It’s possible that I shall make an ass of myself. But in that case one can always get out of it with a little dialectic. I have, of course, so worded my proposition as to be right either way (K.Marx, Letter to F.Engels on the Indian Mutiny)
Sunday, March 25, 2007
Rumour Monger
Once again Jason Cherniak engages in drive by smearing of the NDP. In this case contrary to all rules of law and of accepted legal process, to say nothing of standard journalistic rules, he uses hearsay. Not even attributed hearsay. In fact the lowest kind of hearsay; rumour. Nor can he attribute the rumours. In fact he may have made it up himself.
And Jason as a lawyer and a blogging journalist knows these rules. He uses a rumour to justify by implication his blog accusation that federal NDP MP Olivia Chow cheated to get elected!
Worse he attempts to weasel out of any responsibility for promoting this rumour and thus this smear, by saying he does not suggest the rumour is true. What B.S. The minute he publishes it he gives it validity. Thus the rumour becomes true. It is there in black and white, to be quoted, to be used out of context, to be referenced back to.
"Let's face it. People cheat in politics. It's not a good thing. It shouldn't happen. But it does.The rumour around TO (Let me be very clear; I am not suggesting that the rumour is true. I am only stating that it is out there.) is that Olivia Chow won because NDP supporters from across the city voted early and often at different polling stations in Trinity-Spadina. I don't know if it's true, but just the rumour led the federal Liberals to fight for a new rule that voters must show ID before receiving their ballot."
Jason Cherniak
The damage is done, he has once again smeared the NDP and this is the second time he has done this. His first smear campaign was against Ontario NDP candidate and now MPP, Christi DiNovo. Notice how Jason aims at NDP Women for his smears. Now he smears Olivia Chow.
The man is sexist. He deliberately attacks women dippers. Worse yet, this is just the introduction to his comment on why veil wearing Muslim women should disrobe to be identified to vote in the up coming Quebec election. Heck Charset who demanded this, is not even a liberal, he is a neo-con and former federal leader of the Progressive Conservatives. And in Jason defending this, he is in effect defending the current racist assault on Muslims occurring in Quebec.
And for that matter he is abetting the anti-Asian racism that has cropped up in the election.
There should be no room in Progressive Bloggers for this kind of sexism or racism, let alone personal slanders that are deliberate and aimed at discrediting political opponents through the use of rumour, innuendo, and slander.
That being said this particular blog post invective with no factual basis deserves an immediate apology and retraction. Failing that I ask the moderators at Progressive Bloggers to review the serious legal implications of this post, which spreads a malicious rumour as fact; "the rumour led the federal Liberals to fight for a new rule", that such slander and defamation should be grounds for banishment from Progressive Bloggers.
Fair is fair. This is his second offense. For that he should be banned from Progressive Bloggers as has been done with other offenders.
For more reactions to Jason's slanderous article see:
Rumour has it that some people on the internet make shit up
dick head award , and the award goes to Jason ...
But he's just the messenger
Bending The Pretzel
For my articles on Jason see: Cherniak
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politics, Cherniak, blogs, bloggers, Canada, progressives, Liberals, NDP,
Saturday, March 24, 2007
Oliver Twist In Alberta
This is what happens when you ban smoking in the bars and resteraunts to protect children from second hand smoke while simultaneously changing the laws in Alberta to allow child labour in those same bars and restaurants.
What was the Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission's (AGLC) vision when it agreed to allow kids as young as 12 to work in nightclubs and bars? Never mind that the province has since scotched -- no pun intended -- the idea. How would it have worked?
Oh yeah and you plan to do it through secretive back room cabal like meetings between the government and its business pals, with no plan to announce it to the public until it was fait accompli.
NO WORKING (OR ROCKING) IN BARS FOR MINORS IN ALBERTAPerhaps this is another reason to allow for smoking in designated well ventilated areas of bars and resteraunts, to avoid having children exposed to the dangers of smoke since the government considers that far more important than protecting children from the usual dangers in the work place, hence all the recent deaths of teen agers on construction sites.
On Thu, Mar 15, Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission (AGLC) officials responded to an inquiry from the Canadian Restaurant and Foodservices Association (CRFA) about the possibility of allowing bars and pubs to hire underage staff to work in kitchens or other non-drinking areas of licensed establishments by indicating that it would consider such requests on a case-by-case basis.
A long-standing AGLC policy has allowed minors to enter licensed establishments under special circumstances—in many cases, as musicians or some other kinds of performers—with parental consent and the approval of the AGLC. The commission advised the CRFA that bars wishing to hire a minor could apply to do so under the same provision.
The next day, an email from CRFA’s Vice President for Western Canada, Mark von Schellwitz, was sent to the association’s members advising them of the new policy. The email was leaked to the Alberta Federation of Labour (AFL), who alerted the media that the Alberta Government was effectively opening the door for children as young as 12 to work in licensed establishments. Sensational editorials followed (the Calgary Sun, for example, asked “You have to wonder, if not for [the AFL], when would we have heard about the new rules? Maybe the first time a teenage dishwasher ran into a drunk in the bar washroom.”) and public outcry quickly forced the government to reverse its policy.
See
Temp Workers For Timmies
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Alberta, labour, child-labour, restaurants, AFL, unions, MacDonalds, jobs, work
P3 Failure In Alberta
"Although it appears that ideology has ruled over common sense. Monopolies have to be rigorously regulated. When they aren’t – the Edmonton Regional Airports Authority and CLS being two obvious examples – they get out of hand. Having the private sector market alcohol has led to competitive pricing, extended business hours and a huge ramp up in selection. It hasn’t been all bad. Even though the trend recently has seen the mom-and-pops being squeezed out by the big chains."
Neil Waugh in the Edmonton Sun on the failure of the current privatization monopoly in liquor distribution in Alberta.
You see when the government privatized its liquor business it sold off its buildings at fire sale prices, and sold the rights to its lucrative government run distribution business, warehousing and trucks included, to a private company. But that company also maintained the State's monopoly. And as a P3 it is not subject to the usual checks and balances that even the promoters of P3's say need to be in place.
The Alberta Liquor Association called it the “disastrous warehouse mess.” The Alberta Hotel and Lodging Association said it’s had a “serious and negative impact” on its members.SeeMeanwhile, the Canadian Restaurant and Foodservices Association notes that the outfit running the province’s liquor distribution monopoly “enjoys” a deal where there is “no risk of losing market share due to poor service.”
But more to the point, the new Alberta Tories’ first dive into the P3 shark tank appears to have popped its top.
All this and a whole lot more was revealed in a damning report by Pricewaterhouse Coopers into what’s wrong with the province’s liquor distribution system released by the government yesterday. The very first line of the report warned that “a simple, expedient solution to Alberta’s current liquor supply chain challenges does not exist.”
But at least we may now get a liquor warehouse and distribution operator, that has a contract with Alberta taxpayers with performance measures and penalties. Because right now Connect Logistics Services has a sweet deal where “no incentives or disincentives exist for good/poor performance,” the report determined.
But the Pricewaterhouse report is a clear warning that public/private partnerships aren’t the dream team that the PCs would have us believe. Especially if no one is willing to keep a firm hand on the private partner.
But now the Stelmach government is determined to charge ahead. Ring roads are going to be run as P3s under long-term contracts. There’s talk of “bundles” of schools turned over to the private sector. The new Calgary hospital was originally shopped around as a P3. There were no takers. The liquor warehouse report may have just told us why.
Privatization
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Alberta, privatizationCanada, Liquor Board Privatization , P3, public-private-partnerships,
Mike Lake No Kilgour
Mike Lake, the Conservative MP and father of an autistic child, who opposed the Shawn Murphy attempt to ensure autism coverage in the Canada Health Act, has not offered any public comment on the failure to provide a single penny for autism in his party's budget. Emails sent to his office are responded to by a staffer who informs that Mr. Lake has received too many emails on the subject of autism to respond personally.
Obviously Mike Lake has less pull in caucus than Jim Flaherty who has a disabled child and got money in the budget for families with disabled children. Or perhaps Mike is embarrassed; Genetic link to autism identified
See:
Disassociative Humour
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Mike Lake, autism, autistic, Flaherty, Conservatives, Kilgour
AIM High
It had potential, and even with a deficit its shares were worth $8 on the TSX. Which was not bad for the time. But the debt and defict hysteria led the government to sell off this potential golden goose.
In terms of publicly-funded venture capital funds, Alberta’s experience has not been positive. Vencap was established by the Alberta government with funding of $240 million and the objective of investing in venture capital. Vencap experienced many of the same problems as LSVCCs – a lack of good investments and a reluctance to take risks. As a result, a relatively small percentage of Vencap’s equity ended up in new Alberta ventures. The Alberta Opportunity Company faced similar problems in operating a program to support investments in start-up knowledge-based industries.
Yet its deficit was still underwritten by the Heritage Trust fund five years later, the Ralph regime was panic driven, selling off all government services it could at fire sale prices..
December 2000: All of the loans made to provinces from 1977 to 1982 have been paid back on time and without any missed payments. The only project loans left on the Heritage Fund books are Vencap and Ridley Grain Ltd. for a total of $98.8 million, which represents 0.8% percent of the Heritage Fund's total portfolio.
The Government is a risk averse regime that would rather underwrite private capitalists than use it's own capital.
Institutional investors key to growth of city's tech sector
Unlike other provinces and public pension funds, including the federal CPP, Alberta was more interested in selling off government assets and services to the private sector, than developing its capital base with the Heritage Trust fund and its other investment funds.Risk adverse, wanting to divest itself of any economic responsibility, "we are not in the business of business", the government finally has realized it is a capitalist state and should be investing its social capital. However its social capital is not just the Heritage Trust fund, but public sector pension funds as well.
In a move predicted to earn up to an extra $500 million a year, the Stelmach government plans to create a new provincial Crown corporation to oversee $70 billion worth of financial assets.The Edmonton-based investment powerhouse will be the fifth-largest pool of managed capital in Canada.
It would be exceeded in size only by the Caisse de depot et placement du Quebec ($143.5 billion), the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board ($111 billion), the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan ($96.1 billion), and the B.C. Investment Management Corp. ($76.3 billion).
AIM Corp. would assume responsibility for managing the $16.3-billion Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund, several public endowment funds -- including the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research -- and a basket of public-sector pension funds.
The latter includes the $13.5-billion Local Authorities Pension Plan (LAPP), the province's largest public pension fund, and the $5.7 billion Public Service Pension Plan, among several others.
A recent study for the government concluded a stand-alone organization would be the best way "to achieve investment excellence," Alberta Finance said in a brief news release.
"The proposal follows best practices for top public sector investment funds such as the Canada Pension Plan, the B.C. Investment Management Corporation and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan."
In the late nineties with a deficit and debt crisis, they looked at the debt they owed the LAPP and hived it off in plans to allow the contributors, employees and management as well as MUSH employers, to run it. Without of course the governments missing contribution. This left the LAPP in a deficit situation, causing its members to have to pay for the governments debt owed them.
In return for paying down the governments debt to the LAPP the members of the plan were offered investment autonomy, with moves to privatize the plan under membership control. Which was not a bad thing. It removed statist bureaucracy and red tape at a time when the market was booming, and as a fund managed by employee representatives from unions, management and professional associations, and employers. The board was in place, and hired its own CEO,and investment managers, as well as holding a series of input meetings with the membership, both for feedback and for an explanation as to how the funds would be managed.
In a short five years the LAPP was out of debt and the members actually paid less then was expected and in fact got a payback for overpayment's of the government debt. The reason? Bre-X. While the Bre-X swindle saw many make fortunes on the largest run of a penny stock to a $200 share in the shortest period in Canadian mining history, even for the mining scandals of the sixties, many also lost fortunes as the shares collapsed under the salting scandal that ensued. But not the LAPP they made money off Bre-X, and other investments. Because they were autonomous and now were no longer risk adverse, that is they were investing to make up the deficit, while maintaining the capital for their fiduciary responsibility to their retirees.
Once out of debt and making money, as they have for a decade, the government realized it was selling the golden goose if it allowed full autonomy, it reigned in its plans to privatize the LAPP. It remained under autonomous management but was still a subject to regulation by the Finance Department.
Had it been allowed full autonomy it would have made even more money. As it was with partial autonomy, and its own investment policies and managers it went from a deficit to $13. 5 Billion in assets.
Seeing it had a golden goose again, the Government has refused out right autonomy and has moved away from privatization of LAPP. Which may be the reason for it not wanting to talk about how it is looting public pension funds to underwrite its new investment corporation.
I almost missed it, but there it was, posted on the Alberta finance department's website.There is an irony here in that the ultimate capital partner in government P3 projects is not private hedge funds, nor private industry, but public pension funds. The Alberta government will find itself funding its own P3 projects with its new AIM Corporation. Just as governments world wide are being funded by Canadian institutional pension funds. And these same pension funds are crying about not having more government real estate and infrastructure projects in Canada to invest in.The cryptic, one-page news release outlined a bill, introduced in the legislature Tuesday, to create a new provincial Crown corporation called Alberta Investment Management Corporation, or AIM Corp.
It will boast roughly $70 billion in assets.
That was it. There was no fanfare. No press conference. No grandiose quotes about the cosmic significance of this bold initiative from Alberta Premier Ed Stelmach, or Finance Minister Lyle Oberg. In fact, the latter didn't even respond to my followup call Wednesday. A department flack did.
The release itself was so blandly written it appeared designed to put reporters to sleep.
See
P3
Your Pension Dollars At Work
P3= Public Pension Partnerships
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Friday, March 23, 2007
Red Tories Are Progressives
The party adopted the "Progressive Conservative" party name in 1942 when Manitoba Premier John Bracken, a long-time leader of that province's Progressive Party, agreed to become leader of the Conservatives on condition that the party add Progressive to its name. Despite the name change, most former Progressive supporters continued to support the Liberal Party or the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, and Bracken's leadership of the Conservative Party came to an end in 1948.
And because of this,
Joe Clark going log fishing in Ghana lake
VANCOUVER - Former prime minister Joe Clark is leading a company that has secured the rights to log vast quantities of lucrative African hardwoods from beneath the world's largest manmade lake. In a project that could save lives and inject some cash into an impoverished region, Clark and several partners have leveraged high-level political connections to open Ghana's waters to a project they see as an exemplar of socially responsible development.
Through Clark Sustainable Resource Developments Ltd., he and B.C. businessman Wayne Dunn are hoping to harvest thousands of hectares of tropical lumber submerged by the Lake Volta hydro reservoir.Moreover, the trees, some of which form part of anold-growth tropical forest, were valuable. The wood could be worth from $400million to $2-billion, depending on the value and quantity of lumber CSRD is able to harvest.
But rather than rushing to develop the technology to raise the timber, Mr. Dunn and Mr. Clark set out to gain the rights to log the reservoir, which, as the world’s biggest, stood to attract the interest of other companies.
Mr. Dunn’s wife, Gifty SerbehDunn, comes from a well-known Ghanaian business family, while Mr. Clark has attained a significant profile in Africa thanks to his work monitoring and establishing elections in countries like Cameroonan d the Democratic Republic of Congo.
They met several times with Ghanaian President John Kufuor and soon obtained exclusive access to the entire lake beginning this September. They also negotiated exclusive access to 350,000 hectares — or 40% of the lake — for the next 15 years, with a 10year renewal option.
A few years ago, Wayne Dunn approached Joe Clark about buried treasure in Ghana: hardwood trees, worth millions, submerged in Lake Volta. "I promised Joe my plan wouldn't involve he and I in snorkels and flippers, carrying chainsaws into the water," laughs Dunn, a B.C.-based businessman.
At the time, the former prime minister was still in the House of Commons. But after trying in vain to resuscitate the Progressive Conservative party and watching it merge with the Canadian Alliance over his objections, he was ready to leave politics for good in 2004. After stepping down, he became heavily involved in election observation work in Africa and then, in October 2005, at age 66, he founded Clark Sustainable Resource Developments, with Dunn as president and CEO.
By last spring, after five visits with local officials, Clark had hammered out a deal with Ghana's government and the Volta River Authority, which controls the man-made lake that spans 8,515 sq. km. And now, having secured some start-up cash from Goldman Sachs and several other large investors last week, Clark and Co. plan to start cutting and dragging trees to shore later this year. The Mill Bay, B.C.-based company is having equipment from the oil and gas industry adapted to harvest the 80 tree species in Lake Volta's underwater forest -- including mahogany, odum and ebony -- some as tall as 100 feet and 10 feet in circumference, rooted 170 feet below the surface. After 40 years underwater, all that hardwood has been preserved from the deteriorating effects of air and insects.
Aside from the potentially massive cash windfall, the African government also wants the trees removed for safety since Lake Volta is a high-traffic transport route and dozens die every year when their boats hit trees just below the surface. (If CSRD is successful in Ghana, similar opportunities await in South America, Asia and other parts of Africa.)
Harper government comes under fire from former PM Joe Clark
“The Harper government has embraced a pre-Nixonian policy towards China, deliberately distancing Canada from the emerging mega-power, thereby limiting our ability to affect China’s performance on human rights or on other issues,” Clark said.“With the Harper government, there is a new, more deliberate insularity [in foreign policy] with the singular exception of our military engagement in Afghanistan,” Clark said. “I believe that Mr Harper and his colleagues are moving deliberately away from central elements of the foreign policy that has been a key strength for Canada under both Progressive Conservative and Liberal administrations.
“Mr Harper’s party, [formerly] known as the Reform Party, began self-consciously as a protest movement and it has no inherited tradition in international affairs … moreover, their method is wedge politics, so there is scant domestic experience with brokering and embracing contesting points of view,” Clark added. “These significant departures from Canada’s traditional foreign policy should not be considered as rookie mistakes, but as deliberate policy.”
See
PC=Liberals
No Room for Red Tories
You Tell 'em Danny Boy
Happy Canada Day/Jour heureux du Canada
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Harper, Canada, Progressive Conservatives, Joe Clark, Red Tories, PM, politics
Marx For Beginners
An excellent short precise definition of the Labour Theory of Value; The Heritage Foundation and Karl Marx
Also see Paulitics Marxist Dictionary
And my articles:
Radical Capitalists Not So Radical
The End Of The Leisure Society
Variable Labour=Variable Captial
Suplus Value
Labour Produces All Wealth
Libertarian Labour
Peter Drucker RIP
It's the Labour Theory of Value, stupid
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workers, variable costs, labour, labor, Marx, variable capital, labour theory of value, social-factory, proletariat, capital, capitalism, profit, working conditions, service workers
Senate Security Report Attacks Workers
Since 1985 there has been no improvement in security at our airports or ports. Nor since 9/11 says the new security report from the Senate. However it's recommendations that all workers in airports and ports be screened has nothing to do with security and everything to do with concerns about organized crime. Hence the recommendations for increasing RCMP at airports and ports, and putting security under the Public Security Ministry.
Canada’s ports are “riddled with organized crime, and nobody seems to be doing much about it,” according to the all-party committee. It wants security clearances for all workers at Canada’s seaports.
In broad sweeping generalizations the report wants all workers searched coming to work. Though this will do little to stop organized thefts or smuggling, since that occurs on site and when workers leave. And part of the problem is also the increased use of privatized security companies
While all this sounds perfectly reasonable at first glance, it is much like the issue of drug testing in the workplace. And the result will be interesting when unions representing these workers challenge the government over this.
The other issue here is not just improved security, but a lack of staffing that is forcing workers in airports to work mandatory overtime, and a management that is authoritarian and abusive. Adding the RCMP to the mix will make the workplace even more volatile.
Internal documents CBC obtained under the Access to Information Act show that Transport Canada is investigating the incident, a direct violation of major international security rules Canada adopted after the 1985 Air India bombing, which killed 329 people.
Continental Airlines has since issued an apology for its mistake last December, but in a scathing letter to the government agency in charge of security, Garth Atkinson, president of Calgary's airport authority, called pre-flight screening out of Calgary “the absolute worst in Canada.”
See:
Anti-Terrorism Act
Spying
Statist Anti-Terrorism Act
Paranoia and the Security State
State Security Is A Secure State
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Canada, anti-terrorism act, Government, Liberals, NDP, Conservatives, War Measures Act, 1970, Arar, terrorism, crime, liberalism, state, statism, libertarian, civil liberties
Air, India,, John, Marshall,, RCMP,, CSIS,, Sikh,
Thursday, March 22, 2007
Thick as a Brick.
Which is one of the finest Concept Rock Opera's of the early seventies.
And considering it won platinum because of Canadian sales, I would say we are.
See: Environment
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Libertarian Challenge of Canada's Prostitution Laws
All Libertarians both those of the Left and the Right should support this court challenge by Canadian Sex Workers. Of course the most outspoken support for these workers rights have come from the Left.
But even those on the right should recognize the fact that this is an impediment to self sufficiency and an attack on the right to run a business.
But our right wing Libertarians in Canada are simply Republicanadian conservatives. For a real individualist libertarian perspective check out Lady Aster
It is also an issue of public safety and crime prevention as the Picton case so horribly shows. These women would not have been forced to ply their trade on the streets and died at the hands of a serial killer if the Canadian laws had not forced them to.
Prostitutes launch constitutional challenge
A group of current and former prostitutes and an Osgoode Hall law professor joined forces yesterday to launch a constitutional challenge aimed at striking down three provisions of the Criminal Code dealing with the sex trade.
The challenge effectively amounts to a call for decriminalization.
"Some people may find this controversial," law professor Alan Young said at a news conference in Toronto yesterday, "I don't."
In the past, Prof. Young, well known in the Canadian legal community, has launched similar challenges to Canada's marijuana laws.
Currently, prostitution is not illegal. However, communicating for the purposes of prostitution is against the law. That's one of the three sections being challenged by Prof. Young and his supporters, who say the law keeps women from ensuring their clients aren't likely to harm them.
The team is also challenging the provisions on "bawdy houses" and living off the avails of prostitution, saying the two laws force prostitutes onto the street and keep them from hiring security and support staff in the same way other businesses do.
If for instance women and the men that work in this industry formed a business it would be subject to far more regulation, for their own safety, for their health, ending drug use, for age legality, and for eliminating pimps. And hey they would pay taxes. And of course the best form of business would be a worker owned and controlled cooperative and if the business was privately owned then the workers should have the right to unionize. As I wrote;
Sex Workers Union: Whether strippers, prostitutes, escorts, porn actors, etc. women workers in thus unregulated industry face the dual oppression of being exploited by owners and customers, and their banishment by society at large. The exploitation of children and young adults as well as immigrant women is allowed to exist due to this free market. Laws against prostitution need to be abolished and the regulation of this industry be under workers control through a sex workers union.
Sex workers have an alternative method of organizing as well. They could form a religious order, a tax free charity, the Order of Jezebel, and thus could provide religious rites by the members of the Order. After all this is the traditional meaning for 'get thee to a nunnery.' And they would not have to pay taxes!
Prostitution and Religion are historically co-joined, the temple prostitutes in the ancient pagan cultures, and later with the Christian Bishops of Bath running brothels in that fine city in the middle ages.
With a charitable brothel system, the Order could earn enough to pay for education and other skills thus limiting the time spent as a Sister or Brother allowing the members to move on to other professions without the usual social stigma.
According to Nelson's Bible Dictionary Corinth was ancient Greece's most important trade city. At Corinth the apostle Paul established a flourishing church made up of a cross section of the worldly minded people who had flocked to Corinth to participate in gambling, legalized temple prostitution, business adventures, and amusements available in this first century navy town. The city soon became a melting pot for the approximately 500,000 people who lived there at the time of Paul's arrival.
Merchants and sailors, anxious to work the docks, migrated to Corinth. Professional gamblers and athletes, betting on the Isthmian games, lived there. Homeless slaves, free or runaway, roamed the streets day and night. Prostitutes (both male and female) were abundant. All of the Mediterranean world relished the lack of standards and the freedom of thought that prevailed in the city. These were the people who eventually made up the Corinthian church. They had to learn how to live together in harmony, although their national, social, economic, and religious backgrounds were very different.
Near the city's market place were the butcher stalls or meat markets that Paul mentioned in 1 Corinthians 10:25. The meat was often dedicated to pagan idols before being sold. This presented a culturo-religious problem for the Christians in Corinth. Rising 1,500 feet above the city and to the south of the acropolis was a fortified hill upon which loomed the infamous Temple of Aphrodite or Venus. This pagan temple and its 1,000 temple prostitutes greatly influenced the city's culture and morals.
Prostitution
Prostitution was an active and profitable enterprise in the Middle Ages. Historians examining town records have found that most towns and cities had some sort of brothel, often an official one that was actually publicly owned, though this was more common on the continent than in England. Prostitutes, while an inevitable part of urban and town life, existed in a rigorously restricted space, both in a physical sense and in less tangible but no less noticeable ways. In most places, common women were only allowed to sell their "wares" on certain streets or in certain neighborhoods, and sumptuary laws (i.e., laws mandating that prostitutes should dress in a manner different from other women) were passed in order to make whores immediately distinguishable from respectable women.So why did medieval women go into prostitution? Ruth Karras notes that while most medieval prostitutes were probably not coerced into their trade, becoming a prostitute wasn't any woman's childhood fantasy, either. As for the actual reason, Karras makes this observation:
Whereas for men prostitution sometimes substituted for marriage as a sexual outlet, for women it substituted for marriage as a means of financial support. It was difficult for a woman to support herself outside the conjugal unit . . . [f]or those who did not marry -- whether by choice or by circumstance -- options might be limited even under favorable economic conditions (Karras, 49).Prostitution may have been the only acceptable way for some women to support themselves in the absence of a husband who would provide for them economically. Unfortunately, most prostitutes' reasons can only be guessed at due to a lack of records in this area. Historians must generally rely on court records that mention women accused of whoredom; very rarely do records detailing the workings of actual brothels still exist. Since the records in question seldom define what they mean by "whoredom" it can be difficult to figure out if the women in question were truly prostitutes (women whose services were generally available to all and sundry in exchange for a fee) or just a bit licentious (akin to Chaucer's Wife of Bath).Contributing further to the confusion in England, at least, is that for most women in the trade, prostitution was not their sole occupation. When a woman's normal occupation didn't bring in enough money, she might turn to prostitution in order to make up the difference. Therefore, prostitution may have even been, for many women, a cyclical income source undertaken during whatever was the "off" season for their regular occupations (Karras, 54).
See
Legalize & Unionize the Sex Trade
Feminizing the Proletariat
Sex Workers Want A UnionMarx on Bigamy
Whose Family Values?
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prostitutes,, sex-workers,, union,, labour,,libertarian, women, Canada, Supreme Court of Canada, crime