Sunday, February 06, 2022

Workers at Santa Fe Springs desserts factory continue 3-month-long strike, demanding higher wages

By Anabel Munoz
Friday, February 4, 2022

SANTA FE SPRINGS, Calif. (KABC) -- Elvia Castillo went on strike for the first time back in November 2021.

"Just by seeing them on the picket line, it makes you strong," she said of the now months-long strike at a rally Thursday. For 15 years, Castillo has decorated cakes that end up at retailers like Baskin Robbins, Cold Stone Creamery, and Safeway.

Some supply lines finish as many as 36 cakes per minute, said Castillo. "Our line is between 12 and 11 per minute," she added. Roughly 100 workers are on strike, while a few dozen continue to working, according to the union that represents the workers, Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers, and Grain Millers (BCTGM) International Union Local 37.

In April, Maria Palomo will have worked at the company for 22 years. She said the long, fast-paced work is tough on her hands, and believes they deserve a fair raise given increased demands for production. They're asking for a $1 per hour increase each year for three years. "It's a union contract and some workers have been there for about 19 years and they're still making $17.80 an hour," said Miguel Perez of the current wages.

Several lawmakers including U.S. Senator Alex Padilla and Congresswoman Linda Sánchez are supporting the workers -- predominantly Latina women -- urging the company to reach a fair agreement as soon as possible. Sanchez's letter cited a study that suggested that in Los Angeles, a single adult must make $19.35 an hour to support oneself, and more if they have children.

Rich Products Corporation told Eyewitness News that workers at the Santa Fe springs factory, Jon Donaire Desserts, make on average $18.21 an hour, and that its offer included a $1.60 cent per hour raise over three years, stressing it's a family owned company that provides workers with competitive wages and high-quality benefits.

A statement reads in part:

"Rich's associates, many of whom are multi-generational and average 10 years of tenure at the plant, currently have a platinum health-care plan, up to 38 days of annual paid time off; and a company-paid pension plan. The company recently presented its last and final contract offer that would have retained all that, and also included wage increases for each of the three years of the next contract."

While the company said its offer includes increasing the percentage of pays for employees health insurance, the union -- which does not dispute the company provides good benefits -- said that under one offer that includes the $1 raise, workers would have to pay more out of pocket for health insurance, essentially losing the raise.

The two parties have appealed to the National Labor Relations Board and for now there is no date to continue negotiations.

‘Our raises have been pennies’: US cake-makers strike for fair deal as company makes billions

Workers at the Jon Donaire plant in California are struggling to cope – so why won’t the factory’s owner raise its offer?

Striking workers at the Jon Donnaire Desserts plant in Santa Fe Springs. In the first year of the pandemic, Rich Products, which owns the plant, reported more than $4bn in revenue.
 Photograph: Myung J Chun/Los Angeles Times/Rex/Shutterstock


Michael Sainato
THE GUARDIAN
Sat 5 Feb 2022 

More than 150 workers at the Jon Donaire Desserts plant in Santa Fe Springs, California, have been on strike since early November over wages, healthcare coverage and working conditions.

The dispute centers on food workers, hailed as heroes early in the pandemic, who are struggling to cope with spiraling costs of living as the company that employs them posts billion-dollar revenues.

Amazon chews through the average worker in eight months. They need a union
Steven Greenhouse

Workers at the plant, which makes ice-cream cakes for companies such as Baskin-Robbins, Walmart and Safeway, are asking for a $1 an hour raise every year for three years with no cuts to their healthcare costs.


Rich Products Corporation, the plant’s owner, has made two offers to the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers’ International Union, which represents the workers. One proposed a 50¢ raise over one year and 55¢ raises for the following two years. The other offered an overall wage increase of $4.10 an hour, but included significant increases to the cost of workers’ healthcare.


“Right now, we’re paying around $130 a month for healthcare. They want to increase it to $480 for a single person and $780 for a family plan,” said Miguel Perez, who has worked at the Jon Donaire plant for 12 years.


“The Rich Corporation is not fulfilling its obligation to take care of its employees. They had us working through the whole pandemic. Everybody showed up to work. We all met our quotas as far as production [is concerned], and now that the contract is up they’re trying to nickel-and-dime us into an unacceptable raise.”

Workers have highlighted the company owners’ immense wealth and profits in their pressure to secure the raises they are on strike to receive. The chief executive and owner of Rich Products, Robert Rich Jr, has a net worth of $4.9bn. In the first year of the pandemic, Rich Products reported more than $4bn in revenue.


Perez also described workplace grievances, including being informed of forced overtime with just a few minutes left at the end of a shift, often being denied permissions to take time off from work to go to a doctor’s appointment, and the treatment of a workforce that is roughly 90% women by supervisors who are mostly men.

“Every week we see a woman coming out of the office crying, because she felt like she was disrespected,” added Perez. “We have a lot of that going on. Sometimes the male supervisors are cursing at them, yelling at them, or even making inappropriate gestures.”

Jon Donaire denied these allegations, claiming the union has never addressed these grievances with the company. “There are unfortunately many stories with baseless claims that we’ve had to refute throughout this process – and we will continue to do so,” said a spokesperson.

It also cited long tenures of employees and an internal survey of workers in March last year, where 80% of Santa Fe Springs’ employees said they would recommend Rich’s to others as a “great place to work”.

Cristina Lujan has worked at the Jon Donaire plant for 19 years. Most recently she was on the cake assembly line, decorating cakes at a rate of around 13 a minute.

Throughout her time at the plant Lujan said production demands have gotten higher and higher but her pay has not kept up with the increased demands on her nor with the costs of living in the Los Angeles area.

“When I started, I was well above minimum wage,” said Lujan. “Now, 19 years later, I’m barely above minimum wage. Our raises have been pennies every contract.”

Workers at the plant make on average less than $17 an hour, compared to workers at a Rich Products’ facility in Tennessee, who are paid on average $6 an hour more.

“I think he [Robert Rich Jr] can afford to pay us the $1 more that we’re asking for,” said Lujan. “Everything is going up, gas, food, rent and we’re living paycheck to paycheck. Everybody’s tired of feeling that frustration and stress daily. Their big company model is based on family first, but the way they treat us, I don’t think that’s the way you treat family.”

On 17 December, workers rejected the company’s contract offer, continuing the strike. Rich Products responded by declaring an impasse in new union contract negotiations and enacting the wage increases they proposed to workers who crossed the picket line, which the company said amounts to almost 60 workers. The company also paid workers who crossed picket lines back pay and a gain sharing bonus.

The union has filed unfair labor practice charges against the company for imposing a contract on the unionized workforce that was voted down by workers, which is currently under review at the National Labor Relations Board. Several elected officials, including the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 25 congressional representatives and seven US senators, have called on the Rich Corporation to bargain in good faith with the union and reach a fair contract.

“Rich’s is especially concerned about what the strike has meant for striking associates who have now gone weeks without a paycheck, are not eligible for state unemployment benefits, and will soon forfeit the high-quality healthcare they told the company they wanted to retain,” said a spokesperson for Rich Products.

“We are pleased many of our associates have continued to come to work since the strike began and plant production has continued. They deserve the wage increase we proposed and to retain their uninterrupted high-quality healthcare.

“We welcome back all striking workers with open arms and will provide the same considerations to them.”
Guelph CAA workers part of longest CAA union strike
CAA workers strike along Paisley Road in Guelph. Daniel Caudle/GuelphToday
Guelph CAA workers have been on strike since Oct. 29



Striking employees from the Canadian Automobile Association's (CAA) South Central Ontario (SCO) offices have been on the picket line since Oct. 29 – setting a record for the longest union strike according to union stewards on the picket line.

“This is the longest that any union within CAA has been on strike,” said Carolyn Bain, 879 union steward and member services consultant at CAA South Central Ontario, on the picket line Friday in Guelph.

Fighting for livable wages, the unfreezing of wages and the hiring of more staff to reduce the overload,  the strike action by Teamsters Local 879 has closed the CAA Stores in Kitchener, Waterloo, Cambridge, Guelph, and London.

With negotiations at a standstill, a deal that was under negotiation was pulled from the table and communication between the parties ceased until January.

A meeting to come back to the table is set for Feb. 16, just one week before all CAA stores across the province are planned to reopen on Feb. 21.

“I think it will be the same, minus what we did have negotiated in there, I definitely don't think it will be better,” said Cambridge CAA travel agent and 879 union steward Brenda Wheeler. 

“There’s no communication until January, and then they took the deal we had kind of negotiated off the table, so now we don't know what they’re going to present but we have a meeting with them to come back to the table on Feb. 16,” said Wheeler. “But who knows, it could be the original offer or it could be nothing.”

“We also took on other travel agents that have left the company or went to a different position within the company, we are taking on their files, the member services are doing extra work, short-staffed, they’re just bringing things up of them do to that have nothing to do with their job,” said Wheeler.

Wheeler said the employees at the London location are not currently travelling, however, the Guelph, Kitchener, Cambridge and Waterloo employees are banding together to travel to picket lines.

With the Waterloo location closed, the group has omitted the location, rotating between the three locations. 

The strike action has seen employees on the picket line every weekday, including during the recent snowstorms and temperatures dipping to -20 C.

Tony Tsai, CAA vice-president of corporate communications and services said out of respect for all parties at the bargaining table, CAA will not share or discuss any details in regards to the negotiations.

He added that he had no other update regarding the strike action.

New Study: Gas and Oil Drilling Doesn’t Create Very Many Jobs

Fossil fuel industry groups always emphasize how many jobs rely on oil and gas drilling. A new study shows they’re lying.


Natural gas drilling equipment on the Pinedale Anticline, Wyoming, on June 17, 2008. (Richard Waite / World Resources Institute via Flickr)

JACOBIN
02.04.2022

The oil and gas industry routinely claims that it employs millions of Americans as a way to perpetually delay action on climate change. New research shows it’s a total lie.

In 2020, the American Petroleum Institute (API), Washington’s top oil and gas lobby, published a study asserting that a national ban on fracking and federal oil and gas leasing could cost a whopping 7.5 million US jobs. Another API report in 2021 claimed that the oil and gas industry directly employs 2.5 million people.

According to a new analysis by the corporate watchdog Food and Water Watch, the actual number of people directly employed by the fossil fuel industry is only about half a million. Moreover, the Food and Water Watch report shows that the fossil fuel industry has been shedding jobs for years, even with oil and gas output at record levels.

The new report is the latest and most extreme example of how the fossil fuel industry has regularly inflated jobs numbers to falsely suggest that taking much-needed climate action amounts to a war on workers.

In reality, oil and gas companies have gotten ever better at doing their jobs — burning fossil fuels — with fewer and fewer employees. Oil and gas production increased in the United States by a third between 2014 and 2020. In that same time period, employment in those sectors has fallen by a third, too.

“While oil and gas production has overall increased, jobs have not increased in tandem,” explained Oakley Shelton-Thomas, a senior researcher at Food and Water Watch who worked on the report. “So, we’re presented with the idea that there’s a choice between, we have pollution and we also get jobs, but in reality we’re getting more pollution and fewer jobs.”

The Food and Water Watch report presents a very different picture of employment in the fossil fuel industry than the one industry groups like the API have provided to further their political aims.


In February 2020, as Democratic presidential candidates were debating a fracking ban, API released a study finding that banning federal leasing and fracking could cost 7.5 million jobs.

The report, entitled “America’s Progress at Risk,” warned that nearly 5 percent of America’s workforce could lose their jobs by 2022 if these policies were implemented. In truth, only about 0.5 percent of the American workforce is involved in oil and gas. The inflated numbers, according to the Food and Water Watch report, may come from “what appear to be basic arithmetic errors such as double counting and the inclusion of entirely unrelated jobs in their estimates.”

For example, people employed at gas stations — including those who work in the convenience stores attached to gas stations — constituted about half of the jobs that the API said were “directly” tied to the oil and gas industries.

“With regards to the impact of a federal leasing and drilling ban, the 7.5 million number reflects the economy-wide employment impact, not just jobs lost directly in the natural gas and oil industry but across the supply chain as well as jobs lost in other sectors due to higher energy costs,” an API spokesperson told us.

But experts suggest curbing fossil fuels won’t necessarily lead to the end of gas stations. Electric vehicles will need to be charged, and the vast majority of gas station jobs are in food and retail.

That’s true of other jobs API has claimed are dependent on oil and gas drilling, such as organic chemical and fertilizer manufacturing. Fossil fuels are used in the manufacturing process, but aren’t intrinsic to the production of certain chemicals or fertilizers.

“The broad trend is that these industries use oil and gas products as inputs in their industrial processes. But it’s not necessary to use hydrocarbons as inputs,” said Shelton-Thomas. “A bunch of the manufacturing jobs they include are far afield from oil and gas production.”

Meanwhile, “indirect” jobs, and “induced jobs,” or jobs within the oil and gas supply chain or whose wages are supported by oil and gas, account for nearly three-quarters of the jobs that oil and gas companies are claiming their industry provides.

The fossil fuel industry has weaponized these inflated job numbers to delay a transition to renewable energy.

“The oil and gas industry uses promises of employment to gain political leverage, which has impeded the necessary transition to clean, renewable energy,” said Shelton-Thomas.

These promises have informed media narratives and political discussions around climate policy.

During the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, corporate media spent months railing against Democratic presidential candidates who promised to ban fracking, arguing that such a job-killing position would amount to “political suicide,” especially in Pennsylvania.

One such New York Times article cited an API-provided statistic that fracking “supports more than 350,000 related jobs” in Pennsylvania. But according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, only about 25,000 people were employed in the fossil fuel industry in Pennsylvania in 2020. And oil and gas jobs in Pennsylvania declined by more than 20 percent in 2020, even while the state produced record amounts of natural gas, according to the Food and Water Watch report.

This is all part of a national trend. Not only have oil and gas companies overstated how many jobs they create, but their job numbers have presented a dishonest narrative of how the boom in domestic fracking has actually impacted the American economy.

Part of the reason for those job losses is automation in the fossil fuel industry, including through collaborations with tech companies to make humans obsolete on drilling rigs. Over the next decade, the number of workers required to operate a drilling rig could fall by as much as 20 to 30 percent due to automation, Kate Aronoff has reported in the New Republic.

During the COVID pandemic, even as fossil fuel companies were raking in federal aid, fossil fuel companies continued to conduct mass layoffs.

There’s another way forward that could be better for workers and the future of the planet. Mounting research has found that, dollar-for-dollar, investments in renewable energy create far more jobs in the near term than fossil fuel investments.


You can subscribe to David Sirota’s investigative journalism project, the Daily Poster, 

Julia Rock is a reporter for the Daily Poster.
Targeting methane “ultra-emitters” could cheaply slow climate change




Feb fifth 2022

ON FEBRUARY 15TH 2018 a fuel properly blew up in Ohio’s Belmont county. Flying overhead shortly earlier than 1pm, a state highway-patrol helicopter captured photographs of a column of flames and a billowing plume of soot and gases rising excessive into the sky from the rolling hills. Although the flames have been quickly put out, the bust wellhead was not patched up for 20 days. A subsequent research utilizing satellite tv for pc knowledge calculated that in that point, some 58,000 tonnes of methane was launched, equal to one-quarter of what Ohio’s total oil-and-gas infrastructure reportedly produces yearly and greater than the annual methane emissions of comparable fossil-fuel infrastructure in most European nations.

Methane is a colourless, odourless greenhouse fuel that makes up the majority of the pure fuel burned to warmth properties, cook dinner meals and generate electrical energy. It can also be the second largest driver of world warming after carbon dioxide, answerable for a minimum of one-quarter of the rise in world common temperatures because the Industrial Revolution. Once emitted, methane molecules degrade in round a decade so they don’t pile up within the environment in the identical manner as carbon dioxide, which might persist for lots of of years.

Slashing methane emissions, due to this fact, could assist cut back the general atmospheric quantity of greenhouse gases and slow the tempo of world warming within the close to time period. Patching up leaky oil-and-gas infrastructure, answerable for 22% of all man-made methane emissions, would assist meet these targets. This has led to efforts to quantify methane leaks.

According to a brand new research printed this week within the journal Science, prolonged blow-ups on pipelines and at wellheads—as occurred within the Belmont county explosion—are behind the discharge of roughly 8m tonnes of methane yearly. That is equal to between 8% and 12% of the estimated whole launched from the worldwide oil-and-gas infrastructure annually. By figuring out and mapping the leaks in such element, the research gives a chance: concentrate on tackling these massive leaks and a big chunk of the world’s greenhouse-gas emissions could be eliminated.

Thomas Lauvaux, an atmospheric scientist on the University of Saclay in France, and his colleagues used imagery and knowledge collected in 2019 and 2020 by the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) which is flying aboard an Earth-monitoring satellite tv for pc launched by the European Space Agency. The researchers discovered greater than 1,800 single “ultra-emitting” occasions, outlined as producing 25 tonnes or extra of methane every hour. Some occasions launched a number of hundred tonnes of the greenhouse fuel per hour, producing plumes that spanned lots of of kilometres.


Two-thirds of the ultra-emitting occasions have been co-located with oil and fuel manufacturing websites and pipelines; the remainder got here from coal manufacturing, agricultural or waste-management services. Accounting for 1.3m tonnes of methane per 12 months, Turkmenistan was house to among the largest sources. Dr Lauvaux and his colleagues famous that the occasions they documented weren’t included in nationwide emissions inventories and recommend that official numbers could underestimate whole emissions by half. After Turkmenistan, the most important emissions have been discovered over Russia, America, Iran, Kazakhstan and Algeria.

The 8m tonnes of methane picked up within the newest research have the identical warming impact because the carbon footprint of 18m Americans. Eliminating all these emissions would keep away from between 0.003°C to 0.007°C of warming over the following one to 3 many years, in keeping with Dr Lauvaux.

Improving monitoring and patching up leaky infrastructure would even be within the pursuits of fossil-fuel producers in locations together with Algeria, America, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan. The researchers calculated that firms forgo income of between $100 and $400 per tonne of methane that leaks out.

At the United Nations COP26 climate negotiations, held final November in Glasgow, leaders of greater than 100 nations made a pact to scale back world emissions of methane by 30% by 2030. The least expensive, most cost-effective manner of doing this can be to patch up oil-and-gas infrastructure, beginning with the ultra-emitters recognized by Dr Lauvaux. Inventories like his, and additional knowledge from a brand new technology of satellites able to detecting level sources of methane, are essential steps in assembly these world ambitions. ■

This article appeared within the Science & know-how part of the print version underneath the headline “Methane mission”
‘Carbon footprint gap’ between rich and poor expanding, study finds


Researchers say cutting carbon footprint of world’s wealthiest may be fastest way to reach net zero
EXPROPRIATE THEM!
The least wealthy half of the UK’s population accounts for less than 20% of final energy demand. 
Photograph: Stéphane Mahé/Reuters


Helena Horton
THE GUARDIAN
Fri 4 Feb 2022 

Wealthy people have disproportionately large carbon footprints and the percentage of the world’s emissions they are responsible for is growing, a study has found.

In 2010, the most affluent 10% of households emitted 34% of global CO2, while the 50% of the global population in lower income brackets accounted for just 15%. By 2015, the richest 10% were responsible for 49% of emissions against 7% produced by the poorest half of the world’s population.

Aimee Ambrose, a professor of energy policy at Sheffield Hallam University and author of the study published in the journal Science Direct, says cutting the carbon footprint of the wealthiest might be the fastest way to reach net zero.

In terms of energy demand in the UK, the least wealthy half of the population accounts for less than 20% of final demand, less than the top 5% consumes. While their homes may be more energy-efficient, high consumers are likely to have more space to heat. They also own and use more luxury items and gadgets.

Ambrose said the cost of living crisis was likely to make those on middle to low incomes reduce their carbon consumption by holidaying in the UK, if at all, and by using less fuel. However, those who consume the most are unlikely to have to make such changes.

“It is much easier for richer consumers to absorb these increases in costs without changing their behaviour,” said Ambrose. “Unlike the less wealthy, the thermostat won’t be turned down and the idea of not jetting off on a long-haul flight to find some sun is out of the question.

In most countries, before Covid-19, less than half of people reported flying at least once a year while more than half of emissions from passenger aviation were linked to the 1% of people who fly most often.



On the frontline of the cost of living crisis

“In many ways, the rich are being largely insulated from the spike in energy costs,” said Ambrose. “But addressing excessive personal consumption is something that isn’t on the agenda for the government and policymakers. This is bad news for the planet and our prospects of reaching net zero.”

She said the resulting policy neglect of high consumers was a “missed opportunity” to address inequality and opportunities for carbon reduction.

“Price mechanisms may force low-income households to cut back consumption to dangerous levels,” Ambrose added. “Moreover, high consumption and large carbon footprints are spatially concentrated in high-income cities and suburbs – while their negative effects, such as air pollution, typically spill over into less affluent areas.”
Antarctic fuel-eating microbes may help in plastic clean-up

By Lucila Sigal

 Reuters/NICOLAS CHIARADA Antarctic fuel-eating microbes may help in plastic clean-up

BUENOS AIRES (Reuters) - A team of Argentine scientists is using microorganisms native to Antarctica to clean up pollution from fuels and potentially plastics in the pristine expanses of the white continent.

The tiny microbes munch through the waste, creating a naturally occurring cleaning system for pollution caused by diesel that is used as a source of electricity and heat for research bases in the frozen Antarctic.

The continent is protected by a 1961 Madrid Protocol that stipulates it must be kept in a pristine state.

The research on how the microbes could help with plastic waste could have potential for wider environmental issues.

"This work uses the potential of native microorganisms - bacteria and fungi that inhabit the Antarctic soil, even when it is contaminated - and make these microorganisms eat the hydrocarbons," said Dr. Lucas Ruberto, a biochemist.

 Reuters/FLORENCIA BRUNETTI Antarctic fuel-eating microbes may help in plastic clean-up

"What for us is a contaminant, for them can be food."

Ruberto traveled in December with other researchers to Carlini, one of the six permanent Argentine bases in Antarctica, going through a quarantine to help avoid bringing COVID-19 to the continent, where there have been isolated virus break-outs.

The team carried out bioremediation tasks, which involve cleaning soil affected by diesel, using indigenous microorganisms and plants, a process that can be used in the austral summer and removes some 60-80% of contaminants

. 
Reuters/NICOLAS CHIARADA Antarctic fuel-eating microbes may help in plastic clean-up

Ruberto said that the team helped the microbes with nitrogen, humidity and aeration to optimize their conditions.

"Basically with that we get the microorganisms to biologically reduce, with a very low environmental impact, the level of contaminants," he told Reuters by Zoom.

The team has now started to research how the microbes could help clean up plastic waste elsewhere. Both fuels and plastics are polymers, molecules made up of long chains of mainly carbon and hydrogen.

"This year we incorporated as one of the group's projects the search for indigenous microorganisms that are capable of degrading plastic," said Nathalie Bernard, a biochemist and specialist in plastic biodegradation.

The researchers collect samples of plastic from the Antarctic seas and study to see if the microorganisms are eating the plastics or simply using them as rafts.

"If we find that it is indeed degrading plastic, the next step would be to understand how it does that, so that in the long-term we could find a way to put together a biotechnology process for low-temperature polymer degradation," Bernard added.

Ruberto said doing their work within the awe-inspiring surrounds of the Antarctic helped motivate the research.

"Being able to investigate in Antarctica is a dream come true," he said. "It is a unique, protected place, with very special ecosystems."

(Reporting by Lucila Sigal; Editing by Adam Jourdan and Diane Craft)

Ocean eddies could explain Antarctic sea-ice paradox

Antarctica
Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain

Despite global warming and the sea-ice loss in the Arctic, the Antarctic sea-ice extent has remained largely unchanged since 1979. However, existing climate model-based simulations indicate significant sea-ice loss, contrary to actual observations. As experts from the Alfred Wegener Institute have now shown, the ocean may weaken warming around Antarctica and delay sea-ice retreat. Given that many models are not capable of accurately reflecting this factor and the role of ocean eddies, the study, which was just published in the journal Nature Communications, provides the basis for improved simulations and forecasts of the future development of the Antarctic.

Global warming is progressing rapidly, producing effects that can be felt around the world. The impacts of climate change are especially dramatic in the Arctic: since the beginning of satellite observation in 1979, the sea ice has declined massively in the face of rising global temperatures. According to the latest simulations, the Arctic could be consistently ice-free in summer before 2050, and in some years even before 2030.

Yet on the other side of the planet, in Antarctica, the sea ice seems to have evaded the global warming trend. Since 2010, there have been more interannual fluctuations than in the previous period. However, apart from a significant negative excursion in the years 2016 to 2019, the long-term mean sea-ice cover around the Antarctic continent has remained stable since 1979. As such, the observable reality does not match the majority of scientific simulations, which show a significant sea-ice loss over the same timeframe.

"This so-called Antarctic sea-ice paradox has preoccupied the scientific community for some time now," says first author Thomas Rackow from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). "The  cannot yet correctly describe the behavior of the Antarctic sea ice; some key element seems to be missing. This also explains why the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, concludes that the confidence level for -based projections of future Antarctic sea ice is low." In contrast, the models are already so reliable in the Arctic that the IPCC ascribes a high confidence level to their projections. "With our study, we now provide a basis that could make future projections for Antarctica much more reliable."

In the course of the study, the team applied the AWI Climate Model (AWI-CM). Unlike other climate models, the AWI-CM allows certain key regions like the Southern Ocean to be simulated in far more detail—or in other words, in high resolution. As a result, mixing processes in the ocean, caused by smaller ocean eddies with diameters of 10 to 20 kilometers, can also be directly included.

"We used a broad range of configurations for our simulations. In the process, it became clear that only those simulations with a high-resolution description of the Southern Ocean encircling the Antarctic produced delayed sea-ice loss similar to what we are seeing in reality," says Rackow. "When we then extended the model into the future, even under a highly unfavorable greenhouse-gas scenario the Antarctic sea-ice cover remains largely stable until mid-century. After that point the sea ice retreats rather rapidly, just as the Arctic sea ice has been doing for decades."

As such, the AWI study offers a potential explanation for why the behavior of the Antarctic sea ice does not follow the  trend. "There could be a number of reasons for the paradoxical stability of the sea-ice cover. The theory that additional melt water from the Antarctic stabilizes the water column and thus also the ice by shielding the cool surface waters from the warmer deep waters is being discussed. According to another theory, the prime suspects are the westerlies blowing around the Antarctic, which have been strengthening under climate change. These winds could essentially spread out the ice like a thin pizza dough, so that it covers a greater area. In this scenario, the ice volume could already be declining, while the ice-covered areas would give the illusion of stability," Rackow explains.

AWI's research efforts now bring ocean eddies into the focus. These could play a decisive part in dampening and thus delaying the effects of climate change in the Southern Ocean, allowing the ocean to transport additional heat taken up from the atmosphere north, toward the Equator. This northward  is closely linked to the underlying overturning circulation in the upper about 1,000 meters of the ocean, which in the Southern Ocean is driven by the wind on the one hand but is also influenced by eddies. While the northward component of the circulation is growing due to stronger westerlies, the simplified eddies in low-resolution climate models often seem to overcompensate for this factor by a southward component toward Antarctica; the explicitly simulated eddies in the high-resolution model display a more neutral behavior. Taken together, a more pronounced northerly change in heat transport can be seen in the high-resolution model. As a result, the ocean surrounding the Antarctic warms more slowly and the ice cover remains stable for longer.

"Our study supports the hypothesis that  models and projections of the Antarctic sea ice will be far more reliable as soon as they are capable of realistically simulating a high-resolution , complete with eddies," says Rackow. "Thanks to the ever-increasing performance of parallel supercomputers and new, more efficient models, next-generation  should make this a routine task."Current climate model simulations overestimate future sea-level rise

More information: Rackow et al, Delayed Antarctic sea-ice decline in high-resolution climate change simulations, Nature Communications (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28259-y

Journal information: Nature Communications 

Provided by Alfred Wegener Institute 

SHIT FOR BRAINS.....LITERALLY
Why Did a Fish Have Fossilized Feces Where Its Brain Once Was?

It’s the first time a vertebrate’s braincase has ever been found full of coprolites, scientists say.


A ventral view of the fossilized skull of the extinct stargazer fish, Astroscopus countermani, with pieces of the brain case broken away to reveal fecal pellets.
Credit...Calvert Marine Museum

By Jeanne Timmons
NEW YORK TIMES
Feb. 4, 2022

It’s a dubious distinction in the fossil record: For the first time, a vertebrate has been found with fecal pellets where its brain once was.

The fossilized animal was Astroscopus countermani, an extinct fish first described as a separate species in 2011 in Maryland. Also known as a stargazer because its eyes were on top of its head, it was the earliest known member of its family and its genus, which still hunts prey on seafloors all over the world. But approximately 7.5 million to 10.5 million years ago in the Miocene era, scientists suspect this stargazer specimen, which may have been the size of today’s trout, died and its braincase might have been infiltrated by polychaetes or another kind of annelid worm. The creatures may have scavenged the dead fish’s brain, leaving a profuse amount of excrement in their wake.

“This,” said Stephen J. Godfrey, curator of paleontology at the Calvert Marine Museum in Maryland and an author of the study, “was an overachieving worm or worms that burrowed into this little fish!”

Although the stargazer fossil was not a new find, the authors more recently were able to use improved technology to peer inside both the braincase and the fossilized pellets without destroying either. In a paper published in January in the journal ​​Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, the scientists describe using a spectroscopic device to confirm the calcium and phosphate signatures of coprolites — fossilized feces — in the fish’s braincase.

It’s remarkable, Dr. Godfrey says, that a fish so small survived fossilization. But it’s equally remarkable that the tightly-packed coprolites within its braincase were also preserved. It means that no other ancient scavenger for whom fecal pellets would have meant lunch followed behind those worms.

A present-day example of a stargazer fish, Astroscopus guttatus, or northern stargazer.Credit...Andrew J. Martinez/Science Source

A dorsal view of the skull of Astroscopus countermani, first described in 2011.Credit...Calvert Marine Museum


The Calvert Cliffs where the fossil was found stretch 35 miles along the coast of Maryland. Well-known for its voluminous and diverse fossil content, the site has so far produced fossils of 650 different ancient organisms. They include evidence of creatures burrowing into fossilized remains, shark fossils with shark bite marks on them, shark-bitten coprolites, and whale fossils that indicate they were scavenged. John Nance, a co-author and paleontology collections manager at the Calvert Marine Museum, has found numerous trace fossils at the beaches beside these cliffs, many of which were discussed in the recent paper.

But the micro-coprolites described in this paper have proved particularly enticing for study. Dr. Godfrey and his co-authors noted their uniform shape and size. Similar fecal pellets have been found much deeper in the fossil record, including the heads of trilobites more than 450 million year old.

“We do not know the identity of the producers of these pellets,” said Alberto Collareta, a co-author and paleontologist at the University of Pisa, “but we know that their behavior has proved quite successful.” In other words, the same type and shape of micro-coprolites have been found in similar tight spaces for hundreds of millions of years.

Although large fossils get considerable attention in paleontology, “fossils of tiny organisms, however, often have much more to say,” said Aline Ghilardi, a paleontology professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil who was not involved in the research.

She says that smaller creatures and what they leave behind — burrows or bodily waste — can provide detailed stories about environmental changes over time.

“Each type of fossil has a different story to tell, and these stories complement each other, helping us to reconstruct a more accurate picture of the past,” she said. “Paleontologists need all these pieces to reconstruct the history of life.”


The Labrador Sea keeps the world's oceans alive. Scientists are now closer to understanding how

The sea is one of the few places where oxygen from the air

 is transferred to the deepest parts of the ocean

Researchers on board Germany's RV Maria S Merian in the Labrador Sea. (Dariia Atamanchuk, Dalhousie University)

Canadian and German scientists say they have measured the flow of oxygen in and out of the deep ocean in the Labrador Sea for the first time, providing new insight into what has been called "a lung of the ocean" that is vital for keeping marine life alive. 

The Labrador Sea is one of the few places where oxygen from the atmosphere is transferred to the deepest parts of the ocean and distributed throughout the Atlantic and eventually into the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

"Without this transport of oxygen by the equivalent of our bloodstream there would be no animal life, there would be microbial life, but no animal life in the deep ocean," says Doug Wallace, an oceanography professor at Dalhousie University in Halifax.

"It's absolutely essential for the deep ocean ecosystems."

How the ocean lung works 

Wintertime cooling in the Labrador Sea makes oxygen-rich surface waters denser and heavy enough to sink to a depth of two kilometres where the oxygen is dispersed by deep boundary currents.

Using sensors moored between Labrador and Greenland, researchers measured the flow of oxygen into the deep ocean interior over a two-year period.

Researchers measured the flow of oxygen into the deep ocean interior over a two-year period on the Labrador Sea. (Dariia Atamanchuk, Dalhousie University)

The sensors were deployed at a depth of 600 metres from cables anchored to the ocean floor.

They were located along an array at 53 degrees north latitude where scientists expected deep mixing in the centre of the Labrador Sea to spread into the Atlantic.

Half the oxygen exhaled into deep ocean currents

About half of the "inhaled" oxygen was injected into deep water currents over a five month period. 

One of the dissolved oxygen sensors deployed in the Labrador Sea. (Dariia Atamanchuk, Dalhousie University)

"The timing was a surprise actually for us because I think we imagined it would be just spread out over the whole year. But what we see was a very distinct pulse of oxygen for a few months only and then things went back to background," says Wallace, who co-authored a paper on the research published in the journal Biogeosciences.

The research was a collaboration between the Ocean Frontier Institute, based at Dalhousie University in Halifax and the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel in Germany.

"This study is an example of how monitoring enabled by the latest ocean technology can help us fill in knowledge gaps in this important region," says Dariia Atamanchuk, who leads the oxygen program at Dalhousie

"We wanted to know how much of the oxygen that is breathed in each winter actually makes it into the deep, fast-flowing currents that transport it across the globe. The newly inhaled oxygen was clearly noticeable as a pulse of high oxygen concentration that passed our sensors between March and August," lead author James Koelling said in a statement.

More sensor results expected

In the meantime, more sensors have been deployed in the Labrador Sea closer to western Greenland.

The research is a part of an international effort involving scientists from Canada, the United States and Europe.

When the sensors start coming out of the water as soon as this year, researchers will have a more complete picture of the way oxygen flows within the region.

Dalhousie University oceanography professor Doug Wallace, co-author of a study that measured oxygen flow in and out of the Labrador Sea. (Mark Crosby/CBC)

A window on climate change

Scientists also say this monitoring of oxygen flow can help understand the effects of climate change.

Modelling suggests lighter, freshwater from melting glaciers does not sink as readily and that could reduce deep water mixing.

"So in effect, there's a risk and I'm saying it's a risk that the breathing of the ocean in that region could become shallower... and the transport of oxygen into the deep ocean and therefore into this bloodstream will become less. So that's why we think it's really important to measure it," says Wallace.

WAIT, WHAT?

Earth's water was around before Earth

water
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

To understand how life emerged, scientists investigate the chemistry of carbon and water. In the case of water, they track the various forms, or isotopes, of its constituent hydrogen and oxygen atoms over the history of the universe, like a giant treasure hunt.

Researchers from the CNRS, Paris-Saclay University, the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), and the University of Pau and the Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), with support from the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), have followed the trail of the isotopic composition of  back to the start of the solar system, in the inner regions where Earth and the other terrestrial planets were formed.

They did this by analyzing one of the oldest meteorites of our solar system, using an innovative method developed just for their study. Their data show that two  existed during the first 200,000 years of our solar system, even before the formation of the earliest planetary embryos.

One of these reservoirs consisted of the solar gas in which all the matter of our solar system originated. With the meteorite, the scientists were able to measure its record directly for the first time ever. The second gas reservoir was enriched in  and already had the isotopic signature of terrestrial water.

It was created by a massive influx of interstellar water in the hot internal regions of the solar system, upon the collapse of the interstellar envelope and the formation of the protoplanetary disc. The early existence of this gas with Earth-like isotopic composition implies that Earth's water was there before the accretion of the first constituent blocks of our planet. These findings are published in Nature Astronomy.Organic makeup of ancient meteorites sheds light on early Solar System

More information: Jerome Aléon, Determination of the initial hydrogen isotopic composition of the solar system, Nature Astronomy (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-021-01595-7. www.nature.com/articles/s41550-021-01595-7

Journal information: Nature Astronomy 

Provided by CNRS 


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Earth's Water Was in The Solar System Before Earth Itself, Meteorite Reveals

3 FEBRUARY 2022

We don't know how life emerged on Earth, but one thing is certain: life as we know it on our planet wouldn't exist without the water that wraps around the surface, runs in rivulets, and falls from the sky.

Our planet is the only one known to have life, and the only one on which liquid water can be found in abundance (moons are another story). There are giant question marks over where and how it came from, but new research suggests that it was here in the Solar System before Earth even formed.

According to a team led by geochemist Jérôme Aléon of the French National Museum of Natural History, isotopes of water in a meteorite from the birth of the Solar System match isotopes of water found on Earth today.

"The initial isotopic composition of water in the Solar System is of paramount importance to understanding the origin of water on planetary bodies but remains unknown, despite numerous studies," the researchers write in their paper.

"Here we use the isotopic composition of hydrogen in calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (CAIs) from primitive meteorites, the oldest Solar System rocks, to establish the hydrogen isotopic composition of water at the onset of Solar System formation."

Certain types of meteorites can act as time capsules from the birth of the Solar System. A star is born from a cloud of gas and dust that collapses under its own gravity, known as the collapse of the protostellar envelope.

Meanwhile, material in the cloud around it flattens into a disk that feeds into the growing, spinning star. Once it has finished growing, what's left of that cloud forms everything else in that star's system – planets, asteroids, comets, and so forth.

Many of these things are even older than Earth; radiometric dating suggests Earth formed 4.54 billion years ago. And, by sheer luck, some of these rocks land right here on our doorsteps.

The whole accretion process usually heats and squeezes those primordial materials into forms that erase traces of its origins. This has made analysis of its water content a challenge.

Yet there are occasional rock samples that make it to Earth's surface that display few signs of overbaking, providing researchers with a prime opportunity.

The Efremovka meteorite, found in Kazakhstan in 1962, has elements that have been dated back to 4.57 billion years ago. It was this meteorite, and its ancient inclusions rich in calcium and aluminium, that Aléon and colleagues analyzed, using a new technique developed just for this purpose.

To measure the water content of the meteorite, they used focused ion beam imaging to identify and probe all the minerals in their sample, comparing the results with eight terrestrial reference materials with a wide range of water content. Then, they examined the ratio of the isotopes of hydrogen in the meteorite.

These ratios, fascinatingly, can be used to identify the signature of water. Isotopes are variants of an element with different numbers of neutrons; deuterium – also known as heavy hydrogen – has one proton and one neutron. Protium, or light hydrogen, has one proton and no neutrons.

Because hydrogen is one of the components of water, the ratio of these two isotopes in rocks can tell us about the water that rock was exposed to. For example, protium is the dominant hydrogen isotope here on Earth. On Mars, deuterium is the dominant isotope, which tells us that something might be stripping the lighter protium.

The minerals and ratios in the Efremovka meteorite revealed that, in the first 200,000 years of our Solar System's history, before the planetesimals (that's planet seeds) formed, two large gas reservoirs existed. One of these reservoirs contained the solar gas from which the matter in the Solar System ended up condensing.

The other, the team found, was rich in water. This water probably came from a massive influx of interstellar material that fell in towards the inner Solar System at the time of the protostellar envelope collapse.

And, fascinatingly, that water is very similar to Earth's water in its isotopic composition. This suggests that water was present in the early Solar System from its very inception – before Earth was even a twinkle in the protoplanetary disk.

"The ubiquitous hydrogen isotopic composition observed in large, early-formed telluric planetesimals … was reached in the first few 100,000 years of the Solar System owing to a massive influx of interstellar matter infalling directly in the inner Solar System, rather than being produced in a more evolved protoplanetary disk," the researchers write.

The research has been published in Nature Astronomy.

An ‘Extinct’ Crystal May Help Explain the Origin of Earth’s Oceans


Earth’s water may have seeped up from its depths, as opposed to being delivered by impacts from outer space, according to a new study.

By Becky Ferreira
VICE

For a brief period in Earth’s tumultuous early history, a mineral that no longer exists on our planet may have safeguarded the ingredients of water long enough to enable the emergence of oceans that eventually nurtured life.

That’s the conclusion of a recent study led by Xiao Dong, a materials scientist at Nankai University, that presents a new possible origin story for Earth’s water—the most essential ingredient for life as we know it. In addition to yielding new insights into Earth’s ancient oceans, the new study also has implications in the search for water, and therefore alien life, on other planets.

As our young planet was bombarded by asteroids and comets more than four billion years ago, a “now-extinct” permutation of magnesium silicate might have kept hydrogen and oxygen atoms securely locked away deep underground so that they could eventually survive and upwell as liquid water at the surface, according to the study, which appears in Physical Review Letters.

“The origin of water on the Earth is a long-standing mystery, requiring a comprehensive search for hydrous compounds, stable at conditions of the deep Earth and made of Earth-abundant elements,” said Dong and his colleagues in the study.

The team undertook just such a search with the help of an algorithm called Universal Structure Predictor: Evolutionary Xtallography (USPEX) developed by study co-author Artem Oganov, who is a professor at the Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology. USPEX is able to predict exotic crystal structures to fit a variety of parameters, including compounds that would have existed within the extreme conditions in the interior of our infant planet.

The researchers used USPEX to search for compounds that contain hydrogen and oxygen, the two constituents of water, that would be stable at the high temperatures and pressures that existed hundreds of miles under our planet’s ancient surface. The results revealed a magnesium silicate that is two parts magnesium, one part silicon, five parts oxygen, and two parts hydrogen. This compound “must have existed in the Earth, hosting much of Earth’s water” during “the first 30 million years of Earth’s history, before the Earth’s core was formed, according to the study.

As Earth’s core formed, these silicates disintegrated, a process that released hydrous constituents as water. Over the course of 100 million years, this water made its way to Earth’s surface, where it became the life-sustaining force that still exists today. In this way, these silicates “likely contributed in a major way to the evolution of our planet,” the team said.

These now-extinct compounds may also contribute to the evolution of other planets, which makes them relevant to the search for extraterrestrial life.

Planets that are smaller than Earth, such as Mars, cannot achieve the interior pressures necessary to create these magnesium silicates, which means any water on these worlds had to have a different origin. Meanwhile, planets larger than Earth, such as the tantalizing “Super-Earths” observed in other star systems, would likely support pressures that could preserve huge volumes of these hydrous compounds.

While some scientists have speculated that Earth’s water may have been delivered from outer space by comet impacts, the new study shows that our precious oceans may have emerged from the opposite direction—as byproducts of long-lost compounds hidden deep underground.