Sunday, August 11, 2024

Imane Khelif takes legal action against online harassment amid gender controversy: ‘I want to change minds…’

By Bhavika Rathore
Aug 11, 2024

Imane Khelif filed the formal complaint after winning a gold medal in women’s welterweight boxing.

Boxer Imane Khelif made a legal complaint on Friday, August 10 against all the online harassment. She recently won a gold medal for her country in the women’s welterweight boxing after defeating China’s Yang Liu at the Paris Olympics. Khelif was trolled relentlessly since the gender controversy began after her match with Italian boxer,
 Angela Carini

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TOPSHOT - Imane Khelif filed a legal complaint against the online harassment after the gender outcry. (Photo by MOHD RASFAN / AFP)(AFP)

Also Read: Second gender-row boxer Lin Yu Ting wins Olympic gold after Imane Khelif; rival left with bloodied face
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Imane Khelif clap backs at trolls with a legal complaint

The Algerian boxer filed a legal complaint against hate comments which claimed she was not a woman after her victory at the Olympics. Khelif’s lawyer, Nabil Boudi mentioned stated that a formal complaint was filed against the online harassment. The gold medalist said, “All that is being said about me on social media is immoral. I want to change the minds of people around the world,” about her move to file a complaint.

Khelif further added, “For eight years, this has been my dream, and I’m now the Olympic champion and gold medalist,” as reported by the interpreter to AP. Khelif was asked about the gender scrutiny which surrounded her for the past few days, she said, “That also gives my success a special taste because of those attacks. We are in the Olympics to perform as athletes, and I hope that we will not see any similar attacks in future Olympics.”

The gender scrutiny began after her opponent, Carini, backed out of the match due to health concerns and parted with the statement, “I have never felt a punch like this,” while crying.

‘I’m a woman’: Imane Khelif

While Khelif was one of the two women who were allowed to participate in the Olympics after they were disqualified from the International Boxing Association’s women’s world championship last year, the association is now banned. The other athlete was Taiwanese player Li Yu-ting. According to the announcement by IBA, both the players failed the testosterone and gender eligibility test. However, Khelif who was raised as a female since childhood said, “I’m fully qualified to take part in this competition. I’m a woman like any other woman. I was born as a woman, I live as a woman, and I am qualified” right before winning herself a gold.

Boxing-Taiwan's Lin says she blocked out gender dispute en route to gold


Paris 2024 Olympics - Boxing - Women's 57kg - Victory Ceremony - Roland-Garros Stadium, Paris, France - Aug 10, 2024. Gold medallist Lin Yu-ting of Taiwan kisses her medal.


Reuters
August 10, 2024 

PARIS — Lin Yu-ting, one of two boxers at the centre of a gender dispute at the Paris Olympics, said staying off social media and focusing on her sport had helped her cope with nearly two weeks of international headlines over her eligibility for the Games.

Lin, who beat Polish opponent Julia Szeremeta to claim the women's featherweight gold on Saturday (Aug 10), and Algerian Imane Khelif were both caught up in a storm that has dominated headlines and been the subject of heated debate on social media platforms.

The two boxers were disqualified by the International Boxing Association (IBA) from the 2023 World Championships, which said a sex chromosome test had ruled both of them ineligible.

They competed in Paris after the International Olympic Committee (IOC) stripped the IBA of its status as the sport's governing body in 2023 and took control of organising the boxing itself.

The IOC used boxing eligibility rules that were applied at the 2016 and 2021 Olympics and do not include gender testing.

"As an elite athlete during the competition, it's important to shut myself off from social media and to focus. That is extremely important," Lin told reporters after the win.

"Of course I heard some of the information through my coach, but I didn't pay too much attention to it. I was invited by the IOC to participate at the Games, this is what I focused on.

"As for the other news, I relied on my coach to answer the questions. I just focused on who my competitor would be, I focused on training and being able to bring my A-game when I fought."

On Saturday, Khelif's lawyer Nabil Boudi said the Algerian boxer had filed a formal legal complaint citing online harassment.

Asked if she would take similar measures, Lin said: "This is something I will discuss with my team. We will decide later what the next step will be."

Lin, a two-time world champion, was overcome by emotion after the bout and moved to tears while standing on the podium.

"During the fight, I saw images flashing and I thought about the beginning of my career when I started boxing," the 28-year-old said.

"All the difficult practise sessions, the times I got injured, the competitors I fought against.

"There were times of great pain, and times of great joy. I cried because I was so touched. I represented Taiwan, I got the gold medal. I want to thank all the people in Taiwan who supported me, from the beginning to the end."

FIGHTING TALK 
Imane Khelif hits out at ‘enemies of success’ after fighting through gender row to win Olympic gold

Khelif defeated Yang Liu to win the women’s welterweight tournament in Paris, becoming Algeria’s first woman to ever win a gold medal in boxing at the Games.


Gold medallist Imane Khelif of Algeria kisses her medal
Jack Rathborn 
UK Independent


Imane Khelif hit out at “the enemies of success” and those who do not believe she is a woman after fighting to win Olympic gold amid a gender row at Paris 2024.

Khelif defeated Yang Liu to win the women’s welterweight tournament in Paris, becoming Algeria’s first woman to ever win a gold medal in boxing at the Games.

The 25-year-old boxer was disqualified by the IBA from the women’s World Championships for allegedly failing a gender eligibility test.

Khelif said that by winning gold she sent the IBA, which is no longer recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a message that she still her “dignity and honour” due to her success.

She added: “It’s a dream for every athlete. I took part in Tokyo, but I was not well prepared at the time; it was during Covid, the times were difficult.

“But in Paris, the whole world, the Algerians, they all know how hard I worked. I trained in the [United] States, mostly, in preparation for the Olympics, with a great trainer – Pedro Diaz, he has 21 Olympic medals, today he has 22, he also deserves this medal.

“As for if I qualify or not, if I’m a woman or not: I made many statements in the media, I’m fully qualified, I’m a woman, I was born a woman, I lived a woman. There’s no doubt about that.

“These people [who claim I am not], they are the enemies of success. It’s what I call them. It gives my success a special taste because of these attacks.

“My honour is in tact, but the attacks on social media were extremely bad and they are meaningless. They impact the dignity of people, now people’s thinking has changed.

“As for the IBA: since 2018 I was boxing under the umbrella of the IBA, they know me very well. They know what I’m capable of, how I’ve developed over the years. But now they are not reocgnised anymore and they hate me, and I don’t know why. I sent them a single message with this gold medal – and my dignity and honour is above everything else.

“The Algerian women are known for their strength and strong will, and they are valiant and they came to support me. They sent a message to the Arab [world] as well. They sent the message that our honour is above everything else.”


'I am a woman': Victorious gender scandal boxer Imane Khelif hits out at 'bullies and enemies' after clinching Olympic gold

10 August 2024, 10:21

'I am a woman': Victorious gender scandal boxer Imane Khelif hits out at 'bullies and enemies' after clinching Olympic gold
'I am a woman': Victorious gender scandal boxer Imane Khelif hits out at 'bullies and enemies' after clinching Olympic gold. Picture: Alamy 

By Christian Oliver

Imane Khelif - the woman at the centre of a gender eligibility row over her inclusion in the Paris Olympics - has said 'attacks' on her left a 'special taste' after clinching the gold medal last night.

The Algerian - who was disqualified from the World Championships last year after reportedly failing gender eligibility tests - said she "doesn't care" about the controversy swirling over her inclusion in the women's 66kg boxing category after being waved on to victory by hundreds of flag-waving Algerian supporters.

Khelif stormed through her gold medal bout with a unanimous decision over five rounds to defeat Chinese world champion Yang Liu.

Algeria's supporters turned the normally genteel surroundings of Phillippe-Chatrier Court at Roland Garros into a cauldron of noise in support of Khelif, who has come under fire from critics after Italian boxer Angela Carini abandoned their fight, claiming she had fears over her safety. She later apologised to Khelif.

Khelif had managed to avoid a huge media scrum after her previous fights, but the Algerian broke her silence to hit out at her critics: "I don't care what anyone is saying about me with the controversy."

Algeria's Imane Khelif celebrates after defeating China's Yang Liu to win gold in their women's 66 kg final boxing match
Algeria's Imane Khelif celebrates after defeating China's Yang Liu to win gold in their women's 66 kg final boxing match. Picture: Alamy

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She continued: "I am fully qualified to take part in this competition. I am a woman like any other woman.

"I was born a woman. I have lived as a woman. I competed as a woman - there is no doubt about that."

Khelif said she had been a victim of "bullying" since her fight with Carini, claiming that the International Boxing Association (IBA) "hate me and I really don’t know why".

But the governing body itself was stripped of its international recognition by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) last year for its failure to complete reforms on governance, finance and ethical issues.

It is also closely tied to the Kremlin and its president, Russian businessman Umar Kremlev, is believed to be a close ally of Vladimir Putin.

Khelif is one of two fighters, along with Lin Yu-ting of Chinese Taipei, who were disqualified from last year's World Championships for failing to meet gender eligibility criteria. But disgraced sporting authority the IBA carried out the tests in 2023.

Continuing her comments after the fight: "All that is important to me is that I stay on the level and give my people the performance they deserve. I know I'm a talented person and this is a gift to all Algerians."

On Monday, an IBA press conference descended into farce as controversial president Kremlev made baseless claims about Lin and Khelif and launched an astonishing tirade against IOC president Thomas Bach.

Khelif and Lin were allowed to return to competition by the IOC, which is effectively administering the Paris 2024 boxing tournament in the IBA's absence.

The case has aroused global interest, with figures such as former United States president Donald Trump and Harry Potter author JK Rowling weighing in on the issue.

Khelif won every round on the judges' cards, appearing close to securing a stoppage at times, and celebrated with a victory jig in the ring as the Algerian supporters celebrated wildly.

Imane Khelif (left) celebrates gold at Roland Garros
Imane Khelif (left) celebrates gold at Roland Garros. Picture: Alamy

Last week's controversial bout between Khelif and Carini came under scrutiny from the likes for former Team GB gold medal winner Nicola Adams who said it was "unfair and dangerous".

Adams, who won flyweight gold for Team GB in the 2012 and 2016 Olympics, wrote on X on last Friday: "After years of fighting for women's boxing to even exist in the Olympics and then all the training they go through to get there it was hard to watch another fighter be forced to give up on her Olympic dreams.

"People not born as biological women, that have been through male puberty, should not be able to compete in women's sport. Not only is this unfair it's dangerous!"

Shortly after the fight, the IOC said that as with previous Games, the gender of athletes was based on their passports.

The body said "misleading information" had been reported about Khelif and Lin, and pointed out they had been competing in international boxing events for many years, including the Tokyo Games three years ago.

It described the IBA's decision to disqualify them last year as "sudden" and "arbitrary" and having been made "without due process".

The IBA has not given specifics regarding Khelif and Lin's disqualification but said on Thursday the decision to disqualify had been based on "two trustworthy tests" at World Championships in Istanbul in 2022 and New Delhi in 2023.

Algerian boxer Imane Khelif wins gold to cap an Olympics amid scrutiny


Copyright © africanewsJohn Locher/

Copyright 2024 The AP. All rights reserved
By Rédaction Africanews Last updated: 3 hours ago


Algerian boxer Imane Khelif has won a gold medal Friday at the Paris Olympics, emerging a champion from a tumultuous run at the Games where she endured intense scrutiny in the ring and online abuse from around the world over misconceptions about her womanhood.

Khelif beat Yang Liu of China 5:0 in the final of the women’s welterweight division, wrapping up the best series of fights of her boxing career with a victory at Roland Garros, where crowds chanted her name, waved Algerian flags and roared every time she landed a punch.

After her unanimous win, Khelif jumped into her coaches' arms, one of them putting her on his shoulders and carrying her in a victory lap as she pumped her fists and grabbed an Algerian flag from the crowd.

“For eight years, this has been my dream, and I’m now the Olympic champion and gold medalist,” Khelif said through an interpreter. Asked about the scrutiny, she told reporters: “That also gives my success a special taste because of those attacks.”

“We are in the Olympics to perform as athletes, and I hope that we will not see any similar attacks in future Olympics,” she said.

Fans have embraced Khelif in Paris even as she faced an extraordinary amount of scrutiny from world leaders, major celebrities and others who have questioned her eligibility or falsely claimed she was a man. It has thrust her into a larger divide over changing attitudes toward gender identity and regulations in sports.

It stems from the Russian-dominated International Boxing Association’s decision to disqualify Khelif and fellow two-time Olympian Li Yu-ting of Taiwan from last year’s world championships, claiming both failed an eligibility test for women’s competition that IBA officials have declined to answer basic questions about.

“I’m fully qualified to take part in this competition,” Khelif said Friday. “I’m a woman like any other woman. I was born as a woman, I live as a woman, and I am qualified."

The International Olympic Committee took the unprecedented step last year of permanently banning the IBA from the Olympics following years of concerns about its governance, competitive fairness and financial transparency. The IOC has called the arbitrary sex tests that the sport’s governing body imposed on the two boxers irretrievably flawed.

The IOC has repeatedly reaffirmed the two boxers’ right to compete in Paris, with President Thomas Bach personally defending Khelif and Lin while calling the criticism “hate speech.”

Khelif noted that she has boxed in IBA competitions since 2018 but now “they hate me, and I don’t know why."

"I sent them a single message with this gold medal, and that is that my dignity and honor are above all else,” she said.

The IBA's reputation hasn’t stopped the international outcry tied to misconceptions around the fighters, which has been amplified by Russian disinformation networks. It also hasn’t slowed two boxers who have performed at the highest levels of their careers while under the spotlight’s glare.

Khelif was dominant in Paris at a level she had never reached before: She won every round on every judge's scorecard in each of her three fights that went the distance.

Khelif’s gold medal is Algeria’s first in women’s boxing. She is only the nation’s second boxing gold medalist, joining Hocine Soltani (1996) while claiming the seventh gold medal in Algeria's Olympic history.

While Khelif drew enthusiastic, flag-draped fans in Paris, she also has become a hero in her North African country, where many have seen the world’s dissection of Khelif as criticism of their nation.

Dubbed “The Night of Destiny” in local newspapers, Khelif’s fight was projected on screens set up in public squares throughout Algiers and other cities. In the city of Tiaret in the region where Khelif is from, workers braved scorching summer heat to paint a mural of Khelif on the gym where she learned to box.

“Imane has managed to turn the criticism and attacks on her femininity into fuel,” said Mustapha Bensaou of the Tiaret gym. “The slander has given her a boost. ... It’s a bit of a blessing in disguise.”

Khelif won the first round over Yang on all five judges’ cards despite showing a bit less aggression than earlier in the tournament. Khelif then knocked Yang back against the ropes with a combination early in the second, although Yang responded with a flurry of shots and fought gamely.

Khelif won the second round and cruised through the third, doing a triumphant boxer’s shuffle in the final seconds of the bout before the boxers hugged. When the verdict was announced, Khelif saluted and pumped her arm with glee.

During the medal ceremony, she grinned and waved to the crowd before kissing her gold medal. The four medalists — boxing gives out two bronze — then posed for a podium selfie, clasped hands and raised them together.

The gold medal fight was the culmination of Khelif’s nine-day run through an Olympic tournament that began bizarrely. Khelif’s first opponent, Angela Carini of Italy, abandoned their bout after just 46 seconds, saying she was in too much pain from Khelif’s punches.

An already brewing story suddenly drew comments from the likes of former U.S. President Donald Trump and “Harry Potter” author J.K. Rowling, weighing in with criticism and false speculation about men competing with women in sports. Carini later said she regretted her actions and wished to apologize to Khelif.

Khelif has never done as well in another international tournament as she did in these Olympics. When she was cast as some sort of unstoppable punching machine last week by pundits and provocateurs who had never seen her fight before, opponents and teammates who knew her were shocked by the characterization.

Then she lived up to the notion of being one of the best Olympic boxers in the world.

Lin fights for a gold medal Saturday on the final card of the Olympics. She takes on Julia Szeremeta of Poland with a chance to win Taiwan’s first boxing gold.


Additional sources • AP


The Flaring Incorporation of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Economy: Implications to Women

Although beneficial, the digital economy's implementation of AI still presents a challenge for individuals, particularly women, to participate in the broad sense.



By Sanasya Nadia Tuzahra
August 11, 2024
MODERN DIPLOMACY
Photo by ThisIsEngineering on pexels


Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to a system that operates based on human-defined objectives and has the capability to generate predictions, suggestions, or judgments that impact real or virtual surroundings. The systems are designed to function with different degrees of autonomy (OECD, 2020, as quoted in UNESCO et al., 2022). In the modern world, this technology has been integrated and employed in the functioning of the economy. In fact, the current trajectory of the digital economy businesses has duly acknowledged the significance of AI in its implementation. Although beneficial, the digital economy’s implementation of AI still presents a challenge for individuals, particularly women, to participate in the broad sense. Utilizing the scope of feminism, this essay is written to investigate the crippling effects of AI on the roles of women in the digital economy.

Feminism is one of the prominent theories in international relations that challenges the traditional international relations theory. This theory calls out the paradigms that are grounded upon the patriarchal norms and male experiences. It assesses the necessity to take into account the perspectives and participation of marginalized groups, specifically women, in the effort to comprehend the dynamic of global occurrences. In this theory, the issues that arise in international relations are argued to be a result of the “masculine” practices and the absence of women participation. When applying this logic to the development of AI, it brings about the essential point that the technology’s development is predominantly “masculine” in nature, frequently waiving women’s experiences and perspectives. This statement is further supported by several details. First, if one would trace into the initiation of AI, the technology was pioneered by John McCarty, a male computer and cognitive scientist. Second, when we examine the representation of gender in the technology sector, the field is seen to be dominated by men. It is reported that women only account for about 22% of the workforce in the AI sector worldwide (Hilale, 2021). These were what then exacerbated the dismissal of detrimental effect calculation resulting from the AI development to women.

The installation of AI in the practices of digital economy has decreased the altruistic provision of the transformation in bringing economic benefits to women. The digital economy is defined as the economy that is grounded upon the technologies of digital computing and is often regarded as the conduct of business through markets that are based on the internet and World Wide Web (WWW) (Bukht & Heel 2019, as cited in Riley, 2023). Some instances of the digital economy are online marketplaces and e-commerce. On an ideal note, digital transformation requires to oblige the “vulnerables” — groups of oftenly disadvantaged people due to their susceptibility to economic and social barriers, which includes women (ESCAP, 2022; Kominfo, 2023, as cited in Permadi, 2024). Thereby, the initiation of digital economy as a transformation from traditional economic setting was also aimed to provide the “good” to women. It is asserted to be a potent channel that offers women nuanced economic opportunities in the context of business establishment and pursuit of employment.

In the matter of business opportunities, the digital economy has provided a humongous platform for women to open up and operate businesses. Women entrepreneurs can sell and advertise their goods and services on e-commerce sites like Shopee, Lazada, and Tokopedia. According to the International Finance Corporation (IFC) study, women entrepreneurs who establish their enterprises in e-commerce have the potential to increase their sales by 51% in comparison to those who do not (ERIA, 2021). Additionally, the global reach of these e-commerce platforms enables women to expand their business beyond domestic boundaries. For example, the Shopee e-commerce platform enabled an Indonesian fashion line founded by women, “Monomolly,” to successfully export its products to neighboring countries, including Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand (Anam, 2021). At the same time, the digital economy’s transformation also generates employment prospects for women. As an example, the demand for frontliners is substantial due to the intense connection between consumers and the online marketplace and e-commerce. This unleashes the employment potential for women, as front-liners and service work are primarily supported by women (Al-Hussaini, 2022). The type of employment includes being customer service, brand ambassador, and moderator for the business LIVE streams. Consequently, it is evident that women have the potential to utilize the digital economy platforms to revolutionize their social, political, and economic lives by altering and reshaping processes that generate opportunities for growth and development, thereby bridging numerous gaps in human socioeconomic development (Crittenden et al., 2019, as cited in Dharmayanti et al., 2022).

Unfortunately, due to the complexity and multifaceted nature of the digital economy, many have sought assistance beyond humans and invested in AI. At first, the involvement of AI in the digital economy was merely just for matters related to technology and engineering. For instance, AI is utilized to support the digital economy platform processes such as the transaction processes (i.e. process automation systems) and analytic processes (i.e. recommendation systems). However in recent progress, AI is also seen to be employed in the interaction processes of digital economy platforms (i.e. conversational system) (Alt, 2021). For an illustration, customer services of e-commerce platforms are now AI-based chatbots rather than humans. This can be seen in TANYA by TokoPedia, LISA by Lazada, and Clara by Blibli. Furthermore, the brand ambassadors and live streamers of businesses in digital economy platforms are also taken over by AI. For instance, there have been a lot of AI robots that replace humans to stream and sell products in China’s ecommerce, Taobao. As such, AI then becomes the primary force in a majority of sectors of the digital economy (Hang & Chen, 2022), even taking over portions of women’s participation.

Even worse, these AI systems have a tendency to include feminine characteristics and representations of women that may exacerbate the negative impacts on women. For example, the LISA ChatBot developed by Lazada is using a female name and persona, while the AI robots that host livestreams on TaoBao are made to resemble women. This behavior perpetuates the exploitation of women, putting them at risk of reinforcing harmful gender stereotypes and reducing them to mere objects of entertainment, rather than seeing them as equal participants in the society, economy, and technology. This can worsen the broader societal problems of inequality and bias against women in the technology sector and other areas. Moreover, if this trend persists, the representation of actual women in the professional environment may decline. The lack of representation can hinder efforts to empower women and promote gender equality in the digital economy workforce and participation sphere.

The addressing of this issue if seen through the lens of feminism would definitely be the inclusion of women in AI development. If the inclusion of women in the technology is increased, then there will be many more experiences, perspectives, and calculations coming from the women community that can be taken into account to the development in order to facilitate and curate the detrimental elements that may hinder women participation in the output. One facile step that can be taken is to reject the patriarchal notion of “men domination in STEM” and create a friendly environment for women to participate in, whether in the educational institutions or even in the workplace. In fact, the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields is not due to their lack of ability — it is noteworthy Ada Lovelace, a woman, was the world’s first coder. Thus, the primary reason for this disparity is the patriarchal structure of the system, which tends to favor and trust the opposite gender over women (Hilale, 2021). For instance, the school of engineering has this strong “tag” to masculinity, thereby disseminating unfriendliness to women to study in. Furthermore, as AI is coding-based and related to mathematics, the ongoing patriarchal belief that women are not able to do math and more attributable to social subjects is also very harmful to the encouragement of women participation in the development of AI technologies. Therefore, the dismissal of these patriarchal cultures will empower and welcome women in the sectors of STEM and AI, furthering a better consideration of women participation in the use of AI for the digital economy. Even better, this may also open up new opportunities for women to create startups or AI-related businesses, expanding their participation in digital transformation.

The aforementioned demonstrates that women continue to experience disadvantages as a consequence of Artificial Intelligence (AI)’s influence on the digital economy, as their participation has been diminished. It capitalized on the concept of “women” and incorporated the frontline service activities that had previously been led by women. The optimal solution would be to diminish the patriarchal culture that envelops technological development, which is the root of the issue. In this regard, it is imperative that we consider the potential benefits of these technological advancements and transformations for all, rather than a specific subsection of humanity that neglects women.


Sanasya Nadia Tuzahra
Sanasya Nadia Tuzahra
Sanasya Khansa Nadia Tuzahra is a student in the international undergraduate program at Universitas Gadjah Mada, majoring in international relations. She has a strong interest in international trade and economic politics.
Everyone agrees there's a homeless crisis in the US. Plans to address it vary among mayor candidates

JANIE HAR and GEOFF MULVIHILL
AP
August 10, 2024



SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — San Francisco Mayor London Breed has launched a new crackdown on people sleeping outside in a campaign to clear the sidewalks of homeless encampments that have come to define the city.

Her four challengers in November's election, all Democrats, say she hasn't handled the crisis effectively, though the city last month counted only 300 tents and other temporary structures, which is half as many as a year earlier.

But her opponents don't agree on a strategy.

“You can truly change the reputation of San Francisco from a place that today people believe they can come to our city, pitch a tent and stay as long as they want, to a city where — if that is the lifestyle they’re choosing — they look elsewhere,” said Mark Farrell, perhaps the most conservative of the challengers.

It's a similar story in other big U.S. cities electing mayors this year.

Most are in the West, where a long-running homelessness crisis was spurred by high housing costs and has deepened during the coronavirus pandemic, which upended the nation four years ago. There are thousands of people without a place to live, and for many residents who are housed it has become a quality-of-life concern, which has made it a prime political issue.

California Gov. Gavin Newsom, a Democrat and former San Francisco mayor, threatened last week to pull state money from cities and counties that do not do more to get people out of encampments and into shelters.

A 2023 count found there were 653,000 people experiencing homelessness at a given time across the country, an increase of 63,000 from a decade earlier. The problem has become far more visible: 257,000 people were living on the streets or other places not intended for habitation, 61,000 more than in 2013.

Most of the big-city mayors and candidates — nearly all Democrats — say that more affordable housing and additional services for people experiencing homelessness are needed. The heart of the debate, as in San Francisco, is whether it's acceptable to force people off the streets.

In two of the largest cities in the West, challengers are emphasizing the homeless crisis in their races against incumbents who won handily four years ago.

Larry Turner, a police officer trying to unseat San Diego Mayor Todd Gloria, says the incumbent is overemphasizing temporary housing, including a plan to turn a warehouse into a 1,000-bed shelter. Gloria's campaign says he is working on both short-term and permanent housing.

In Phoenix, Matt Evans is arguing that incumbent Kate Gallego hasn't done enough to enforce laws and clear encampments. Gallego opposes what she calls the criminalization of homelessness and has added hundreds of shelter beds.

Elections could turn on the issue. And the situation on the streets can, of course, change depending on who is elected.

“Mayors can make a huge difference,” said Ann Oliva, executive director of the National Alliance to End Homelessness.

But she is critical of arresting or fining people who don't have places to live.

“You cannot pursue criminalization as your primary way of pursuing homelessness and also drive the numbers down,” Oliva said.

Some new mayors have made a dent in homelessness numbers without relying on penalties, she said.

In Los Angeles, the city with the biggest unsheltered population in the U.S., Karen Bass took office in December 2022 and immediately signed an emergency order making it easier for the city to contract with hotels to provide shelter. According to the homeless tally in January, the city's total dropped by 2%, the first decrease after years of increases. Bass has more than two years before she faces re-election.


In Mike Johnston's first six months as mayor of Denver last year, the city moved 1,000 people into hotels, a community of cabin-like structures and other transitional housing.

Other new mayors, such as Philadelphia's Cherelle Parker, have incorporated a get-tough approach that many candidates are calling for, and which the Supreme Court validated with a ruling in June that allows bans on sleeping outside.

A dozen candidates are vying for the job in November's open mayoral election in Portland, Oregon, the center of a metro area where a January 2023 count found nearly 4,000 people living outside.

City council member Rene Gonzalez pressured Multnomah County, home to Portland, to pause distributing tents and tarps to homeless people.

Gonzalez pushed for a tougher city ordinance last year but joined a unanimous city council decision in May to allow officials to fine or even jail homeless people who reject an offer of shelter.

In San Francisco, Breed’s office issued a memo in July saying homeless people who continue to turn down offers of shelter and services will face increasing penalties including arrest if they continue to camp in public.

Breed also ordered that homeless people who are not from San Francisco be offered bus or train tickets to return home before they are provided shelter or services, adding in a statement that “we cannot solve everyone’s individual housing and behavioral health needs.”

One of Breed's challengers, San Francisco Supervisor Aaron Peskin, opposes encampment sweeps. Another challenger, Supervisor Ahsha Safaí, says the sweeps are cruel unless sufficient shelter is available.

Challenger Daniel Lurie, an heir to the Levi Strauss fortune who has a nonprofit that funds temporary tiny homes, promised to build 1,500 shelter beds in the first six months of his administration so people forced out of encampments have somewhere to go.

"There’s just been no plan for the last three years with this administration,” Lurie said.

Breed's administration has added thousands of temporary and more permanent shelter beds, but there is still a significant shortage.

“Her opponents aren’t offering locations where they will build shelters, how they will get it done, and how they plan to pay for their plans,” said Joe Arellano, a Breed campaign spokesperson.

Michael Johnson, who is homeless in San Francisco, the city where he grew up, was preparing to move recently in advance of an expected tent sweep to avoid what he said happened in a previous sweep when he was given 10 seconds by police and city street cleaners to move his tent and belongings. He didn't, and lost everything.

Homeless people often reject offers of shelter if it means giving up their belongings or pets, being separated from significant others or sleeping in places surrounded by strangers, including some who may be violent.

Johnson, 41, doesn’t like living outdoors. But he says no one has offered him appropriate housing and, wherever he goes, he's always moved again by authorities.

“This is a merry-go-round,” he said. “It don’t matter if I stay at the location I’m at or find a new one. Eventually, they’ll be here.”

___

Mulvihill reported from Cherry Hill, New Jersey. AP reporters Terry Chea in San Francisco and Claire Rush in Portland, Oregon, contributed to this article.
US, UK, and Canada impose more sanctions against Belarusians over human rights violations and support for Russia
US, UK, and Canada impose more sanctions against Belarusians over human rights violations and support for Russia
The US, UK, and Canada announced more sanctions against Belarusian individuals and entities Friday, all pointing to human rights abuses in Belarus and its support for Russia in the war against Ukraine.

The countries moved for slightly different reasons. First, the US Department of the Treasury announced “action against 19 individuals, 14 entities, and one aircraft.” Some of those entities supply Russia’s armed forces. For example, Ruchservomotor produces “panoramic commander’s sights” for Russian tanks. Other entities provide funds used for buying influence with Belarus President Lukashenko, to secure lower taxes and customs fees. The US’s sanctions block the targets’ property in the US and prohibit all transactions related to that property.

Second, the UK Treasury announced asset freezes against four individuals and three entities. The individuals are allegedly involved in “serious human rights violations,” “repression of civil society and democratic opposition,” and undermining the rule of law in Belarus. The entities deal with the Belarus government or aid Russia’s war against Ukraine.

Third, Global Affairs Canada announced sanctions against 10 individuals and six entities. Like the US and UK, Canada banned transactions in the targets’ property, but it also prohibited anyone from providing financial services to the targets. Canada explained that the targets commit “ongoing and systematic human rights abuses in Belarus.” For example, the targets include judges who have convicted and sentenced people for “expressing their opposition to the fraudulent elections of 2020.”

The European Council previously announced sanctions against 28 individuals in the Belarus government, judiciary, prison system and state-run media on Monday. The EU’s sanctions limit the targets’ ability to travel in the EU and obtain funds from EU citizens.

Sanctions are a common tool to deter wrongdoing in other countries. As the US notes, “[t]he ultimate goal of sanctions is not to punish, but to bring about a positive change in behavior.” Canada has imposed sanctions against Belarusians 15 times, and the EU started imposing them after the country’s disputed 2020 elections and has listed 261 individuals and 37 entities to date.

Exclusive:

State of England's crumbling schools to be laid bare as Labour publishes full details


For the first time parents and teachers will be able to see details of every part of every school building in the country - assessing its condition and listing problems in detail


A third of school buildings are in need of repair
 (Image: BBC)News

By
Mikey Smith
Deputy Political Editor
MIRROR
11 Aug 2024

The scale of decline in England’s school buildings will be laid bare as Labour vowed to publish full details of crumbling classrooms where kids are being taught.

Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson has ordered officials to bring together all the information her department holds on leaky rooves, RAAC-riddled ceilings and decades-old temporary classrooms.

For the first time parents and teachers will be able to see details of every part of every school building in the country - assessing its condition and listing problems in detail.

The results will be published in the Autumn, as part of the biggest school condition survey in Europe.

“The Conservatives have left a trail of devastation across our education system, not least in our school buildings,” Ms Phillipson told this newspaper.

“Their choices have led to good money being thrown after bad, and to the continual decline of our schools estate, leaving taxpayers to count the cost and children to pay the price.”



Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson warned it wouldn't be fixed overnight (
Image: PA)

Last year, the National Audit Office (NAO) found that more than a third of school buildings were in need of repair - despite years of Tory promises to make improvements.

While none posed an immediate threat to safety, they judged that an estimated 700,000 students are learning in schools that need major rebuilding or refurbishment work.

The NAO said that of the 64,000 or so individual school buildings in England, 38% (around 24,000) are “beyond their estimated initial design life”.

Officials will break down the survey information held by the Department for Education in the coming weeks, before publishing it in a clear and accessible way online.

Ms Phillipson added: “I want to level with parents: this will not be a quick fix. We are still uncovering the mess left by the Conservatives about the condition of our schools, which will take many years to put right.

“But this government is determined to drive high and rising standards for children across our country and break down barriers to opportunity so that everyone can get on in life.”



Long Covid more than twice as likely in people from UK’s most deprived areas

Major study led by Oxford University puts a figure on the degree of long Covid inequality experienced by the most and least deprived members of the UK population

People in the most socioeconomically deprived fifth of the UK population are more than twice as likely to develop long Covid as those in the top fifth, according to a new study.

Some 3.2 per cent of the most deprived 20 per cent developed the condition, compared to 1.54 per cent in the highest fifth, according to research led by Oxford University, based on figures from the Office for National Statistics (ONS).

The researchers put the disparity down to the fact that this group were far more likely to have had front line jobs and were less likely to be able to take time out to rest when they became infected or work remotely – with rest playing a key role in preventing an infection developing into long Covid.

Long Covid patients are classified as having the disease for 12 weeks or more. Although vaccines play a key role in reducing infection, scientists believe some positive cases of long Covid may have contracted the virus before the vaccine rollout began in December 2020.

“Basically, the most deprived fifth of the population have twice the prevalence of long Covid than the most affluent,” lead researcher, Professor Trisha Greenhalgh, told i.

“This is probably because they were more likely to get Covid in pre-vaccine days – for example by working in jobs where they couldn’t work from home.”

Professor Greenhalgh added: “They may also have had more medical conditions. Diabetes, for example, is commoner in the more deprived groups. And they were less able to rest during the acute phase.”

The study is published in the Lancet medical journal.

Professor Lawrence Young, a virologist at Warwick University, who was not involved in the research, told i: “The link between many different diseases and social deprivation is well established.

(Oxford, Leeds and Arizona Universities)

“This is due to a number of factors including increased prevalence of other underlying conditions such as diabetes, lung conditions and heart disease as well as obesity, poor diet and unhealthy living conditions.”

Other factors in the disparity included not having reliable full-time salaries and having caring responsibilities.

The research also confirmed earlier findings that women are more 10 per cent more likely to develop long Covid than men.

Meanwhile, 35 to 65-year-old’s are the age group most likely to get the condition, the study found.

“This age group was more in the front line during the pandemic, contracting Covid before vaccines came along. They are also less likely to rest when they contract Covid as they have pressures of family life,” said Professor Manoj Sivan, of Leeds University, who also worked on the research.

It’s not fully understood why women are more susceptible than men but it is thought to be at least partly related to hormones, which induce different immune responses to the virus.

The relative rates at which different groups of people develop long Covid is based on ONS figures, which are thought to underestimate the true level of the condition but which scientists say nonetheless accurately highlight the disparities within those groups.

The ONS estimates that about 1.1 million people over three-years-old in England and Scotland are living with long Covid. This is just under 2 per cent cent of the population.

These are the figures the estimates for different groups are based upon in the Lancet study.

However, the actual number who have had the condition could be considerably higher, because just over a third of respondents to the ONS survey who had long Covid did not specify when their symptoms started, and so were excluded from those particular calculations.

That amounts to 680,980 people, although how many of them have had symptoms for longer than three months is not possible to say.

But if it was all of them, that would put the total number with long Covid at about 1.8 million – although in reality it is likely to be somewhere between 1.1m and 1.8 million, experts said.

Whatever the true level, scientists warned this week that the number looks set to increase as the summer wave looks set to persist into the autumn.

Covid cases are close to their highest level for more than a year after numbers started rising again at the end of last month, new figures indicate.

And scientists are warning that they are likely to go even higher in late summer and early autumn as people return from the Olympics and the school year resumes.

Researchers from the University of Arizona were also involved in the Lancet study.

Professor Steven Griffin, of Leeds University, who was not involved in the study, added: “The increased risks of long Covid come down to heightened exposure as well as a higher incidence of underlying conditions. Add to this the difficulties people face in accessing healthcare when in this sort of socioeconomic group, and it becomes obvious that they were at heightened risk”.

“So-called ‘key workers’ who were our saviours during the early part of the pandemic, as well as people working on temporary, sometimes ‘zero-hour’ contracts, were consistently those most at risk of exposure to infection, pre-vaccine, often with inadequate respiratory PPE. This group, often lower wage-earners and in public-facing jobs, also suffered from the lack of government financial support to isolate from work along with the poor level of support from statutory sick pay,” he said.

What do you do with a Cold War nuclear bunker?

Niall McCracken
BBC News NI
BBC
The large, windowless, concrete structure sits among houses in south Belfast

“This represents Northern Ireland’s place in the Cold War.”

Archaeologist Rhonda Robinson can’t hide her enthusiasm as we walk down a dark, sterile stairway.

We’re going to the underground level of Northern Ireland’s forgotten nuclear bunker.

What makes the situation all the more surreal is that only moments ago we were above ground among the suburbs of south Belfast.


Rhonda Robinson is principal archaeologist for the Department for Communities


The large, windowless, concrete structure that sits among houses in Mount Eden Park, near Malone Road, was once known as The War Room.

I’ve been given rare access to the bunker ahead of it being repurposed as an archive for government documents.


Nuclear fallout


The building was first opened in 1952 as one of 13 Regional Government War Rooms throughout the UK.

It came in the aftermath of the detonation of the first nuclear weapon by America in 1945 and the development of atomic weapons by Russia in 1949.

It was constructed with the intention of being capable to withstand a nuclear attack, complete with blast doors and concrete walls that are 1.5m deep.

The building is covered in re-enforced concrete



The Cold War (1947 to 1991) refers to the period after World War Two when growing tensions between the Soviet Union and the US led to an arms race and the threat of renewed conflict.

With both sides owning huge nuclear arsenals, the world faced the real possibility of nuclear conflict.

In Northern Ireland, these events may have appeared distant, with the Troubles dominating local news during the latter part of this period.

But the Cold War did have an impact.

Dr James O'Neill is a heritage consultant with a specialism in Cold War-era buildings



Dr James O’Neill is a heritage consultant with a specialism in Cold War-era buildings.

He said: “The UK government realised they had to set up facilities for civil defence should the Cold War turn hot, so they built the war room here in Mount Eden.

“The setting might seem surprising, but it was meant to be out of the primary and secondary blast range of any atomic weapons aimed at Belfast city centre. Thankfully that didn’t happen.”

Should such an attack have occurred, the War Room would have coordinated things like search and recovery operations.

The former map room is located underground in the bunker



Located on the ground floor of the bunker is a huge empty space that used to be known as the map room.

A space where large windows used to be currently looks out at a blank wall.

This was the former location of a giant map of Northern Ireland where information on the nuclear fallout would have been displayed.

Having walls 1.5m thick with re-enforced concrete meant the nuclear radiation would have been reduced by a factor of 400.

The building was also complete with a ventilation system circulating fresh air and a pressure system that kept any nuclear dangers outside.

'Building became obsolete'


But Dr O’Neill said the usefulness of the bunker was short-lived.

“They finished the war room here by about 1953 but during that decade hydrogen bombs were developed and that changed everything - the building became obsolete," he said.

“The bunker was designed for nuclear fallout, but hydrogen weapons could crush this place like a beer tin.”

In 1958, the War Room moved to a location in Armagh.

A still from the BBC archive of what one of the rooms in the bunker looked like in the 1980s


In 1980, the Mount Eden Park bunker temporarily became a training facility for co-ordinating large-scale public emergencies.

Ten years later, another bunker designed to deal specifically with nuclear disasters was opened in Ballymena.

The Mount Eden Park bunker has gathered dust for decades, until now.

The listed building is going to be a new archive store for the Department for Communities’ (DfC) historical environment records.

Rhonda Robinson, principal archaeologist for DfC, said the building was "one of a kind".

“We want to make sure we look after these archives and find a sustainable reuse for rare buildings, so this is a great combination.

“The fact that this building is very cold, has thick walls and no windows, makes it perfect for archive storage."

The Department for Communities said it hopes to start construction on the renovation later this year.

Beer and salt among Roman 'mega-industries'

Katy Prickett
BBC News

Mark Gridley/Oxford Archaeology
A huge amount of tiles were made at a villa estate near Corby, including an "exceptional find" of a tile kiln (artist's impression)

Imagining Roman Britain conjures up images of emperors, gladiators, posh villas - and the army that held the empire together.

But a much more varied story is emerging, thanks to evidence uncovered by excavations in recent years.

Beer brewing was just one of the industries that grew rapidly to supply the military, and small towns and cities like Camulodunum (Colchester) and Verulamium (St Albans) in the three-and-a-half centuries of Roman rule.

So, what have these digs revealed about daily life in Roman Britain

From invasion to industrialisation

Getty Images
The need to supply the army was a "key driver" of the growth of industries across Roman Britain


It took the Romans about 45 years to take over most of England and Wales after they invaded in AD 43, arriving in a disunited land dominated by tribal leaders.

The need to supply their army was the "key driver", according to archaeologist Edward Biddulph, as well as the urban centres they created. This led to the rapid industrial development.

The Oxford Archaeology senior project manager said pottery, building materials, metalwork and glass were all being produced across the country, but from the 3rd and 4th Centuries "we start to see mega industries".

"We know industrial activity was undertaken at a very large scale at a number of sites in Roman Britain and we have some very large sites that are helping us to really fill in the gaps in our knowledge, the missing pieces that we've long been struggling with," he said.

"One of the classic areas is malting and brewing, if you look at Roman Britain you see next to nothing about this, yet people must have been drinking beer."

Romano-Britons made a lot of beer

Oxford Archaeology
Large beer beakers like this one were discovered at Berryfields, alongside stone-line wells, timber-lined tanks, tile-lined drains, a malting oven and enormous quantities of germinated grain


Evidence of brewing on an industrial level was discovered at a Roman villa at North Fleet in Kent, and using the features found there - such as malting ovens and lined tanks for steeping the grain - archaeologists knew what to look for at smaller sites.

One of those was Berryfields, a development near Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, excavated between 2007 and 2016.

"Oven-like structures" often found at Roman settlements had previously been believed to be used for drying corn.

Oxford Archaeology
Industrial-levels of beer brewing were uncovered by archaeologists in Kent, including a malting tank (above), which helps them recognise similar but smaller brewing features at other sites


Mr Biddulph said now they are "recognised as malting ovens, used to heat partially germinated grain to produce malt".

"At Berryfields, we found evidence of malting and brewing and the tanks used to steep the grain before processing," he said.

"We tend to think of the Roman world as being very much a wine-loving place.

"But actually a lot of the population in Roman Britain were drinking beer and we see that in the pottery they were using, large beakers in the same sort of sizes as modern pint glasses."


Sea salt and fish sauce

Essex is famous for its Maldon Sea Salt company, but the Romans first extracted the condiment on industrial levels in the county


Another industry that began producing on an industrial scale was discovered at Stanford Wharf Nature Reserve, near Thurrock in Essex, in 2009.

The excavation revealed salt had been extracted there from the Iron Age, but that really ramped up in the 3rd and 4th centuries.

Mr Biddulph said: "Salt was one of the most important commodities in the Roman world, not only used for flavour and to preserve food but in religious activity and for cleansing.

"In fact the Roman author Pliny the Elder said 'Civilised life can't proceed without salt'."

Oxford Archaeology
They used tile-hearths to evaporate the salt as the industry ramped up from the late 3rd Century onwards, used for flavour, preservation and in religious rituals


With its location on the Thames estuary, the salt was probably exported to London, but also across the rest of the country and abroad. The county still hosts the industry, as the home of Maldon Sea Salt.

"And actually, more excitingly there was evidence that they made a fermented fish sauce, and fish sauce was like the Roman tomato sauce, that they used on absolutely everything," Mr Biddulph said.

For centuries, the sauce had been imported from Spain, but after that industry collapsed it looks like the Essex manufacturer stepped into the gap.


Villa estates as industrial hubs
Mark Gridley/Oxford Archaeology
Archaeologists already knew two Roman villas had been discovered at this site near Corby, but in 2020 they unearthed evidence of late 3rd to early 4th Century industry


The 3rd Century onwards saw the establishment of large "villa estates", said Mr Biddulph.

The driver for that seems to have been the need to feed the Roman army, especially the soldiers stationed along the River Rhine in present-day Germany.

These estates also had their industrial areas, as an excavation near Corby, Northamptonshire, revealed in 2020.

Oxford Archaeology
An aerial shot of the kiln, set within a Roman mausoleum, reveals how much of the structures had survived the centuries


Evidence of pottery, ceramic building material such as roof tiles and bricks and lime, were unearthed but "a tile kiln was an exceptional discovery".

He said: "One of the features was a nice, really well-made engineered army-built road.

"There was no Roman fort there, but it just shows how connected these villa owners were to the elite and having their own army-built road really shows this.

And in a glimpse of its long-dead inhabitants, the imprint of a woman's sandal and animal footprints were found on some of the tile rejects, while another tile had a finger-made inscription.


Major pottery production centre
Oxford Archaeology
Very large jars were being produced at a pottery at Horningsea,


Goods like olive oil and wine were imported to Britain using large ceramic jars known as amphora, but Romano-Britons "produced their own big jars which could rival this pottery", said Mr Biddulph.

A 2021 excavation at Horningsea, next to the River Cam in Cambridgeshire, revealed it was a major pottery production area.

Mr Biddulph said: "Its most distinctive aspect was the production of very large jars.

"These may have been a specialist line, but it is unclear whether they were associated with a specific commodity, as transport containers, perhaps for flour, or whether they were simply a particularly successful form of all-purpose storage jar."

What he does believe is the pottery was producing the jars were most likely to have been used in the vicinity, unlike the imported amphora.

And what about the people who toiled in these industries?

"It's a tricky question because we don't have the evidence, but it was probably not just the enslaved, but a range of people," said Mr Biddulph.

"And it was a pretty tough life, not particularly pleasant, where ever you were on the social scale."

Oxford Archaeology
While the 3rd to 4th Centuries were the golden age of the Roman villa in Britain, they were typically at the heart of busy industrial sites


A Greek mosaic, an Etruscan temple and lead ingots: Extraordinary discoveries in Europe this week

Rebecca Ann Hughes
Sat, 10 August 2024 

It’s been a bumper week for archaeological discoveries in Europe, with a Greek mosaic and an Etruscan temple being unearthed and new research released on ingots found in Spain.

Each finding has shed light on different aspects of ancient civilisations and their culture. Here’s why they are significant.
Archaeologists discover 2700-year-old Etruscan temple in Tuscany

Archaeologists in the Italian region of Tuscany have unearthed a 2700-year-old Etruscan temple at the Sasso Pinzuto necropolis.

The cult building is one of the largest of its kind measuring 6.2 by 7.1 metres.

The excavation was carried out by the Centre for Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies (CAMNES) in collaboration with the University of Naples Federico II.

The team found tuffaceous opus quadratum foundations (an ancient Roman construction technique using squared blocks of stone) of a rectangular structure, known as an oikos meaning house of the deity.

The discovery will shed light on funerary cults in Tuscania during the Archaic period. Nearby, burial mounds and trenches for cult activities were also found.

"In all likelihood, the Sasso Pinzuto oikos will become a reference for funerary cults in Archaic Etruscan necropolis," said Professor Alessandro Naso of the University of Naples.

The Sasso Pinzuto site has been under excavation since the mid-19th century and is home to over 120 chamber tombs dating from as early as the 7th century BC.
Ancient Greek mosaic of naked satyrs discovered on Evia

On the Greek island of Evia, archaeologists have uncovered a mosaic floor which was stumbled upon during works to install water pipelines.

The modern town of Eretria is home to the remains of an ancient Greek city dating from the middle of the first millennium BC.

The remarkable artwork depicts two naked satyrs. The figures are half human, half animal, with goat or horse-like features including tails, pointed ears and horns.


The mosaic was discovered inside a house from the 4th century BC which would have stood in the heart of the ancient city and was likely owned by a wealthy family. - Greek Ministry of Culture

In Greek mythology, satyrs were human-animal hybrid spirits closely connected to the cult of Dionysus, the god of fertility, wine, spiritual ecstasy and wild frenzy.

In the mosaic, one satyr is playing a double flute while the older, bearded companion is dancing.

The mosaic was discovered inside a house from the 4th century BC which would have stood in the heart of the ancient city and was likely owned by a wealthy family.

The mosaic is in "an excellent state of conservation" and the pebbled design "gives realism and vitality to the figures of the show," according to a statement from the Greek Ministry of Culture.
Researchers say lead poisoning played a role in the fall of the Roman Empire

During works to lay a gas pipeline in Spain, a treasure trove of Roman lead ingots was discovered.

The find in northern Cordoba gives an insight into why the commerce of the toxic metal may have been a factor in the empire’s downfall.

Three triangular ingots weighing between 24kg and 32kg were unearthed over the last century during construction of the Maghreb-Europe gas pipeline.


New research published in the Journal of Roman Archaeology has concluded that this site was the main centre of lead smelting in the ancient Western world.

During the Roman Empire, the metal was used to make cooking equipment and water pipes.

Some affluent Romans also sweetened their wine with lead acetate, unknowingly poisoning themselves.

Some historians believe that the frequent cases of lead poisoning of the empire’s rulers contributed to its eventual collapse.