like an insurance company working overtime to figure countless ways to reject claims recently provoked more than enough fear, pain, and outrage to surface the possibility of taking violent steps, so too will Trump’s agenda surface that possibility.
Truth be told, for some of us, myself included, the way our minds perceive reality, the disgusting consequences of social and economic injustice have long since and persistently surfaced the possibility of getting violent in response. Okay, but then a question needs to arise. Does shooting a CEO stop or even contribute to stopping pharmaceutical violence against the public? Thinking about “any,” some begin to say “Give me a gun, or some dynamite.” But what happened to the word “necessary”? Gearing up, focussed on the word “‘any,” some forget to consider the word “necessary.”
You may stay up at night wakefully dreaming up acts of violence. Or you may endlessly contemplate and debate some philosophical or historical analogies and hypotheticals, trying to resolve some absolute warrant for or against punching, shooting, or exploding. Your focus may become how extreme is the injustice but not how effective is the proposed response to it. Your focus may be the “any” and not the “‘necessary.”
On that path, not much helpful happens. A couple or three bathrooms may get blown to bits. Maybe someone gets shot. Meanwhile, a subset of capable, caring, courageous people divert themselves from what can win change to what can’t win change and what will even make winning change harder. They divert themselves from the need to organize to generate ever widening solidarity and understanding. They divert themselves from the need to provide sanctuary to protect and block. From the need to educate to awaken ever broader circles of resistance. From need to rally, boycott, occupy, and strike to block and to develop capacity to resist further. From the need to decide to join the collective fight and to then find entry and welcome. They divert themselves from all that to instead engage in useless and pointless contemplation of choices that would not only be unnecessary but would even counter productive.
Yes, I know, this essay speaks mostly to a small circle of folks. But when I was young, in school, round about 1968, I mulled joining Weatherman’s advocators of violence. Luckily for me a guy named Noam advised me otherwise. He said they will blow up something here or there. Some folks will likely die. But they will contribute nothing useful to the people of Vietnam, nothing useful to the cause of justice here in the U.S. Instead they will make the real work of serious resistance more difficult. I listened.
So, for those who may be thinking about guns and bombs, I guess I am just trying to “pay it forward,” from Noam, via me, to you.
ZNetwork is funded solely through the generosity of its readers. Donate
Michael Albert`s radicalization occurred during the 1960s. His political involvements, starting then and continuing to the present, have ranged from local, regional, and national organizing projects and campaigns to co-founding South End Press, Z Magazine, the Z Media Institute, and ZNet, and to working on all these projects, writing for various publications and publishers, giving public talks, etc. His personal interests, outside the political realm, focus on general science reading (with an emphasis on physics, math, and matters of evolution and cognitive science), computers, mystery and thriller/adventure novels, sea kayaking, and the more sedentary but no less challenging game of GO. Albert is the author of 21 books which include: No Bosses: A New Economy for a Better World; Fanfare for the Future; Remembering Tomorrow; Realizing Hope; and Parecon: Life After Capitalism. Michael is currently host of the podcast Revolution Z and is a Friend of ZNetwork.
A Working-Class History of Fighting Deportations
The US working class has a long tradition of standing up against immigrant repression. This history is a reservoir of inspiration and strategic thinking — and it can help immigrant workers and communities confront Donald Trump’s promised wave of repression.
Migrant farmworkers, domestic workers, and their supporters marched through San Francisco’s Mission District to call for passage of the Registry Bill in June 2024. (Courtesy of David Bacon)
The history of working-class organizing in the United States is full of examples of immigrant resistance to mass deportation, sweeps, and other tactics. Time and again, immigrant worker activity has changed the course of society. It has produced unions of workers ranging from copper miners to janitors. It turned the politics of Los Angeles head. And it is this tradition of worker resistance that is the real target of immigration enforcement waves, both current and threatened by the incoming administration.
Organizers of the past fought deportation threats just as we do today, and their experiences offer valuable insights for our present situation. Not only did they show tremendous perseverance in the face of direct threats to migrants, but these organizers also envisioned a future of greater equality, working-class rights, and social solidarity — and proposed ways to get there. Increased immigration repression has a way of making the bones of the system easier to see and the reasons for changing it abundantly clear. These organizations and coalitions defending immigrant workers, their families, and their communities have often been building blocks for movements for deeper social change.
The rich tradition of worker organizing against immigrant repression is a story of courageous struggle and a reservoir of strategic thinking that can help immigrant workers and communities confront the promised MAGA wave of repression. It involves far too many organizations and fights to list here. This article aims to show what people faced, how they fought, and what kind of future they fought for.
The Old Threat of Mass Deportation
In the outpouring of fear and outrage over Donald Trump’s threat to deport millions of undocumented immigrants, many have drawn parallels to the mass deportations of 1932–33. At the height of the Great Depression, with hunger haunting the homes of millions of working-class people, relief authorities denied food to Mexican and Mexican American families. Racist bureaucrats appealed to the government to deport them, claiming that forcing them to leave would save money and open up jobs for citizens. These age-old lies have been recycled over the last century, repeated most recently by the MAGA campaign.
Hunger was the most powerful weapon used to force people to leave. Thousands were swept up in street raids, and many more fled because of the terror these raids produced. Voluntarily or not, people were loaded into boxcars and dumped at the border gates. The euphemism of the ’30s was “repatriation.” Today’s immigration enforcers call it “self-deportation.” The idea remains the same, and Trump and J. D. Vance are only the latest proponents of this inhumane policy.
People resisted deportation through the radical organizations of the era, from the Congreso de Pueblos de Habla Española to the unions formed in bloody strikes in mines and fields. The largest farm labor strike in US history, the Pixley cotton strike, erupted in 1933 across the barrios of California’s San Joaquin Valley during that peak deportation year. Radical activists were singled out for deportation and defended by communist and socialist defense organizations, including later the Committee for the Protection of the Foreign Born. The Mexican government of the time, only a decade after the revolution, also protested and tried to help deportees.
This history of resistance is as important to remember as the history of the deportations themselves. The organizations created by resistance, and the larger working-class movement of which they were a part, survived the deportation wave. While many groups were put on the attorney general’s list of subversive organizations during the Cold War, others emerged during the civil rights era. When the immigrant rights movement peaked again in recent decades, it inherited this legacy.
Workers Win Over Their Unions
One crucial battle was fought by a small group of workers in wealthy Palm Springs, California. Twenty-three years ago, Maria Sanchez, working at the luxurious Palm Canyon resort for $4.75 an hour, marched into the office of Hotel Employees & Restaurant Employees (HERE) Local 309. There she and her coworkers joined the union. The hotel hired security guards — dressed in uniforms mimicking those of the Border Patrol — and began firing workers. The immigrant housekeepers organized a silent march in the street outside, prayed in the parking lot, and refused to go back to work.
With the support of Local 309, Sanchez and her coworkers stayed out on strike for four months. She lost her house and car, selling personal belongings to survive. The manager swore they’d never work there again.When the hotel said only workers with legal immigration status could go back, everyone stayed on strike another month, documented and undocumented together.
Despite his threat, the Palm Canyon was finally forced to agree to reinstate the workers with back pay. But when the hotel said only workers with legal immigration status could go back, everyone stayed on strike another month, documented and undocumented together. ”I didn‘t care who had papers and who didn’t,“ Sanchez told me then. ”We decided that no one would go back until we all went back. The union didn‘t back down, and we won.“
What makes the Palm Canyon experience important today is not just the inspiring courage of the workers but the strategic ideas that guided them. They organized over the concrete conditions of their lives. Faced with legal repression and firings, they defied efforts to make them suffer. Knowing they couldn’t fight alone, they looked for help, and the union supported them. Most importantly, they stuck together. “This is exactly what’s leading unions to change their attitude towards immigration,” explained John Wilhelm, then the national union’s president.
It was no accident that as the strike unfolded, the AFL-CIO highlighted the organizing of immigrant workers at its Los Angeles convention. Rejecting its history of support for anti-immigrant legislation, the union federation adopted a resolution calling for immigration amnesty for the country’s then six million undocumented people and the repeal of employer sanctions — the 1986 law that made it illegal for them to work. Palm Canyon strikers were among the many witnesses at the subsequent union hearings organized around the country to expose the violation of immigrant workers’ rights.
SEIU janitors from San Francisco and Los Angeles demonstrated in support of AB 450, a bill to protect workers during immigration raids and enforcement actions, in March 2024. (Courtesy of David Bacon)
Defending Against Raids in the Workplace
The decades following the Cold War saw workers and unions developing increasingly sophisticated strategies to resist immigration enforcement. From factory floors to union halls, these battles helped shape today’s immigrant rights movement.
One of the first post–Cold War battles over immigration enforcement against workers took place at the Kraco car radio factory in Los Angeles in the early 1980s. Workers joining the United Electrical Workers stopped the production lines to force the owner to deny entry to immigration agents and saved one another from deportation. Later that decade, the Molders Union Local 164 in Oakland joined the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund in suing the Immigration and Naturalization Service over its practice of having agents bar the doors of factories, holding workers prisoner, and then interrogating them and detaining those without papers. The case went to the US Supreme Court, which found the practice unconstitutional.
In one of the last raids of the Bush administration, in 2008, immigration agents took 481 workers at Howard Industries, a Mississippi electrical equipment factory, to a privately run detention center in Jena, Louisiana. They were not charged, had no access to attorneys, and could not get released on bail. Jim Evans, a national AFL-CIO organizer in Mississippi and a leading member of the state legislature’s black caucus, said, “This raid is an effort to drive immigrants out of Mississippi and a wedge between immigrants, African Americans, white people, and unions — all those who want political change here.” Evans, other members of the black caucus, many of the state’s unions, and immigrant communities all saw shifting demographics as the basis for changing the state’s politics. They organized the Mississippi Immigrants Rights Alliance (MIRA) as a vehicle for protecting the immigrant part of that constituency.
By the 2000s, these workplace battles had evolved into complex struggles over race, labor rights, and political power in the South. Howard Industries, a rare union factory in the state, paid $2 per hour less than the industry norm. “The people who profit from Mississippi’s low wage system want to keep it the way it is,” Evans said, charging that the immigration raid was used to keep the union weak. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 1317’s African American business manager, Clarence Larkin, told me that the company “pits workers against each other by design and breeds division among them that affects everyone. By favoring one worker over another, workers sometimes can’t see who their real enemy is. That’s what keeps wages low.”
MIRA activists met the raid with organizing, sitting outside on the grass with the families of those in detention. “When the shift changed, African American workers started coming out and went up to these Latina women and began hugging them,” MIRA organizer Victoria Cintra remembered. “They said things like, ‘We’re with you. Do you need any food for your kids? How can we help? You need to assert your rights. We’re glad you’re here. We’ll support you.’”The company ‘pits workers against each other by design and breeds division among them that affects everyone.’
In Mississippi fish plants, Jaribu Hill, the director of the Mississippi Workers Center, collaborated with unions to help workers understand the dynamics of race. “We have to talk about racism,” Hill said. “Organizing a multi-racial workforce means recognizing the divisions between African Americans and immigrants, and then working across our divides.”
The Obama era brought a new tactic: mass firings. In 2011 Chipotle, the chain that made its fortune selling Mexican food made by Mexican workers, fired hundreds of them throughout Minnesota. Their crime was that they worked but had no immigration papers. They joined thousands of other workers fired in the Obama administration’s key immigration enforcement program, which undertook to identify workers without papers and then force companies to fire them. With no job or money for rent and food, immigrants would presumably “self-deport.” In Minneapolis, Seattle, and San Francisco, over 1,800 janitors lost their jobs. In 2009, over 2000 young women at the sewing machines of American Apparel were fired in Los Angeles. Barack Obama’s Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) director John Morton said that ICE had audited over 2,900 companies in just one year, and the number of firings ran into the tens of thousands.
In Minneapolis, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 26 helped Chipotle workers organize marches and demonstrations, cooperating with the Center for Workers United in Struggle, a local workers’ center, and the Minnesota Immigrant Rights Action Committee. Supporters were even arrested in civil disobedience at a Chipotle restaurant and mounted a boycott of the chain.
As Trump’s presidency approached, unions moved from reactive resistance to proactive protection. In the period before Trump took office in 2017, many unions expected that workplace raids and firings would be a large part of his immigration enforcement program as well. The hotel union in Oakland, California, developed a proactive strategy to keep ICE away from workplaces and asked the Oakland City Council to protect immigrants on the job. The council passed a resolution, noting it has been a “City of Refuge” since the anti-apartheid movement of the mid-1980s: “The City Council … calls upon all employers to establish safe/sanctuary workplaces where workers are respected and not threatened or discriminated against based on their immigration status.”
Trump again threatens, as he did in 2016, to end federal funding to more than three hundred sanctuary cities. Moreover, many cities, and even some states, withdrew from the infamous 287(g) program, requiring police to arrest and detain people because of their immigration status. Trump promises to reinstate it and cancel federal funding to cities that won’t cooperate.
Like many unions looking for alternatives, HERE Local 2850 (now part of UNITE HERE Local 2) began negotiating protections into union contracts, requiring managers to notify it if immigration agents tried to enter, interrogate workers, or demand papers. The contract says the hotel has to keep agents out unless they have a warrant. The union then helped workers resist at one hotel where new owners demanded they show their immigration papers to keep their jobs. All the hotel’s workers refused, documented and undocumented alike, and the company backed down.
California’s janitors’ union, SEIU United Service Workers West drafted the Immigrant Worker Protection Act, a state law requiring employers to ask for a judicial warrant before granting ICE agents access to a workplace. It prohibits employers from sharing confidential information, like Social Security numbers, without a court order. The act came after years of fighting workplace raids and immigration-related firings. In 2011, Los Angeles janitors sat down in city intersections to protest terminations by Able Building Maintenance and fought similar firings in Stanford University cafeterias and among custodians in the Silicon Valley buildings of Apple and Hewlett-Packard.
As Trump took office in 2017, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU), Filipino Advocates for Justice, and several other groups organized trainings to prepare workers for raids. Union members acted out scenarios that used job action to protect one another. Some were veterans of an earlier organizing campaign among recycling workers, in which they stopped work to keep the company from firing employees for not having papers.
Resisting in Working-Class Communities
For decades, immigration enforcement has paired workplace enforcement with community raids and sweeps. Workers have expected labor organizations to oppose immigration enforcement in their communities with the same vigor that unions oppose workplace raids. Unions have often delivered, as have community organizations.
The working-class neighborhoods of Chicago have a long history of huge marches to protest immigration raids. As Obama entered his second term in 2013, activist groups including Occupy Chicago blocked buses going to the immigration courts. Emma Lozano from Centro Sin Fronteras and other labor activists were arrested. Similar direct-action tactics were used in Tucson, Arizona, by young people who chained themselves to busses carrying detainees to the notorious special immigration court.
Trump’s 2016 campaign promised to make Chicago a focus for enforcement. As anti-immigrant hysteria promoted by his campaign spread, ICE began detaining people during traffic stops, knocking on apartment doors, and pulling people off the street for interrogation and detention. The enforcement wave, which continued through 2019, included sweeps of the corners and sidewalks near Home Depot and other gathering sites for day laborers looking for work. The public presence of day laborers has historically made them a particular target for immigration street sweeps.
Activists met the Trump threat with actions. In July of 2019, thousands of people marched through the Loop in Chicago chanting “Immigrants are welcome here!” A day earlier, they’d shown up at the Federal Plaza after hearing that ICE agents were about to be deployed.‘Many of the fundamental rights that immigrants struggle to attain are the same rights the labor movement fights to secure for all workers every day.’
Unions helped organize the resistance. Don Villar, a Filipino immigrant who headed the Chicago Federation of Labor, told protesters, “Throughout the labor movement’s history, immigrants have enriched the fabric of our city, our neighborhoods, our workforce, and our labor movement. Many of the fundamental rights that immigrants struggle to attain are the same rights the labor movement fights to secure for all workers every day.” Labor activist Jorge Mujica demanded “an end to the increase in deportations that began with the economic downturn. Instead of spending money on war, we want money spent on schools and mental health clinics that the City of Chicago is shutting down.”
Chicago also saw one of the most effective direct actions in the campaign against deportations. As President Obama mounted his 2012 reelection drive, young undocumented migrants, brought to the United States as children, occupied his campaign office. The occupation capped two years of organizing marches, ferociously fighting the detention of activists as they pushed for legislation to grant them amnesty from deportation. After reelection, Obama issued an executive order, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), deferring their deportation.
DACA has withstood a legal assault for a decade, but right-wing courts and the MAGA administration will undoubtedly attempt again to kill it. Its minimal protections be lost for hundreds of thousands of people, but that’s not all: DACA recipients have to provide personal information on their applications, which immigration authorities could use to find and detain them in a new deportation program.
The same problem confronts recipients of Temporary Protected Status, which allows people fleeing from environmental or political danger to stay and work in the United States. If Trump tries to withdraw the protection, even under legal challenge, the information necessary for detaining people is already in the government’s hands. Haitian refugees in Springfield, Ohio, the target of J. D. Vance’s racist lies about eating pets, undoubtedly feel a similar vulnerability.
Winning Back May Day
The most effective wave of immigration resistance in recent history hinged on the huge immigration marches of 2006. That year, provoked by the House of Representatives’ passage of HR 4425, the Sensenbrenner Bill, people poured into the streets by the millions on May Day. The bill would have made it a federal felony to be in the United States without immigration papers, a danger so extreme that every undocumented family was threatened with severe punishment. The outpouring relied on Spanish-language radio to spread the word. It also depended on the networks of immigrant rights activists and organizations, which brought together people from the same hometowns in their countries of origin.
Unions were prominent among the mobilizers, organizing one of the two marches that took place on the same day in Los Angeles, each of which drew over a million participants. Unions and immigrant networks built marches of hundreds of thousands in cities across the country. The message was made even stronger by a grassroots movement, “A Day Without a Mexican,” which urged immigrant workers to stay off the job to show the essential nature of their labor. When some participants were fired on their return, some unions became involved in defending their right to protest.
The movement achieved its short-term goal: HR 4425 died. But the cultural impact was just as important. May Day had been attacked as the “communist holiday” in the Cold War, and celebrations became tiny or disappeared altogether. After 2006, the United States joined the rest of the world in celebrating it, and marches are now held widely every year. While not as large as in 2006, annual May Day marches bring out progressive community and labor activists in large numbers — and could provide a readymade vehicle for challenging a renewed Trump deportation threat.
A similar bill, California’s Proposition 187, which would have denied schools and medical care to undocumented children and families, also had unintended consequences. Proposition 187 convinced many Los Angeles immigrants and their citizen children to become voters, and the leftward movement of the city and state’s politics owes a lot to that decision. As a result, labor now has a powerful political bloc in LA — in a city that was the “Citadel of the Open Shop” just a few decades ago.
Both May Day and the Day Without Immigrants became a vehicle for protesting Trump’s first inauguration. For example, in San Francisco, members of several chapters of the Democratic Socialists of America marked the first May Day after Trump’s election with a direct action blocking ICE’s garage doors with a human chain, brandishing signs reading “Sanctuary for All” and “We Protect Our Community.”
In the mobilizations around May Day and the Day Without Immigrants, labor support grew for immigrant workers facing raids. Four unions (Communications Workers of America, Amalgamated Transit Union, National Nurses United, and the United Electrical Workers) urged workers and labor activists to participate in both. “As leaders of the unions who supported Bernie Sanders for president, we refuse to go down that road of hatred, resentment and divisiveness,” they declared in a letter. “We will march and stand with our sister and brother immigrant workers against the terror tactics of the Trump administration.”
In 2012, immigrant workers, members of the United Food and Commercial Workers, and community activists demonstrated in front of the Mi Pueblo market in Oakland against the firing of undocumented workers because of their immigration status. (Courtesy of David Bacon)
Replacing Immigrant Workers
Enforcement, however, doesn’t exist for its own sake. It plays a role in a larger system that serves capitalist interests by supplying a labor force that employers require. Immigrant labor is more vital to many industries than ever. Over 50 percent of the country’s entire agricultural workforce is undocumented, and the list of other dependent industries is long: meatpacking, some construction trades, building services, health care, restaurant and retail service, and more.
Trump would face enormous resistance from business owners if he tried to eliminate this workforce — an advantage and even a source of potential power for workers. In 2006, growers in California bused workers to the big marches, hoping the Sensenbrenner Bill wouldn’t deprive them of labor. Within months of Trump’s 2017 inauguration, agribusiness executives were meeting with him to ensure threats of a tightened border and raids would not be used when they needed workers. Just last month, construction companies in Texas were warning Trump that mass deportations would threaten their profits.
But workers, communities, and unions can’t depend on employers to battle Trump for them. What companies need is labor at a cost they want to pay. The existing system has worked well for them — but not for workers. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that about eight million of the eleven to twelve million undocumented people in the United States are wageworkers, and most are laboring for the minimum wage or close to it. The abysmal federal minimum of $7.25 per hour produces an annual income of $14,500. Even the higher minimums in states like California render an income of barely twice that.
Social Security estimates that the average US wage is $66,000, but the average farmworker family’s income is below $25,000. That enormous difference is a source of enormous profit. If the industries dependent on immigrant labor paid the national average, they would have to pay undocumented workers an additional $250 billion. The pressure is on Trump not only to guarantee workers but to guarantee them at a cost acceptable to corporate employers. Looking at his picks for his cabinet, it is clear that employers’ needs come first.If the industries dependent on immigrant labor paid the national average, they would have to pay undocumented workers an additional $250 billion.
In his 2017 meetings with growers, Trump promised to expand the contract labor system, under which as many as 900,000 people recruited by employers work in the United States each year. These workers can come only to work, not to stay. Visa categories include the notorious H-2A program for farm labor, modeled after the old bracero program of the 1950s. Last year growers were given 370,000 H-2A visa certifications — a sixth of the entire US farm labor workforce. The program is known for abusing workers, and the recent reforms by Secretary of Labor Julie Su are already being targeted by growers and their MAGA allies for repeal. The H-2A program is already huge, but similar ones are growing in hospitality, meatpacking, and even for teachers in schools.
There is no way this many workers can be recruited and deployed without displacing the existing workforce, itself consisting mostly of immigrants already living here. For farmworker unions and advocates, this poses a dilemma, and H-2A’s expansion will deepen it. How can they organize and defend the existing workers, including their members, and at the same time defend, and even help recruit, those brought to replace them? H-2A farmworkers themselves, however, are not simply passive victims and have a history of protesting exploitation. Going on strike means getting fired, losing the visa and having to leave, and then being blacklisting from future recruitment. Nevertheless, despite the risks, these workers sometimes act when conditions become extreme.
Unions like Familias Unidas por la Justicia (FUJ) in Washington state have assisted contract workers when strikes break out. Growers keep workers isolated, threatening them to make organizing as difficult as possible. In the meantime, FUJ and other unions protest the displacement, since the loss of jobs in farmworker communities means hunger and evictions. In many farmworker towns, the existing workers increasingly fear replacement, which makes strikes to raise wages risky and less frequent. Nevertheless, at the Ostrom mushroom plant in Washington state, the local workers, members of the United Farm Workers, have been on strike for two years against replacement by H-2A recruits.
According to author Frank Bardacke, in the early 1960s, a growing willingness of braceros to leave their camps and join strikes by local workers cost the program its popularity among growers. That helped lead to its eventual abolition. The Trump program for supplying labor needs will pose these same challenges — but also opportunities for organizing.
Beyond the Deportation Threat
In the civil rights era, fighting the mass deportations of the Cold War and the bracero program that gave growers the workers they wanted created two parallel demands. The leaders of the Chicano civil rights movement in particular — among them Bert Corona, Cesar Chavez, Larry Itliong, and Dolores Huerta — fought to end the program, a demand they won in 1964. But the movement did more than fight the abuse. It proposed and fought for more fundamental change.
Much of this fight this took place on the ground. In 1965, the year after the program ended, Larry Itliong and veteran Filipino farmworker unionists started the great grape strike. That same year, the civil rights movement among Chicanos, Mexicans, and Asian Americans won fundamental change in US immigration law. The family preference system, favoring the reunification of families over the labor needs of employers, became the basis of US immigration policy, at least for a time.
In the stream of people crossing the border, “we see our families and coworkers, while the growers just see money,” says farmworker and domestic worker organizer Rene Saucedo. “So we have to fight for what we really need, and not just what we don’t want.” In other words, the struggle to stop enforcement and deportations requires fighting for an alternative. There have been many such alternative proposals in the past two decades, from the Dignity Campaign to the New Path of the American Friends Service Committee. Today the movement for an alternative is concentrated on the Registry Bill, a proposal that would give legal status to an estimated eight million undocumented people. The bill would update the cutoff date that determines which undocumented immigrants are eligible to apply for legal permanent residence. Right now, only people who arrived before January 1, 1973 can apply for it — a tiny and vanishing number. The proposal would bring the date to the present.
Another, longer-range demand is the extension of voting rights. It is no accident that many of the counties and states where the undocumented workforce is concentrated, and where it produces the most profit for employers, are MAGA strongholds. If the whole working population of Phoenix and Tucson could actually vote, it would likely elect representatives who would pass social protections for all workers. Extending the franchise could add enough people to the political coalition in Mississippi to enable it to finally expel the Dixie establishment. So instead of thinking of the vote as a restricted privilege, as we are taught, we need to think of it as a working-class weapon — and understand how powerful class unity could make us across the lines of immigration status.
By the same token, the political education of the US working class has to include an understanding of migration’s roots and how US actions abroad — from military intervention to economic sanctions to neoliberal reforms — make migration a question of survival. When Mexican people fight for the right to stay home rather than coming north and elect a government that promises to move in that direction, they deserve and need the support of working-class people on the northern side of the border. Cross-border solidarity has a long history, but powerful media, cultural, and educational institutions deny us this knowledge. Without an independent effort to educate working people — whether by unions, communities, religious organizations, media workers, or progressive social movements — the door opens for MAGA and closes on our ability to organize in our own interest.
Joining the rest of the world, as we did when we joined the international tradition of celebrating May Day in 2006, means recognizing the direction other countries are moving. With 281 million people living outside their birth countries and children perishing in the Mediterranean or the Rio Grande, the international community sometimes tries to step up. One such step was the United Nations Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. It supports the right to family reunification, establishes the principle of “equality of treatment” with citizens of the host country in relation to employment and education, protects migrants against collective deportation, and makes both origin and destination countries responsible for protecting these rights. All countries retain the right to determine who is admitted to their territories and under what conditions people gain the right to work. So far, however, only forty-nine migrant-sending countries, like Mexico and the Philippines, have ratified it.
No US administration, Democratic or Republican, has ever submitted it to Congress for ratification.Email
David Bacon is a photojournalist, author, political activist, and union organizer who has focused on labor issues, particularly those related to immigrant labor. He has written several books and numerous articles on the subject and has held photographic exhibitions. He became interested in labor issues from an early age and he was involved in organizing efforts for the United Farm Workers, the United Electrical Workers, the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, the Molders' Union and others.
Congress Revives Cold War Tactics With New Anti-Communism School Curriculum
Congress has just passed a new bill that will see the U.S. spend huge sums of money redesigning much of the public school system around the ideology of anti-communism. The “Crucial Communism Teaching Act” is now being read in the Senate, where it is all but certain to pass. The move comes amid growing public anger at the economic system and increased public support for socialism.
The Crucial Communism Teaching Act, in its own words, is designed to teach children that “certain political ideologies, including communism and totalitarianism…conflict with the principles of freedom and democracy that are essential to the founding of the United States.”
Although sponsored by Republicans, it enjoys widespread support from Democrats and is focused on China, Venezuela, Cuba and other targets of U.S. empire. The wording of the bill has many worried that this will be a centerpiece of a new era of anti-communist hysteria, similar to previous McCarthyist periods.
The curriculum will be designed by the controversial Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation and will ensure all American high school students “understand the dangers of communism and similar political ideologies” and “learn that communism has led to the deaths of over 100,000,000 victims worldwide.” It will also develop a series titled “Portraits in Patriotism,” that will expose students to individuals who are “victims of the political ideologies” in question.
A Discredited Book
The 100 million figure originates with the notorious pseudoscience text, “The Black Book of Communism.” A collection of political essays, the book’s central claim is that 100 million people have perished as a result of the communist ideology. However, even many of its contributors and co-writers have distanced themselves from it, claiming that the lead author was “obsessed” with reaching the 100 million figure, to the point that he simply conjured millions of deaths from nowhere.
Its methodology was also universally panned, with many pointing out that the tens of millions of Soviet and Nazi losses during World War II were attributed to communist ideology. This means that both Adolf Hitler himself and many of his victims are counted towards the vastly overinflated figure. The book was condemned by Holocaust remembrance groups as whitewashing and even lionizing genocidal fascist groups as anti-communist heroes.
The principal organization promoting the 100 million figure today is the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, which has shown a similar level of both anti-communist devotion and methodological rigor. The group, set up by the U.S. government in 1993, added all worldwide COVID-19 deaths to the victims of communism list, arguing that the coronavirus was a communist disease because it originated in China. It is these people who will be designing the new curriculum that will be taught in social studies, government, history, and economics classes across the country.
China Hawks
One of the central goals of the bill is also to “ensure that high school students in the United States understand that 1,500,000,000 people still suffer under communism.” This is a clear reference to China, a rapidly developing country that, in just two generations, has gone from one of the poorest on Earth to a global superpower, challenging and even surpassing the United States on many quality-of-life indicators.
The bill goes on to detail how the school curriculum will “focus on ongoing human rights abuses by such regimes, such as the treatment of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region” by the Chinese “regime” and its “aggression” towards “pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong,” and Taiwan, who it labels “a democratic friend of the United States.”
Furthermore, many of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation’s “Witness Project” case studies – likely the source for the “Portraits in Patriotism” series – are from China. This includes Rushan Abbas, the founder and executive director of the Campaign for Uyghurs, a pressure group funded by CIA front organization, the National Endowment for Democracy. Abbas was also previously employed as a translator at the notorious Guantánamo Bay torture camp.
The U.S. is currently engaged in a quickly-escalating Cold War against China that includes channeling money and support to separatist movements, including those in Xinjiang, Hong Kong and Taiwan, as MintPress News has reported. In September, the House of Representatives passed a bill that authorized $1.6 billion to be spent on anti-Chinese messaging worldwide.
Latin America: a Model and a Target
The other major target of the bill will likely be socialist or communist-led governments in Latin America. The act’s sponsor is Maria Elvira Salazar, a Republican Congressperson representing Miami. A part of Florida’s famously conservative Cuban-American community, in 2023, she introduced the FORCE Act, which attempted to block any U.S. president from normalizing relations with Cuba unless its government is overthrown. She has repeatedly condemned President Biden for easing the (illegal) U.S. sanctions on Venezuela. And in July, she denounced what she described as the “socialist curse in Central America and the Caribbean,” singling out Cuban, Venezuela, Honduras, and Nicaragua as countries requiring regime change.
She is, however, an avid supporter of the far-right President of Argentina, Javier Milei, accepting his invitation to attend his inauguration. Argentina, she said, “is going to set the course and point of reference for the rest of Latin America as to the way that a country should be governed… Free market economy, small government, individual liberties, freedom, private sector, no corruption, that’s what we’re trying to do.”
Perhaps the only foreign country she praises more than Argentina is Israel, whose actions she has supported at every step, even going so far as to denounce what she called the “one-sided pressure for a ceasefire” in Gaza.
Salazar’s bill passed easily, 327-62, with limited opposition from Democrats or Republicans, who voted for and against it in roughly equal measures. Even many members of the Progressive Caucus voted in favor, proving that anti-communism is as popular on the left as it is on the right.
A New McCarthyism?
The imminent passing of the Crucial Communism Teaching Act harkens back to earlier anti-communist periods in American history, namely the Red Scare of the 1910s and the McCarthyist era of the 1940s and 1950s. During those times, organized labor movements were ruthlessly attacked, workers from all professions, including professors, government officials, and teachers, were fired en masse, and some of America’s brightest minds had their careers derailed due to their political leanings. This included singer Paul Robeson, actors like Charlie Chaplain and Marilyn Monroe, playwright Arthur Miller and scientist Albert Einstein.
The point of these operations was to break any opposition to the power of the state and big business and ensure the United States maintained its capitalist course. Today, however, fewer Americans than ever are happy with the current political and economic system. A recent Gallup study found that only 22% of the public are satisfied with how things are going, with a majority responding that they are “very dissatisfied.” Living standards have been stagnating or dropping for decades, and alternative economic systems are becoming more desirable. A 2019 poll from Axios found that 48% of adults under 35 prefer socialism to capitalism, including 57% of female respondents.
There are some signs that Washington is slowly moving towards a new McCarthyist era. President Trump, for example, has promised to carry out mass deportations of leftists once he becomes president, stating:
I will order my government to deny entry to all communists and all Marxists. Those who come to join our country must love our country. We don’t want them if they want to destroy our country… So we’re going to be keeping foreign Christian-hating communists, socialists, and Marxists out of America.”
“At the end of the day, either the communists destroy America, or we destroy the communists,” he explained. But he also stated that American citizens espousing anti-capitalist views would be purged. “My question is, what are we going to do with the ones that are already here, that grew up here? I think we have to pass a new law for them,” he said.
That Trump would actually deport millions of American citizens en masse appears like too drastic a step right now, but it is clear that both Democrats and Republicans are serious in their anti-communist convictions. Therefore, the Crucial Communism Teaching Act will likely only be the start of this campaign.
